Biomaterials research最新文献

{"title":"Surface Engineering of MXenes for Biomedical Uses: Functionalization Strategies and Application Trends.","authors":"Sehyeon Park, Hee Jeong Byun, Jae Young Lee","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0327","DOIUrl":"10.34133/bmr.0327","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>MXenes, a class of 2-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, have emerged as highly versatile materials in the biomedical field because of their high electrical conductivity, hydrophilicity, large surface-area-to-mass ratio, and compositional versatility. Despite their promise, the inherent instability in physiological environments, lack of inherent biological activity, and potential toxicity remain major challenges limiting their biomedical applications. To address these issues, a wide range of surface engineering strategies have been developed, including covalent and noncovalent functionalization with various biomolecules, biomedical polymers, and nanomaterials. Specifically, the surface modification of MXene is intended to improve biostability and biocompatibility, and confer specific biological functions for applications in tissue engineering, biosensing, antibacterial therapy, and multimodal bioimaging. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in MXene functionalization in the biomedical field. Based on their mechanisms and biomedical functions, we categorized the functionalization strategies and proposed key design principles for the development of next-generation MXene-based therapeutic and diagnostic platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":93902,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials research","volume":"30 ","pages":"0327"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12968399/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147438439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Near-Infrared Responsive Nanoplatform for Synergistic Photothermal Therapy/Chemotherapy of Lung Cancer.","authors":"Kangqi Ren, Jian Wang, Lei Xue, Jieyu Liu, Jun Li, Degang Liu, Qiang Yang, Jiangzhou Peng","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0319","DOIUrl":"10.34133/bmr.0319","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent and lethal solid tumors worldwide. Traditional treatment methods mainly rely on chemotherapeutic drugs, which kill tumor cells by inhibiting their mitosis and proliferation. However, in clinical practice, first-line chemotherapeutic agents often exhibit short half-lives and induce a range of adverse reactions while potentially leading to tumor cell resistance, significantly reducing therapeutic efficacy. To address these issues, we developed a novel nanoplatform (TSPD), which used titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as a core template to fabricate porous silica-coated nanoparticles (TiO₂@SiO₂), further coated with the photothermal agent polydopamine (PDA) and loaded with docetaxel (DTX). Once internalized by tumor cells, TSPD rapidly released DTX under the acidic conditions of the endosomes, effectively inhibiting tumor cell proliferation. Upon near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, TSPD induced localized hyperthermia, which not only promoted tumor cell death but also accelerated the release of DTX. Furthermore, TSPD exhibited a prolonged tumor retention in vivo, markedly increasing drug retention time at the tumor site, thus enhancing the therapeutic effect. This study provides a promising strategy for the development of novel nanomedicines in the synergistic application of photothermal therapy (PTT) and chemotherapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":93902,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials research","volume":"30 ","pages":"0319"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12963644/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147379478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanopatterned Cell Sheet Assembly of Biomimetic Cardiac Laminae for Modeling Structure-Function Relationships.","authors":"Alex Jiao, Jesse Macadangdang, Jinsung Kim, Charles Travis Moerk, Nathan J Palpant, Paulos Y Mengsteab, Hyeon-Cheol Park, Charles E Murry, Deok-Ho Kim","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0339","DOIUrl":"10.34133/bmr.0339","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Replicating the intricate 3-dimensional architecture and coordinated function of native human myocardium remains a central challenge in cardiac tissue engineering. Here, we present a scaffold-free strategy to fabricate multilayered human cardiac tissues with tunable structural anisotropy and physiologically relevant helical alignment. By integrating biomimetic nanotopographical patterning with a thermoresponsive polymer interface, we generated aligned cardiac cell sheets that could be detached and transferred intact. To ensure robust sheet formation and release, our comprehensive investigation found that a coculture system incorporating human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endocardial-like endothelial cells was essential for facilitating extracellular matrix deposition and maintaining tissue integrity during detachment, outperforming coculture conditions using other stromal cell types. A glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)-modified polyurethane acrylate substrate functionalized with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) enabled temperature-controlled release, with 0.5% GMA yielding optimal performance. Stacked cardiac sheets with defined angular offsets were used to engineer 4-layered laminae that mimicked the transmural fiber orientation of the ventricular wall. These helically aligned tissues exhibited enhanced contractile synchrony and superior contractile function compared to unaligned or unpatterned controls, as quantified by vector-based contraction analysis. This work introduces a modular, bottom-up platform for constructing functionally anisotropic cardiac tissues, providing new tools for probing myocardial biomechanics, studying development and disease, and informing regenerative therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":93902,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials research","volume":"30 ","pages":"0339"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12961156/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147379518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rescue Radiosensitization of Pancreatic Cancer via PD-L1/TGF-β1 Dual-Blockade Nanotherapy as Evaluated in 3-Dimensional Microtumors.","authors":"Di Chen, Lei He, Liang Chen, Chen Ye, Fei Duan, Xiaofei Zhu, Wei Jing, Huojun Zhang, Wei Li","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0335","DOIUrl":"10.34133/bmr.0335","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Radiation-induced immunological and stromal changes in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment (TME) often develop adaptive radioresistance in clinical. Among these changes, cellular compensatory programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) overexpression induced by radiation will promote the adaptive immune evasion, limiting the radiation-mediated antitumor effect. Regrettably, the PD-L1 overexpression will be further potentiated by transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) that abundantly secreted by irradiated pancreatic stellate cells. This further fosters an immunosuppressive TME, which constitutes one of the key factors contributing to the limited efficacy of combining radiotherapy with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1 blockade in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. To counteract this resistance mechanism, we developed a TME-responsive nanogel (pirfenidone@nanogel-hyaluronidase-anti-PD-L1 [PFD@NGHP]) for rescuing radiosensitization. The PFD@NGHP is composed of a reduction-sensitive core encapsulating pirfenidone and a cationic surface corona of hyaluronidase and anti-PD-L1 antibodies. At the intercellular level, PFD@NGHP effectively inhibited TGF-β1 secretion by about 50% and targeted PD-L1 for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In the 3-dimensional stromal microtumors, PFD@NGHP effectively penetrated in stroma (>400 μm in depth), suppressed pancreatic stellate cells, and potentiated radiosensitization. In murine models, PFD@NGHP ameliorated the stroma through TGF-β1 inhibition, subsequently increased T cell infiltration of about 30% CD8⁺ T cells, and amplified the efficacy of PD-L1 blockade. This effect synergized radiotherapy to sustain tumor regression and generate abscopal effects. Collectively, our study demonstrates that PFD@NGHP targets the TGF-β1-PD-L1 axis in a cascading manner, offering a promising clinical strategy to overcome the adaptive radioresistance of irradiated pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma while providing a potential platform for translational nanomedicine evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":93902,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials research","volume":"30 ","pages":"0335"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12957541/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147367756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Versatile Nanotherapeutics for Enhancing Sonodynamic Therapy/Chemotherapy of Thyroid Cancer through Remodeling Tumor Microenvironment and Synergistic Reactive Oxygen Species Augment.","authors":"Dan Wang, Lei Sun, Juan Wang, Lirong Wang, Zhongyu Wang, Yutong Zhang, Qi Zhou, Yuhang Chen, Jue Jiang","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0338","DOIUrl":"10.34133/bmr.0338","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), as the most malignant pathological type, is prone to local invasion and even distant metastasis with a poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate. Herein, we developed an iron-based metal organic framework (FL@M) as an effective sonosensitizer and biomimetic nanocarrier through the incorporation of lenvatinib (Len) and further coating with homologous tumor cell membranes, achieving the synergistic sonodynamic therapy/chemotherapy for ATC. With the homologous tumor membrane camouflage, FL@M nanoparticles exhibited good biocompatibility, drug loading, and excellent tumor targeting ability both in vitro and in vivo. After absorption, FL@M was decomposed and released Len and Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺. Under ultrasound irradiation, FL@M exhibited excellent sonodynamic effects, rapidly generating a large amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. In addition, Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ had good catalase enzyme activity and peroxidase enzyme activity, which could catalyze H₂O₂ to produce O₂ and cytotoxic •OH, respectively, further enhancing the efficacy of sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Moreover, Len exerted a synergistic effect by promoting ROS production during SDT at a lower concentration, which could decrease the occurrence of side effects. In summary, our findings demonstrated that FL@M is a safe and effective metal-organic framework-based nanoplatform to inhibit tumor proliferation, recurrence, and metastasis, offering a promising SDT/chemotherapy combination strategy on thyroid cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":93902,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials research","volume":"30 ","pages":"0338"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12957540/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147367738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chicken Embryo Extract Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix Sustains Self-Renewal and Differentiation for Scaffold-Free Cell Sheet Formation.","authors":"Jeong-Eun Lee, Jin-Ryong Park, Yoo-Kyung Kang, Kwan-Seob Shim, Jeong-Tae Do","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0332","DOIUrl":"10.34133/bmr.0332","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fetal bovine serum (FBS) is commonly used in cell culture but can make up to 60% of total production costs, limiting the scalability of cultured meat (CM). Here, we investigated chicken embryo extract (CEE) as a functional and cost-effective substitute for FBS in culturing porcine muscle satellite cells and generating scaffold-free CM constructs. The 20% CEE + 5% horse serum (HS) medium enhanced myogenic cell growth and development while maintaining paired box 7 expression and up-regulating Myogenin, supporting the coexistence of self-renewing and differentiating states. Oxygen consumption and gene expression analyses revealed reduced oxidative metabolism alongside activation of self-renewal pathways. Transcriptomic analysis showed a specific increase in growth-factor-related genes in 20% CEE + 5% HS group, including <i>CXCL12</i>, <i>TGFB3</i>, and <i>FGF1</i>. Furthermore, 20% CEE + 5% HS differentiation media promoted the extracellular matrix and stable cell sheet organization. Stacked CEE-derived sheets yielded CM constructs with hardness and chewiness levels comparable to those of conventional pork cuts, while maintaining similar springiness and cohesiveness. Our findings show that 20% CEE + 5% HS is a feasible and cost-effective alternative to FBS, allowing for dual cell fate regulation and facilitates structured CM.</p>","PeriodicalId":93902,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials research","volume":"30 ","pages":"0332"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-03-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12953922/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147358075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bone Induction as a Function of Size and Chemical Composition of Calcium Phosphate Granules in Osteogrow-C Evaluated in Animal Models: A 1-Year Follow-Up.","authors":"Nikola Stokovic, Natalia Ivanjko, Marina Milesevic, Katarina Muzina, Marko Pecin, Drazen Maticic, Slobodan Vukicevic","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0337","DOIUrl":"10.34133/bmr.0337","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics are widely used in bone regenerative medicine for their osteoconductive properties. Osteogrow-C is a novel device that comprises recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 6 (rhBMP6) in autologous blood coagulum, utilizing ceramics as a compression-resistant matrix. This study evaluated how CaP granule size and composition affect bone formation and implant integrity in 2 relevant animal models: the rat subcutaneous model and rabbit posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF) model, over 1 year. The implants in the rat model had varying granule size ranges (74 to 420 μm, 500 to 1,700 μm, 2,360 to 4,000 μm) and compositions [β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), hydroxyapatite (HA), and biphasic ceramics (TCP/HA 80/20)]. Micro-computed tomography (CT) and histology showed that Osteogrow-C induced bone formation on all ceramic scaffolds, with smaller granules resulting in higher bone volume and density, regardless of composition. TCP granules were most resorbed, but residual ceramics persisted in all groups. Based on these findings, Osteogrow-C, containing small granules with different compositions (TCP, HA, TCP/HA 80/20, and TCP/HA 40/60), was further tested in the clinically relevant rabbit PLF model and induced fusion of transverse processes. Importantly, ceramics were more resorbed in the rabbit PLF model, with TCP and TCP/HA 80/20 ceramics showing the highest resorption rate, while HA remained intact. Osteogrow-C containing HA showed increased bone volume; however, biomechanical strength and thicker cortical bone were achieved with TCP and biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP). Finally, in the rat model, bone volume was primarily dependent on granule size, with smaller granules promoting greater bone formation and density. Conversely, in the PLF model, the composition played a more important role-affecting ceramic resorption, bone volume, and biomechanical properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":93902,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials research","volume":"30 ","pages":"0337"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12932868/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147313431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Construction of Rough Surfaces Based on Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks to Enhance Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy for Multiple Myeloma.","authors":"Mengyu Xu, Lihua Ma, Min Liu, Yuanxin Chen, Xianjun Wang, Lijuan Wang, Yanxi Zhu","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0330","DOIUrl":"10.34133/bmr.0330","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nanotargeted drug delivery systems (nanotargeted DDS) have emerged as promising solutions to improve treatment precision and reduce toxicity. However, achieving efficient delivery from the bloodstream to the tumor site remains challenging due to the complex tumor microenvironment (TME). To address these issues, a novel pH-responsive surface-switching DDS, UiO@CeO₂/IR@(bPEI/HA)-A6, was designed. This system features CeO₂ immobilized on zirconium metal-organic frameworks (UiO-66-NH₂) to create a rough surface, which is then further modified with bPEI and HA-A6 polymers, facilitating its transport in the blood. After loading the photosensitizer IR-820, its photothermal conversion efficiency reached 26.8%, enabling effective photothermal and photodynamic therapy. The HA-A6 polymer enhanced the targeting effect through receptor-mediated recognition, ensuring more drug accumulation at the tumor site; the rough surface constructed by CeO₂ increased cell uptake and enhanced endocytosis in cells. The acidic TME exfoliates the coating, exposing the rough surface of CeO₂, which marked enhances the cellular uptake of DDS, thereby laying a solid foundation for DDS to play an antitumor role. These results indicate that UiO@CeO₂/IR@(bPEI/HA)-A6 has excellent potential in the treatment of multiple myeloma.</p>","PeriodicalId":93902,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials research","volume":"30 ","pages":"0330"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12921127/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147273435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exosome Augmentation Technologies for Drug Delivery and Disease Treatment: A Review.","authors":"Jun Wu, Ruibin Li, Lu Cao, Peiqi Wang, Shiqi Jiang, Yan Chen, Haoxin Fu, Xinhao Xu, Guanyang Lin, Lanjie Lei, Ren-Ai Xu","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0318","DOIUrl":"10.34133/bmr.0318","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exosomes are nanovesicles secreted by cells to exchange materials and information. Recent studies have revealed that these modified nanovesicles can be powerful tools for the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. However, few studies have reported on the acquisition and application of these functionalized exosomes. Therefore, this study provides a systematic summary of the entire process of isolation, functionalization, modification, and application of enhanced exosomes and recent progress in this field. First, the process of exosome production and principles of disease treatment are elucidated. Thereafter, the methods of exosome isolation are summarized, with a focus on improved technology centered on aptamer technology and new technology represented by microfluidics. Next, the functional modifications of the exosomes are classified and summarized. Finally, new breakthroughs in the diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities of function-enhancing exosomes compared with those of traditional exosomes are summarized, especially in terms of how these exosomes can be used in bioimaging, photothermal therapy, and other means of achieving a quantum leap in detection and therapeutic efficacy. This paper summarizes the latest research findings on engineered exosomes, with a particular focus on emerging technologies such as microfluidics and aptamers that hold significant potential. It provides a thorough analysis of their respective advantages and limitations, aiming to offer actionable insights for the future advancement and more complex applications of exosomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":93902,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials research","volume":"30 ","pages":"0318"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12917129/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147273412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Sonodynamic Therapy and Radiotherapy Efficacy: Modified Polyethylene Glycol-Bismuth Trioxide Nanoplatform for Targeted Tumor Treatment.","authors":"Lanlan You, Mingyuan Dai, Changhao Dong, Min Zheng, Kexin Zhang, Haitao Ran, Jian Liu, Peng Luo, Qin Zhang, Hang Zeng, Jun Wei, Sijing Yan, Yang Yang, Zhigang Wang, E Wen","doi":"10.34133/bmr.0325","DOIUrl":"10.34133/bmr.0325","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study develops a novel multifunctional nanoplatform, modified polyethylene glycol-bismuth trioxide (mPEG-Bi₂O₃), synthesized via vacuum ball milling followed by ultrasonic liquid-phase exfoliation and surface PEGylation, to enhance the synergistic effects of sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and radiotherapy (RT). Characterization revealed that mPEG-Bi₂O₃ exhibits a thin-layered nanosheet structure (hydrodynamic size: 239.28 ± 4.32 nm; lattice spacing: 0.29 nm) and a zeta potential of -33.64 ± 0.80 mV. Notably, the nanoplatform demonstrated exceptional colloidal stability in physiologically relevant media, maintaining consistent size and surface charge over 7 d in serum-containing medium, which confirms the effectiveness of the PEG coating for biomedical applications. XPS analysis confirmed a mixed Bi³⁺/Bi⁵⁺ oxidation state, and deconvolution of the O 1s spectrum quantified the oxygen vacancy content at 11.02%, confirming a defect-rich structure. Successful PEG grafting was verified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and quantified by thermogravimetric analysis, showing a grafting content of ~13.59 wt %. Under low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), mPEG-Bi₂O₃ significantly enhanced reactive oxygen species generation, leading to a marked reduction in intracellular glutathione levels. In vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated favorable selectivity, with lower toxicity toward normal endothelial cells compared to 4T1 cancer cells, and the combination of mPEG-Bi₂O₃ and LIFU induced apoptosis in 4T1 cells. In vivo studies showed that intravenous administration of mPEG-Bi₂O₃ in tumor-bearing mice resulted in peak tumor accumulation at 24 h (0.17 ± 0.03 %ID/g), correlating with a significant 87.82% ± 4.77% reduction in tumor volume after 14 d of treatment when combined with LIFU and RT (10 Gy), superior to dual-modality treatments. Immune profiling indicated enhanced dendritic cell maturation, increased tumor-infiltrating CD8⁺ T cells, and reduced regulatory T cells, demonstrating immune microenvironment remodeling. Collectively, mPEG-Bi₂O₃ presents a surface-engineered strategy for potent SDT-RT synergy with demonstrated biosafety, showing promising potential for solid tumor treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":93902,"journal":{"name":"Biomaterials research","volume":"30 ","pages":"0325"},"PeriodicalIF":9.8,"publicationDate":"2026-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12914061/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146230087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}