Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research最新文献

{"title":"Cannabinoids: Adaptogens or Not?","authors":"Federico Karp, Ignacio E León","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0108","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2024.0108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since ancient times, humanity has been exploring natural substances with the aim of increasing stress resistance, enhancing biochemical homeostasis, and treating different diseases. In this way, the objective of the present review is to compare the biological effects of cannabinoids (CNBs) with adaptogens, this exploration allows us to consider the controversy if they can be classified together considering the effects on the body. First, the work revises different features of adaptogens such as their chemical structure, ligand-receptors properties, and homeostasis-stress capabilities. Also, this review includes an overview of preclinical and clinical studies of the effect of adaptogens considering a broad spectrum of adverse biological, chemical, and physical factors. Then, the work does a review of the CNBs effects on the body including the principal uses for the treatment of several diseases as neurodegenerative disorders, arthritis, cancer, cardiovascular affections, diabetes, anxiety, chronic pain, among others. In addition, the different characteristics of the specific endocannabinoid system are described explaining the wide CNBs body effects. Finally, this review presents a comparative analysis between CNBs and adaptogens properties, expecting to contribute to understanding if CNBs can be classified as adaptogens.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"389-399"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143980602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Federal Courts Will No Longer Need to Follow the DEA's Interpretation of Cannabis-Related Law.","authors":"Bob Solomon","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0176","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2024.0176","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"489-490"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142589413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acid-Catalyzed Conversion of Cannabidiol to Tetrahydrocannabinols: En Route to Demystifying Manufacturing Processes and Controlling the Reaction Outcomes.","authors":"Alex Nivorozhkin, Michael G Palfreyman","doi":"10.1089/can.2025.0015","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2025.0015","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Over the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the production of multiple tetrahydrocannabidiol (THC) related products <i>via</i> the acid catalysis of cannabidiol (CBD). The widespread availability of CBD and the unregulated or poorly regulated nature of its use have flooded the market with THC-containing products of unverifiable provenance and frequently contaminated by trace metals and residual solvents. Under non-optimized, poorly controlled, or harsh reaction conditions, these acid-catalyzed transformations yield multiple cannabinoids including Δ⁹-THC and Δ⁸-THC, along with numerous side products. These side products are rarely identified or quantified accurately, and their safety and pharmacology remain largely unknown. <b>Aims:</b> This review aims to present an up-to-date understanding of one of the fundamental transformations in cannabinoid chemistry: the cyclization of CBD to THC. This knowledge will facilitate the development of safer, cleaner, more affordable, and accessible cannabinoid products while guiding medical practitioners and regulators. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> We conducted a literature review of studies published over the last 5-6 years on the interconversion of CBD to THC. Our review focused on the following key aspects: (1) advances in understanding reaction mechanisms and optimizing desirable reaction outcomes; (2) development of new catalysts, including \"green chemistry\" approaches such as solid-supported acids; and (3) implementation of fit-for-purpose analytical methods to better characterize reaction outcomes and reassess the accuracy of cannabis and hemp product labeling. <b>Results:</b> Provided strict quality controls of materials, reaction conditions, and related isolation techniques, the latest research of the acid-catalyzed CBD cyclization shows that it is feasible to access products with elevated and consistently high quality, enriched with either CBD or THC fractions, in a cost-effective manner. Among a spectrum of possible products, easy access to low-potency THC compositions may be particularly relevant for serving the needs of medical patients consuming cannabis and hemp-derived cannabinoids including dose titration as well as to supporting safe and responsible use in recreational markets now saturated with overly potent products.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"377-388"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143964747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Heat Processing on Major Psychoactive Compounds and Total Phenolic Content in Psychotropic Plants: Cannabis (<i>Cannabis Sativa</i>) and Kratom (<i>Mitragyna Speciosa)</i> Leaves.","authors":"Wimonphan Chathiran, Laura Varatojo, Jaruwan Chimasangkanan, Worakrit Saiyasombat, Warangkana Srichamnong","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2024.0201","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Several countries have legalized cannabis (<i>Cannabis sativa</i>) and kratom (<i>Mitragyna speciosa</i>), increasing accessibility to these psychotropic plants for medicinal and recreational purposes. Cooking is a popular method to utilize cannabis and kratom at the household level. The aim of this research was to study the effect of cooking conditions on psychoactive compounds, namely cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) derivatives (△8, △9THC, and tetrahydrocannabinolic) in cannabis and mitragynine in kratom. <b>Methods:</b> Quantitative analysis of these substances was performed using LC/MS/MS. Cannabis and kratom were subjected to different cooking conditions based on popular cooking methods, including steaming, boiling, deep-frying, stir-frying, and products. <b>Results:</b> The results indicate that boiling and steaming retain the highest content of THC in cannabis. For mitragynine in kratom, there was a varied degree of mitragynine reduction by different cooking methods, which ranged from 20% to 50%. The total phenolic content of all treated samples was lower than the fresh samples. <b>Conclusion:</b> Various cooking methods and product formulation affect THC and CBD quantity, so it is important to assess the retention of those phytocannabinoids in the finished product. However, the adverse effects of THC are unlikely as they are present in low quantities.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143964645","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility and Tolerability of Nabilone for the Treatment of Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.","authors":"Justin Matheson, Dominique Tertigas, Saima Malik, Valerie Taylor, Sofia Chavez, Keith A Sharkey, Cristoforo Silvestri, Michael Surette, Bernard Le Foll","doi":"10.1089/can.2025.0034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2025.0034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> In epidemiological studies, people who use cannabis have a lower prevalence of obesity. Furthermore, the endocannabinoid system is recognized as a potential target for obesity treatment and partial agonism of the cannabinoid type-1 (CB₁) receptor may reduce body weight. We thus hypothesized that 12 weeks of pharmacotherapy with the partial CB₁ receptor agonist nabilone would reduce body weight, relative to placebo, in adults with obesity. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot clinical trial that investigated the feasibility, tolerability, and efficacy of 12 weeks of treatment with nabilone compared with placebo in adults with obesity. Otherwise healthy adults aged 25-45 years with obesity were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to one of three parallel treatment arms: high-dose nabilone (6 mg/day), low-dose nabilone (2 mg/day), or placebo. Safety and feasibility outcomes included adverse events (AEs), number of dropouts, and medication adherence per treatment arm. Efficacy outcomes included body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference. Secondary outcomes included gut microbiome changes, blood biomarkers (e.g., glucose and insulin levels), and mood. <b>Results:</b> Overall, 18 participants were randomized and 15 participants received at least one dose of drug (4 high-dose arm, 5 low-dose arm, 6 placebo). The trial was terminated early due to poor tolerability of the medication (e.g., all four participants allocated to high-dose nabilone withdrew due to AEs). Only eight participants completed per protocol (four in the low-dose arm and four in the placebo arm). Using data from completers only (<i>n</i> = 8), we saw a significant treatment effect on body weight (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and BMI (<i>p</i> < 0.001) that appeared to be driven by greater decreases in the low-dose arm (<i>n</i> = 4) relative to placebo (<i>n</i> = 4). Based on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, the low-dose arm showed a greater change in the overall fecal microbiome composition compared with the placebo arm (<i>p</i> < 0.05). <b>Discussion:</b> This pilot trial found poor tolerability of nabilone pharmacotherapy (especially at 6 mg/day) for adults with obesity who had not used any cannabinoid drugs for 6 months prior to enrolment. Preliminary results suggest a possible impact of nabilone on the gut microbiome.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143954869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabidiol Pretreatment Reduces Status Epilepticus and Glutamate Uptake Induced by Kainic Acid in Adult Zebrafish.","authors":"Karolyne de Pieri Pickler, Ana Caroline Salvador de Farias, Guilherme Lodetti, Henrique Teza Bernardo, Samira Leila Baldin, Eduardo Ronconi Dondossola, Jaime Eduardo Hallak, José Alexandre Crippa, José Henrique Cararo, Josiane Budni, Eduardo Pacheco Rico","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2024.0189","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Epilepsy is a neurological chronic disorder that affects about 70 million people worldwide. <i>Status epilepticus</i> (SE) are neural disturbances that cause intense glutamatergic excitatory discharges that modulate changes in normal brain physiological activity. Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main nonpsychomimetic compound present in <i>Cannabis sativa</i> and exhibits a wide spectrum of neuroprotective properties. The use of zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>) is regarded as an important alternative animal model for studies on seizures, as it has neuronal mechanisms similar to humans. <b>Objective:</b> This study aims to evaluate the effects of CBD on SE induced by kainic acid (KA) in zebrafish. <b>Methods:</b> Animals received CBD (5, 10, or 40 mg·L^-1 tank water) for 24 h followed by KA administration (5 mg/kg intraperitoneally). The convulsive pattern of alterations was then assessed. After 12 h, cerebral glutamate transport and oxidative stress were also verified. <b>Results:</b> CBD at 5 and 40 mg·L^-1 induced a significant decrease in the seizure intensity (26.1% and 29.9%) and an increase in the latency to reach SE (from 10.71 min to 17.5 and 25 min), respectively. In addition, CBD administration (40 mg·L^-1) attenuated the decrease in cerebral glutamate transport following 12 h KA-induced seizure. The KA-induced seizure was also able to alter the oxidative stress parameters 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin, and catalase activity. However, CBD (40 mg·L^-1) did not influence these markers. The present study indicates that CBD promotes a neuroprotective response against the epileptic profile in zebrafish. These findings contribute to the understanding of the influence of CBD on the modulation of excitatory/inhibitory disruption on zebrafish seizure.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143972517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Letter to the Editor:</i> Response to Dr. Mousavi's Comments on Ogunsola et al.","authors":"Ayobami S Ogunsola, Samuel Smith, Eniola A Olatunji, Mercy C Udeh, Ibraheem M Karaye","doi":"10.1089/can.2025.0008","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2025.0008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"e375-e376"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584809","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SGIP1 Deletion in Mice Attenuates Mechanical Hypersensitivity Elicited by Inflammation.","authors":"Oleh Durydivka, Martin Kuchar, Jaroslav Blahos","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0020","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2024.0020","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) in the nervous system modulates the processing of acute and chronic pain. CB1R activity is regulated by desensitization and internalization. SH3-containing GRB2-like protein 3-interacting protein 1 (SGIP1) inhibits the internalization of CB1R. This causes increased and prolonged association of the desensitized receptor with G protein-coupled receptor kinase 3 (GRK3) and beta-arrestin on the cell membrane and results in decreased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway. Genetic deletion of SGIP1 in mice leads to altered CB1R-related functions, such as decreased anxiety-like behaviors, modified cannabinoid tetrad behaviors, reduced acute nociception, and increased sensitivity to analgesics. In this work, we asked if deletion of SGIP1 affects chronic nociception and analgesic effect of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and WIN 55,212-2 (WIN) in mice. <b>Methods:</b> We measured tactile responses of hind paws to increasing pressure in wild-type and SGIP1 knock-out mice. Inflammation in the paw was induced by local injection of carrageenan. To determine the mechanical sensitivity, the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) was measured using an electronic von Frey instrument with the progression of the applied force. <b>Results:</b> The responses to mechanical stimuli varied depending on the sex, genotype, and treatment. SGIP1 knock-out male mice exhibited lower PWT than wild-type males. On the contrary, the female mice exhibited comparable PWT. Following THC or WIN treatment in male mice, SGIP1 knock-out males exhibited PWT lower than wild-type males. THC treatment in SGIP1 knock-out females resulted in PWT higher than after THC treatment of wild-type females. However, SGIP1 knock-out and wild-type female mice exhibited similar PWT after WIN treatment. <b>Conclusions:</b> We provide evidence that SGIP1, possibly by interacting with CB1R, is involved in processing the responses to chronic pain. The absence of SGIP1 results in enhanced sensitivity to mechanical stimuli in males, but not females. The antinociceptive effect of THC is superior to that of WIN in SGIP1 knock-out mice in the carrageenan-induced model of chronic pain.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"247-257"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141558127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Cannabistilbene I in Attenuating Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy: Insights into Cytochrome P450s and Arachidonic Acid Metabolites Modulation.","authors":"Ahmad H Alammari, Fadumo Ahmed Isse, Conor O'Croinin, Neal M Davies, Ayman O S El-Kadi","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0148","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2024.0148","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> This research investigated the impact of Cannabistilbene I on Angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac hypertrophy and its potential role in cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes and arachidonic acid (AA) metabolic pathways. Cardiac hypertrophy, a response to increased stress on the heart, can lead to severe cardiovascular diseases if not managed effectively. CYP enzymes and AA metabolites play critical roles in cardiac function and hypertrophy, making them important targets for therapeutic intervention. <b>Methods:</b> Adult human ventricular cardiomyocyte cell line (AC16) was cultured and treated with Cannabistilbene I in the presence and absence of Ang II. The effects on mRNA expression related to cardiac hypertrophic markers and CYP were analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction, while CYP protein levels were measured by Western blot analysis. AA metabolites were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). <b>Results:</b> Results showed that Ang II triggered hypertrophy, as evidenced by the increase in hypertrophic marker expression, and enlarged the cell surface area, effects that were alleviated by Cannabistilbene I. Gene expression analysis indicated that Cannabistilbene I upregulated CYP1A1, leading to increased enzymatic activity, as evidenced by 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase assay. Furthermore, LC-MS/MS analysis of AA metabolites revealed that Ang II elevated midchain (R/S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE) concentrations, which were reduced by Cannabistilbene I. Notably, Cannabistilbene I selectively increased 19(S)-HETE concentration and reversed the Ang II-induced decline in 19(S)-HETE, suggesting a unique protective role. <b>Conclusion:</b> This study provides new insights into the potential of Cannabistilbene I in modulating AA metabolites and reducing Ang II-induced cardiac hypertrophy, revealing a new candidate as a therapeutic agent for cardiac hypertrophy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"277-288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142342136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Circulating Endocannabinoids Are Associated with Mental Alertness During Ultra-Endurance Exercise.","authors":"Sebastiaan Dalle, Chiel Poffé, Wout Lauriks, Ruben Robberechts, Myrthe Stalmans, Romano Terrasi, Giulio G Muccioli, Katrien Koppo","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0169","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2024.0169","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Ultra-endurance exercise events result in central fatigue, impacting on mental alertness and decision making. Endocannabinoids are typically elevated during endurance exercise and have been implicated in central processes such as learning and memory, but their role in central fatigue has never been studied. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Twenty-four recreational male ultrarunners participated in a 100-km trail run, and 18 of them completed at least 60 km and were included in the analyses. A cognitive test battery to assess median reaction time (MRT) and median movement time during a reaction time task and median response latency during a rapid visual information processing task was completed prior to and immediately after the trail. Blood serum samples pre- and postexercise were analyzed for endocannabinoids and related lipids (anadamide: AEA; 2-arachidonoylglycerol: 2-AG; palmitoylethanolamide: PEA; oleoylethanolamide: OEA; stearoylethanolamine: SEA) via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. <b>Results:</b> Ultra-endurance exercise worsened all cognitive parameters and increased abundance of AEA, PEA, OEA, and SEA but not 2-AG. Interestingly, the exercise-induced change in MRT showed moderate, positive correlations with the change in different endocannabinoids, that is, AEA (<i>r</i> = 0.5164, <i>p</i> = 0.0338), PEA (<i>r</i> = 0.5466, <i>p</i> = 0.0251), and OEA (<i>r</i> = 0.5442, <i>p</i> = 0.0239). <b>Conclusion:</b> These results indicate a potential role of endocannabinoids on mental alertness following ultra-endurance exercise.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"200-206"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142892373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}