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Glycaemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: an updated review. 海湾合作委员会国家成人 2 型糖尿病患者的血糖控制情况:最新综述。
Endokrynologia Polska Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.5603/ep.99519
A. Alrasheedi
{"title":"Glycaemic control among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: an updated review.","authors":"A. Alrasheedi","doi":"10.5603/ep.99519","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.99519","url":null,"abstract":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a major public health concern, causing significant disability and death worldwide. Fuelled by a modern sedentary lifestyle and poor dietary practices, T2DM affects at least 10.5% of the world's population. This paper seeks to review the progress made by the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) in addressing T2DM, focusing on glycaemic control proportions and comparing it with the 2015 review. The results indicate no significant improvement in glycaemic control proportions since the last review, with only 9.2% to 56.9% of patients having good control (glycosylated haemoglobin < 7%). However, there are no significant differences in glycaemic control between the GCC countries and other places worldwide despite being considered hotbeds of T2DM. Many factors contribute to poor glycaemic control. Specifically, evidence shows that being overweight or obese is the most common modifiable risk factor for T2DM incidence and poor glycaemic control. The GCC countries have higher rates of obesity. Additionally, poor glycaemic control is mainly related to a lack of adherence to insulin and medication use. Poor diet, rich in calories and low in fruits and vegetables, and a sedentary lifestyle also significantly contribute to poor glycaemic control and obesity. Therefore, to reduce the incidence of disease and improve glycaemic control in diabetic patients, educational programs promoting lifestyle changes should be implemented. Ongoing research is also necessary to assess the trend of glycaemic control and its risk factors in our region.","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140674257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Clinical predictive value of Control attenuation parameters in combination with miR-192-5p in patients with acute pancreatitis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. 控制衰减参数与 miR-192-5p 结合对非酒精性脂肪肝急性胰腺炎患者的临床预测价值。
Endokrynologia Polska Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.5603/ep.98765
Yang Hu, Liang Zhu, Ronglai Cao
{"title":"Clinical predictive value of Control attenuation parameters in combination with miR-192-5p in patients with acute pancreatitis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.","authors":"Yang Hu, Liang Zhu, Ronglai Cao","doi":"10.5603/ep.98765","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.98765","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000Control attenuation parameters (CAP) can detect nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Our previous study found that miR-192-5p could screen for acute pancreatitis (AP) in NAFLD patients. This study focused on the role of CAP and miR-192-5p in NAFLD of acute AP.\u0000\u0000\u0000MATERIAL AND METHODS\u0000AP patients and controls were enrolled. Classification of AP patients into NAFLD/AP patients and non-NAFLD/AP was made based on the CAP value. CAP was measured by liver transient elastography. Serum miR-192-5p was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the risk factors for the development of NAFLD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) was assessed for the predictive value of AP severity.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000NAFLD was more common in the AP group than in the controls (35.00% vs. 8.75%). The CAP value was higher in AP patients with NAFLD than in non-NAFLD, whereas miR-192-5p was significantly lower in AP patients with NAFLD. Additionally, AP patients with NALFD are more likely to experience respiratory failure, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and pancreatic necrosis with longer hospitalisation and exacerbate the incidence of moderate to severe AP. Both miR-192-5p and TG are potential risk factors for the development of NAFLD in patients with AP. Furthermore, the CAP value gradually increased with increasing AP severity, while miR-192-5p gradually decreased. Finally, the sensitivity and specificity of CAP combined with miR-192-5p for the prediction of moderate to severe AP were scored as 82.61% and 82.43%, respectively.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000NAFLD exacerbated the progression of AP, and CAP combined with miR-192-5p could predict the severity of AP. Our study may provide more reference for AP disease progression and treatment.","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140674470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The role of genetic risk factors, diet, and gut microbiota in type 1 diabetes mellitus, pancreas and pancreatic islet transplantation. 遗传风险因素、饮食和肠道微生物群在 1 型糖尿病、胰腺和胰岛移植中的作用。
Endokrynologia Polska Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.5603/ep.98903
A. Zawada, M. Skrzypczak-Zielińska, Sarah Gondek, Piotr Witkowski, A. Rychter, Alicja E Ratajczak-Pawłowska, Marek Karczewski, A. Dobrowolska, I. Krela-kaźmierczak
{"title":"The role of genetic risk factors, diet, and gut microbiota in type 1 diabetes mellitus, pancreas and pancreatic islet transplantation.","authors":"A. Zawada, M. Skrzypczak-Zielińska, Sarah Gondek, Piotr Witkowski, A. Rychter, Alicja E Ratajczak-Pawłowska, Marek Karczewski, A. Dobrowolska, I. Krela-kaźmierczak","doi":"10.5603/ep.98903","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.98903","url":null,"abstract":"Despite advances in insulin delivery and glucose monitoring technology, prevention of the progression of secondary complications in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) remains a challenge. Beta cell replacement therapy in the form of islet or pancreas transplantation can restore long-term normoglycaemia with sustained periods of insulin independence among T1DM patients. However, the same genetic, behavioural, or gut microbiota-related factors that promoted autoimmunity and primary islet destruction may also affect the function of transplanted islets and the ultimate results of transplant procedures. In such cases, identifying genetic risk factors and modifying behavioural factors and those related to gut microbiota may be beneficial for the outcomes of transplant procedures. Herein, we review related literature to the identified current gap in knowledge to be addressed in future clinical trials.","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140675126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection in benign thyroid lesions. 甲状腺良性病变中的人类乳头瘤病毒和 Epstein-Barr 病毒感染。
Endokrynologia Polska Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.5603/ep.99339
Yingying Lu, Runyu Zhao, Yi Zhang, Shuixian Huang, Xiaoping Chen
{"title":"Human papillomavirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection in benign thyroid lesions.","authors":"Yingying Lu, Runyu Zhao, Yi Zhang, Shuixian Huang, Xiaoping Chen","doi":"10.5603/ep.99339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.99339","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000The objective was to investigate the correlation between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the development of benign thyroid lesions.\u0000\u0000\u0000MATERIAL AND METHODS\u000029 cases of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), 133 cases of thyroid adenoma, and 34 cases of HT with thyroid adenoma paraffin embedded tissue samples were used for EBV and HPV quantitative detection.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000None of the tissue samples carried HPV DNA. In HT tissue samples, the positive rate of EBV was 55.2% (16/29). In thyroid adenoma tissue samples, the positive rate was 37.6% (50/133). In HT combined with thyroid adenoma tissue samples, the positive rate of EBV was 67.6% (23/34). There was no correlation between EBV infection and clinical features such as age and gender.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSION\u0000The occurrence and development of benign thyroid lesions are closely related to EBV infection. HT combined with thyroid adenoma may be more susceptible to EBV infection than simple HT and thyroid adenoma, which provides a new idea for the diagnosis and treatment of benign thyroid lesions.","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140677952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Establishment of pregnancy-specific lipid reference intervals in pregnant women in a single-centre and assessment of the predictive value of early lipids for gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. 在单个中心建立孕妇妊娠特异性血脂参考区间并评估早期血脂对妊娠糖尿病的预测价值:一项前瞻性队列研究。
Endokrynologia Polska Pub Date : 2024-04-22 DOI: 10.5603/ep.98554
Dan-Yang Zhao, N. Yuan, Jianbin Sun, Xin Zhao, Xiaomei Zhang
{"title":"Establishment of pregnancy-specific lipid reference intervals in pregnant women in a single-centre and assessment of the predictive value of early lipids for gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study.","authors":"Dan-Yang Zhao, N. Yuan, Jianbin Sun, Xin Zhao, Xiaomei Zhang","doi":"10.5603/ep.98554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.98554","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000This study was aimed at establishing a pregnancy-specific lipid reference interval (RI) in pregnant women in a single-centre in the Beijing area of China, simultaneously exploring the predictive value of lipid levels in early pregnancy for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).\u0000\u0000\u0000MATERIAL AND METHODS\u0000From October 2017 to August 2019, Peking University International Hospital established records for 1588 pregnant women, whose lipid profiles were determined during the first and third trimesters. The Hoffmann technique was used to calculate gestation-specific lipid RI. The 95% reference range for gestational lipids was also estimated for 509 healthy pregnant women screened according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI), and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to assess the predictive value of lipids in the first trimester for the diagnosis of GDM.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were significantly higher in the third trimester (p < 0.05). Hoffmann technique RI of the lipid profiles and the 95% reference range of the lipid profiles in healthy pregnant women did not differ statistically (p > 0.05). TC, TG, and LDL-C levels were higher in the GDM group in the first trimester (p < 0.05), and the risk of GDM was 2.1 times higher in women with higher TG (95% CI: 1.13-3.77, p < 0.05). The optimal ROC cut-off for TG to predict GDM was 2.375 mmol / L, and the area under the ROC curve was 0.622 (95% CI: 0.592-0.751), with a sensitivity of 73.7% and a specificity of 59.3%.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000This study established pregnancy-specific lipid RI for pregnant women in a single centre in the Beijing area of China. Pregnant women with TG ≥ 2.375 mmol/L in the first trimester were at significantly increased risk for GDM.","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140675756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Serum testosterone levels and oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and obesity. 1 型糖尿病、2 型糖尿病和肥胖症患者的血清睾酮水平和氧化应激。
Endokrynologia Polska Pub Date : 2024-04-12 DOI: 10.5603/ep.98190
H. Ellidağ, R. Aslankoç, Mehmet Kök, G. Aykal, Özgür Aydın, Özlem Özmen, Remzi Can Çakır, U. Doğan
{"title":"Serum testosterone levels and oxidative stress in type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and obesity.","authors":"H. Ellidağ, R. Aslankoç, Mehmet Kök, G. Aykal, Özgür Aydın, Özlem Özmen, Remzi Can Çakır, U. Doğan","doi":"10.5603/ep.98190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.98190","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000Obesity, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are metabolic diseases that continue to be a global problem. Testosterone levels in men are affected by several factors, including obesity and DM. Although the relationship between diabetes and testosterone is not fully understood, oxidative stress is thought to play a major role. The aim of this study was to compare serum testosterone levels and oxidative stress markers [total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant capacity (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), and ischaemic modified albumin (IMA)] among the control group and experimentally induced obese, T1DM, and T2DM rats.\u0000\u0000\u0000MATERIAL AND METHODS\u0000The study included 28 male Sprague-Dawley rats divided into 4 groups: the obesity group were fed a high-fat diet (HFD), the T2DM group received a HFD plus a single dose of streptozocin (STZ), the T1DM group received only STZ, and there was a control group. Serum testosterone, TAS, TOS, OSI, and IMA were analysed.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Serum testosterone levels were lower in the T1DM and T2DM groups compared to the control and obesity groups. The TOS levels were highest in the T2DM group, followed by the T1DM group, the obesity group, and finally the control group. No significant difference was found between the obesity group and the control group in terms of TOS levels. Regarding TAS levels, the order observed was control group > obesity group > T2DM > T1DM. Testosterone was positively correlated with TAS and negatively correlated with TOS and OSI.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Increased oxidative stress in diabetes may be an important factor that decreases serum testosterone levels.","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140710251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Oncocytoma in adrenal gland. 肾上腺肿瘤。
Endokrynologia Polska Pub Date : 2024-04-04 DOI: 10.5603/ep.99035
Tomasz Skołozdrzy, Jan Wojciechowski, Magdalena Lewandowska-Lula, Mirosław Halczak, Maciej Romanowski
{"title":"Oncocytoma in adrenal gland.","authors":"Tomasz Skołozdrzy, Jan Wojciechowski, Magdalena Lewandowska-Lula, Mirosław Halczak, Maciej Romanowski","doi":"10.5603/ep.99035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.99035","url":null,"abstract":"Not required for Clinical Vignettes.","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140743104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Elevated serum irisin levels in boys with central precocious puberty independent of BMI. 中枢性性早熟男孩血清鸢尾素水平升高与体重指数无关。
Endokrynologia Polska Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.5603/ep.98509
D. Zeng, Yanfei Chen, Tao Xie, Wei Qin, Qi Meng, Dan Lan
{"title":"Elevated serum irisin levels in boys with central precocious puberty independent of BMI.","authors":"D. Zeng, Yanfei Chen, Tao Xie, Wei Qin, Qi Meng, Dan Lan","doi":"10.5603/ep.98509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.98509","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a prevalent endocrine disorder. Research has indicated that pubertal development is linked to nutritional metabolism. Irisin, a novel myokine/adipokine, has been identified as a potential predictor of CPP in girls. This study aims to examine the relationship between serum irisin levels and CPP in boys.\u0000\u0000\u0000MATERIAL AND METHODS\u0000An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure serum irisin levels in 32 boys diagnosed with CPP and 33 prepubertal age-matched boys as normal controls (NC). To assess the impact of body mass index (BMI) on irisin levels, both the CPP and NC groups were divided into overweight/obese and normal-weight subgroups. Spearman correlation analysis was employed to assess the connection between irisin and clinical and biochemical parameters. Additionally, a receiver operating characteristic curve was utilised to determine the optimal threshold value for irisin.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000In the normal-weight subgroups, boys with CPP exhibited elevated irisin levels compared to controls, but not in the overweight/obese subgroups. The optimal cut-off value for irisin levels to predict CPP in the normal-weight groups was 93.09 ng/mL, yielding a sensitivity of 47.6% and a specificity of 100%. Furthermore, a positive correlation was noted between irisin levels and bone age (BA), bone age advancement (BA-CA), and BMI.\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000Serum irisin levels correlate with BMI and pubertal development. Given its limited sensitivity, irisin level can only be utilised as a supplementary rather than a standalone diagnostic indicator for CPP.","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140753686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Ultrasound and cytopathological characteristics of thyroid tumours of uncertain malignant potential - from diagnosis to treatment. 恶性程度不确定的甲状腺肿瘤的超声和细胞病理学特征--从诊断到治疗。
Endokrynologia Polska Pub Date : 2024-04-02 DOI: 10.5603/ep.98488
Agnieszka Żyłka, K. Dobruch-Sobczak, H. Piotrzkowska-Wróblewska, Maciej Jędrzejczyk, Piotr Góralski, J. Gałczyński, E. Bakuła-Zalewska, Marek Dedecjus
{"title":"Ultrasound and cytopathological characteristics of thyroid tumours of uncertain malignant potential - from diagnosis to treatment.","authors":"Agnieszka Żyłka, K. Dobruch-Sobczak, H. Piotrzkowska-Wróblewska, Maciej Jędrzejczyk, Piotr Góralski, J. Gałczyński, E. Bakuła-Zalewska, Marek Dedecjus","doi":"10.5603/ep.98488","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5603/ep.98488","url":null,"abstract":"INTRODUCTION\u0000The latest World Health Organization (WHO) classification from 2022 distinguishes the division of low-risk thyroid neoplasms such as non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP), follicular tumour of uncertain malignant potential (FT-UMP), and well-differentiated tumour of uncertain malignant potential (WDT-UMP). The final diagnosis is made postoperatively according to histopathologic results. The aim of the study was the assessment of ultrasonographic and cytopathological features of borderline lesions to predict low-risk tumours preoperatively and plan the optimal treatment for that group of patients.\u0000\u0000\u0000MATERIAL AND METHODS\u0000A total of 35 patients (30 women; 5 men), aged 20-81 years with a mean age of 49 years, were enrolled in the study. The study evaluated 35 focal lesions of the thyroid gland, classified as low-risk neoplasms according to the WHO 2022 classification: FT-UMP (n = 21), NIFTP (n = 7), and WDT-UMP (n = 7). Ultrasonographic features of nodules including contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and elastography were assessed by 2 specialists, and the risk of malignancy was evaluated according to EU-TIRADS-PL classification.\u0000\u0000\u0000RESULTS\u0000Of the 35 focal thyroid lesions, most were categorised as low or intermediate risk of malignancy according to EU-TIRADS-PL, with dominant category 3 [n = 13 (37.2%)] and category 4 [n = 15 (42.8%)]. High-risk category 5 was assessed in 7 lesions (20%). In cytopathology nodules were categorised as follows (Bethesda System TBSRTC 2023): Bethesda II (n = 4), Bethesda III (n = 2), Bethesda IV (n = 25), Bethesda V (n = 3), and Bethesda VI (n = 1). In the CEUS study, contrasting patterns dominated compared to the surrounding parenchyma, such as enhancement equal to the parenchyma (66.6%) or intense (28.5%), heterogeneous (61.9%), centripetal (42.8%), or diffuse (57.1%) with fast (33.3%) or compared to parenchyma contrast wash-in (42.8%) and its fast (33.3%) or comparable to thyroid parenchyma wash-out (52.3%).\u0000\u0000\u0000CONCLUSIONS\u0000The study indicates that lesions with uncertain malignant potential typically present features suggesting low to intermediate risk of malignancy based on EU-TIRADS-PL classification, with dominant cytopathologic Bethesda IV category. However, 20% of lesions were assessed tas EU-TIRADS-PL category 5. Low-risk tumours, including NIFTP, FT-UMP, and WDT-UMP, require careful observation and monitoring post surgical treatment due to their potential for recurrence and metastasis. The preoperatively prediction of borderline tumour may play an important role in proper treatment and follow-up.","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140752612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Impact of trenbolone on selected organs. 群勃龙对某些器官的影响。
Endokrynologia Polska Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-18 DOI: 10.5603/ep.99130
Rafał Borecki, Piotr Byczkiewicz, Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer
{"title":"Impact of trenbolone on selected organs.","authors":"Rafał Borecki, Piotr Byczkiewicz, Jolanta Słowikowska-Hilczer","doi":"10.5603/ep.99130","DOIUrl":"10.5603/ep.99130","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Trenbolone is a synthetic analogue of testosterone, belonging to the nandrolone group. It has both a strong anabolic effect and a limited androgenic effect (i.e. an androgen and anabolic steroid - AAS). It is used illegally by professional or amateur athletes, who want to improve their athletic performance and appearance by increasing their muscle mass. Trenbolone, like other AASs, are harmful, with 90% of users experiencing injurious side effects. It acts systemically on the body, and as such, its side effects can manifest as symptoms from different systems. Nevertheless, its popularity is increasing. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge regarding the adverse effects of trenbolone on the nervous, reproductive, immune systems and breast, muscular and adipose tissues. However, various other adverse consequences of trenbolone utilization are observed, with severe acne and gynaecomastia affecting approximately one-third of all users, as well as excessive body hair, stretch marks, hypertension and cardiac arrhythmia. The drugs are also subject to contamination, with use frequently resulting in local inflammation at the injection site, muscle adhesions and fibrosis, nerve damage or, in extreme cases, necrosis of the injection site. Additionally, due to the lack of available knowledge on the subject, many of the effects of trenbolone use remain unknown. Moreover, the fact that multiple AASs may be used simultaneously presents a significant problem in their study. Therefore, further research is necessary to better understand the effects of AAS on the body, and to expand our currently incomplete knowledge of their functional pathways.</p>","PeriodicalId":93990,"journal":{"name":"Endokrynologia Polska","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141422236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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