Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research最新文献

{"title":"Comparing Cannabis Use Motivations and Dependence Across Regular Cannabis Users Who Have or Have Not Recently Used Psilocybin.","authors":"Madeline K Stanger, Harmony O Soffer, Angela D Bryan, Carillon J Skrzynski","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0059","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2024.0059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In Colorado, both cannabis and psilocybin are legal and becoming more commonly used. However, there is almost no research detailing the public health concerns regarding negative outcomes (e.g., dependence) of cannabis and psilocybin co-use and motives that may perpetuate these negative outcomes (e.g., coping, boredom).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using data from a larger observational study on cannabis and metabolic processes, regular cannabis users (use ≥7 times/month; <i>n</i> = 97, 35.1% female, 89.7% WHITE) who used psilocybin in the past 3 months (<i>n</i> = 34) were compared with those who had not used psilocybin in the past 3 months (<i>n</i> = 63) on cannabis dependence as measured by the Marijuana Dependence Scale and endorsement of 12 cannabis motives from the Comprehensive Marijuana Motives Questionnaire. Correlations between motives and dependence were also examined and compared across groups.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Findings revealed that individuals who had recently used psilocybin had greater cannabis dependence scores than those who had not used recently [<i>F</i> (1, 95) = 5.53, <i>p</i> = 0.02], and more strongly endorsed that their cannabis use was motivated by enjoyment [<i>F</i> (1, 91) = 4.31, <i>p</i> = 0.04], boredom [<i>F</i> (1, 91) = 9.10, <i>p</i> < 0.01], and availability [<i>F</i> (1, 91) = 9.46, <i>p</i> < 0.01]. Correlations between dependence scores and coping and boredom motives were also significantly positive for both groups (all <i>p</i> values <0.05) whereas positive correlations with experimentation, celebration, and availability motives were only significant for recent psilocybin users (all <i>p</i> values <0.05).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These results suggest there are motivational differences for cannabis use among those who co-use cannabis and psilocybin, and there may be a greater risk for harm for these individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"261-268"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141417897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabis Use in California Following Legalization of Recreational Use.","authors":"Linda Hill, Daniel Ageze, Renee Dell'Acqua, Alice Gold, Ilene Lanin-Kettering, Jill Rybar, Tom Shaughnessy, Sara Baird, Thomas D Marcotte","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0179","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2024.0179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cannabis was legalized in California for recreational use through the passage of Proposition 64: The Adult Use Marijuana Act of 2016. This analysis from the Impact 64 study describes the cannabis use patterns of adults 21 years and older in California since the passage of Proposition 64.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An online questionnaire addressing use of tetrahydrocannabinol-containing cannabis (including frequency, product(s), length, source, and purpose) was administered from December 2022 to February 2023. Of the initial 15,309 census-weighted participants, a subset of participants completed a detailed cannabis use questionnaire, including 4,020 people who currently use cannabis. Cannabis users were grouped by use frequency, and chi-squared analysis was utilized for descriptive analysis. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to assess significant variables associated with specific use patterns.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Of the initial sample of 15,208, 37% reported current cannabis use (with use in the past 3 months), 30% formerly used cannabis, and 33% were nonusers. Among current users, 38% reported very frequent use (multiple times a day), 33% frequent use (four times per week to daily), and 30% occasional use (three times per week or less). Compared with occasional users, very frequent users were more likely to be male (65%, odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, <i>p</i> < 0.001), less educated (OR = 1.7, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and have lower incomes (under 50K vs 100K, OR = 2.3, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Most users reported multiple cannabis products, mainly flower inhalation (80%), vaping (66%), and edibles (61%), primarily sourced from dispensaries (77%), which the majority (94%) perceived as licensed. Of all current users, most used cannabis at home (93%) or for entertainment (75%), with many reporting use during creative activities (45%), with alcohol (36%) and/or with cigarettes (24%). Positive impacts were reported in mental (82%), emotional (81%), and physical (62%) health. The internet (51%) and friends/family (50%) were the main sources of information. Most current users felt comfortable discussing cannabis with their primary doctor (78%), although only 66% of primary doctors knew about recreational use.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>There is a high prevalence of daily cannabis use among adult Californians, with most users obtaining products from perceived licensed dispensaries or delivery services. While most users feel comfortable discussing cannabis use with physicians, they primarily obtain information from other sources, highlighting the need to bridge this information gap.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"269-283"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alcohol-Induced Dilation of Fetal Cerebral Arteries Is Region-Specific and Mediated by Cannabinoid Receptor 1 in a Sexually Dimorphic Manner.","authors":"Shiwani Thapa, Elizabeth H Schneider, Steven C Mysiewicz, Alex M Dopico, Anna N Bukiya","doi":"10.1177/25785125251392472","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785125251392472","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is a leading cause of birth defects and developmental impairments, resulting in a spectrum of disorders ranging from mild to severe, which are termed fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Globally, there is a high prevalence of FASD, and currently, there is no known available cure. PAE most severely impacts the developing brain, causing long-term structural and functional impairments. Cerebral blood circulation plays a critical role in neuronal and overall brain development. Previous studies have shown that PAE leads to a decrease in fetal brain blood flow velocity via fetal cerebral artery dilation, but the specific targets underlying this effect remain largely unknown.</p><p><strong>Methods and results: </strong>A previous study indicated that a mixture of cannabinoid blockers ablated alcohol-induced vasodilation, but the exact mechanism(s) involved have not been fully elucidated. Here, we investigated the concentration-dependent effects of alcohol on fetal cerebral arteries (anterior, middle, posterior, and basilar) in baboons (<i>Papio</i> sp.) using toxicologically relevant alcohol concentrations. We observed effects best described by polynomial fittings in both male and female fetuses, with low alcohol concentrations (5-30 mM) causing vasodilation. However, the alcohol concentrations that caused maximal dilation varied among cerebral arteries. Quantitative PCR analysis confirmed the presence of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1 receptor) but not cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2 receptor) transcripts in fetal cerebral arteries. Probing of <i>ex vivo</i> pressurized cerebral arteries with a selective CB1 receptor antagonist (AM251) before alcohol exposure at the maximal vasodilating concentration resulted in decreased alcohol effect in the basilar arteries of female fetuses and in the middle cerebral arteries of male fetuses. In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed no significant changes in endocannabinoid levels (anandamide and 2-arachydoniylglycerol). Our findings suggest that alcohol may activate CB1 receptors independently of endocannabinoid production to trigger vasodilation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In summary, alcohol induces fetal cerebral artery dilation via the CB1 receptor, with regional and sex-specific differences. Our work provides new insights into the role of the fetal cerebrovascular CB1 receptor in the effect of PAE on cerebral circulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"232-248"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12908143/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145494691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Endocannabinoids in Saliva: Origins, Significance, and Research Directions.","authors":"Jessica Hargreaves, Ottmar V Lipp, Luke J Ney","doi":"10.1177/25785125261423034","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785125261423034","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The endocannabinoid system regulates a broad range of psychological and physiological processes throughout the body, and its dysregulation has been implicated in numerous pathological conditions. As a result, components of this system are common targets in diagnostic and therapeutic research. Given the challenges associated with obtaining tissue samples from human participants, current research commonly relies on the quantification of circulating endocannabinoids in blood as a surrogate for tissue-level endocannabinoid activity. However, this approach presents limitations due to the invasive nature of blood collection and its potential to induce pain or stress-related activation of the endocannabinoid system. New methods to study the activity of the endocannabinoid system in humans are therefore needed.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This narrative review examines the current literature investigating the measurement, origin, and significance of the endocannabinoid ligands N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in human saliva, a non-invasive and easily accessible biological matrix.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mass spectromic analysis have demonstrated that AEA and 2-AG levels are dynamic and can be influenced by physiological challenges, including fear, stress, and exercise. Salivary endocannabinoid profiles have also been shown to reflect longer-term traits, such as metabolic status, and can distinguish between patients and healthy individuals in conditions like orofacial pain.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Collectively, salivary endocannabinoids reflect both acute and chronic aspects of endocannabinoid system activity and may represent a promising non-invasive matrix for assessing endocannabinoid function. However, further understanding of the mechanisms underlying endocannabinoid production in the oral cavity is required for accurate interpretation of salivary measurements in future studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"205-215"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stress Responsivity of Endocannabinoids and Related Biomolecules in Plasma and Saliva.","authors":"Jessica Hargreaves, Madeline Jarvis, Khalisa Amir Hamzah, Natalie Turner, Luke J Ney","doi":"10.1177/25785125251387514","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785125251387514","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>The endocannabinoid system regulates numerous physiological functions, including the stress response, and is frequently implicated in stress-related disorders. Understanding how this system is altered during stress is therefore critical for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. The primary ligands of the endocannabinoid system, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG), are measurable in circulation and are commonly used to assess endocannabinoid function under various conditions in humans. More recently, endocannabinoids have also been detected in saliva; however, the physiological relevance of their salivary responses remains poorly understood. The present study, therefore, aims to compare stress-induced changes in endocannabinoid and related molecule levels in saliva and plasma, with the goal of advancing understanding of stress-related alterations in salivary endocannabinoids.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Maastricht Acute Stress Test was used to induce acute stress in 59 participants, with plasma and saliva samples collected at baseline, immediately after stress, and 25-min post-stress. Stress-induced changes in AEA, 2-AG, N-palmitoylethanolamine, N-oleoylethanolamine, arachidonic acid, cortisol, cortisone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Norepinephrine was also analyzed in plasma using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Changes over time and associations among these analytes in response to stress were then examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Salivary endocannabinoid concentrations were independently stress-responsive of those in plasma, suggesting they reflect distinct physiological functions. Although changes in salivary endocannabinoid concentrations were not associated with changes in plasma norepinephrine, post-stress changes in salivary 2-AG correlated with changes in DHEA-S and subjective stress ratings.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings from this study provide new evidence that salivary endocannabinoids offer a novel approach to examining the endocannabinoid system during the stress response and may reflect its crosstalk with other physiological systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"249-260"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145278974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Industrial <i>Cannabis</i>, Cannabic Residue or Industrial <i>Cannabis</i> Waste? Perspectives on the Utilization, Reutilization, and Recycling of <i>Cannabis</i>.","authors":"Raoni Avan de Almeida Barbosa, Enzo Sousa Lyrio, João Gabriel Gouvêa-Silva, Claudete da Costa-Oliveira, Larissa Dias Viana-Oliveira, Priscila Gava Mazzola, Ademir Evangelista do Vale, Ygor Jessé Ramos","doi":"10.1177/25785125261421439","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785125261421439","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. is an annual herbaceous plant with a long history of multipurpose use, including food, textile, and medicinal applications. The progressive legalization in several countries has significantly increased its large-scale cultivation, consequently generating a substantial amount of biomass waste. This scenario calls for innovative and sustainable strategies to valorize <i>Cannabis</i> residues, aiming at promoting the circular economy and technological innovation.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An integrative review was conducted following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Systematic searches were performed in SCOPUS, PubMed, and SciELO, complemented by specialized platforms such as CANNUSE and CONSENSUS. Peer-reviewed empirical studies were included if they addressed the utilization, reutilization, or recycling of <i>C. sativa</i> by-products or residues for the development of industrial products, processes, or inputs. The analysis considered thematic and commercial domains, geographic origin, and biomass type.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 262 studies were included, with 144 retrieved from indexed databases and 118 from alternative methods. The most commonly explored residues were stems (48.2%), seeds (21.0%), and postextraction residuum (9.7%). The majority of applications were related to technology and innovation (37.5%) and industrial sectors (36.9%). A total of 328 technologies were identified, highlighting applications such as textile fibers, bioplastics, biofuels, functional foods, adsorbents, and natural cosmetics. Italy, China, and the United States led in scientific production. Leaves (7.0%) and roots (0.9%) were significantly underexplored despite their bioactive potential.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The findings demonstrate a growing global interest in the valorization of <i>C. sativa</i> residues, with promising applications in bioeconomy, regenerative agriculture, phytoremediation, and energy transition. The integration of traditional knowledge and green technologies is a key strategy to enhance sustainability and socioterritorial inclusion. Nonetheless, regulatory gaps and a lack of robust clinical and toxicological studies limit the use of by-products in food and feed chains.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The residual biomass of <i>C. sativa</i> holds high technological, environmental, and economic value. Strategic valorization demands regulatory advancement, the development of green technologies, and the strengthening of multidisciplinary research. Industrial <i>Cannabis</i> emerges as a driver of ecological, social, and economic transformation toward sustainable circular production systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"216-231"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146131557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Limits of Averages: A Framework for Contextual Effectiveness in Palliative Care Medicinal Cannabis Research.","authors":"Taylan Gurgenci, Rebecca Olson, Alexandra Smith, Claire Stokes, Phillip D Good","doi":"10.1177/25785125261417394","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125261417394","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This article introduces a framework of contextual effectiveness to reconcile the persistent gap between patients' positive experiences with treatments and negative clinical trial outcomes in palliative care. Using medicinal cannabis as an illustrative example, we challenge the statistical assumption that averaging patient responses yields a reliable \"true effect\" for subjective outcomes like quality of life. We argue that treatment effects vary not only between patients but also within the same patient across contexts and time. While averaging approaches remain valid for discrete symptoms (e.g., pain), a patient's reported improvement in overall well-being in specific situations may reflect genuine contextual effectiveness rather than placebo or misattribution. Highly individualized findings complicate guideline and funding decisions; hence, we propose a dual-pathway model for evidence generation: traditional randomised controlled trials (RCTs) for population-level efficacy, followed by post-trial contextual surveillance studies (CSS) that empower individualized patient-clinician decisions. This framework maintains scientific rigor while enabling more person-centered care. By recognizing that a patient may be both a \"responder\" and \"non-responder\" depending on life context, we offer a paradigm shift in how subjective outcomes are understood, evaluated, and applied in palliative care practice.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":"11 3","pages":"198-204"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147763064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Schedule Shift, Not a Federal Green Light: What Cannabis Rescheduling to Schedule III Would Mean-and What It Would Not.","authors":"Brad Rowe, Agnes Balla, Daniele Piomelli","doi":"10.1177/25785125261424697","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785125261424697","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cannabis rescheduling from Schedule I to Schedule III under the U.S. Controlled Substances Act would be the most significant federal cannabis policy shift in more than five decades, yet its legal and practical consequences are widely misunderstood. This policy analysis clarifies what Schedule III rescheduling would change-and what it would not-by synthesizing the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' 2023 scientific and medical recommendation and its two-part inquiry into \"currently accepted medical use,\" Congressional Research Service legal guidance on rescheduling consequences, administrative law scholarship on Drug Enforcement Administration rulemaking and deference to expert scientific findings, and interdisciplinary research on cannabis regulation, product development, and public health. We examine implications for federal-state conflict, criminal liability and collateral consequences, research access and scientific infrastructure, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evidentiary standards for therapeutic claims, taxation and capital flows (including relief from Internal Revenue Code §280E), and uneven effects on regulated state markets and owner-operators. Drawing on scholarship documenting Schedule I research barriers, constrained access to representative research materials, and the growing role of real-world evidence alongside clinical trials, we argue that rescheduling may expand research capacity and strengthen incentives for FDA-compliant development without legalizing cannabis, approving dispensary products, authorizing interstate commerce, or resolving conflicts between federal and state law. We further assess equity implications, emphasizing that rescheduling does not expunge records, repair past harms, or ensure equitable participation and may accelerate consolidation absent protective safeguards. We conclude that Schedule III should be treated as a transitional status, with agencies prioritizing research access and public health surveillance while Congress addresses banking, interstate commerce, and durable criminal justice and equity reforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"193-197"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147316094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Has Japan's Cannabis Control Act Been Amended?","authors":"Yuji Masataka, Yoshiyuki Akahoshi, Munenori Katayama, Futaba Umemura, Naoko Miki, Ryota Nakazawa, Kosuke Shibata, Chikako Yoshida, Ayako Mikami, Toshihiko Matsumoto, Kozo Akino, Ichiro Takumi","doi":"10.1089/can.2025.0006","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2025.0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In 2023, Japan's Cannabis Control Act underwent its first major revision since its establishment in 1948. The legal framework surrounding cannabis had long remained rigid, with limited scope for medical or industrial applications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review examines the content and implications of the 2023 legal amendments based on governmental documents, legislative records, and secondary analyses of regulatory shifts. The assessment focuses on three key domains: medical application, industrial use, and drug control.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Under the revised law, cannabis-derived products intended for medical use were brought under the same regulatory framework as opioid analgesics, theoretically enabling physicians to prescribe them. Simultaneously, the longstanding restriction limiting industrial use to mature stalks and seeds was lifted. However, this liberalization was counterbalanced by the introduction of a stringent THC threshold. On the criminal side, cannabis continues to be regulated as an illicit substance, and new penalties for use have been introduced. The revised law came into effect on December 12, 2024.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The 2023 amendment represents a significant shift in Japan's cannabis policy, aiming to balance expanded medical and industrial opportunities with continued drug control. Its practical implications remain to be seen and warrant close monitoring in the coming years.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"284-292"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Corrigendum to:</i> How Has Japan's Cannabis Control Act Been Amended?","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/25785125261448987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125261448987","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"25785125261448987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147833954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}