Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research最新文献

{"title":"Role of Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 in Acute Behavioral Responses to Graft Versus Host Disease in Male Mice.","authors":"Alison Moe, Hannah A Liphart, Kathryn Heaster, Julian Romero, William R Drobyski, Cecilia J Hillard","doi":"10.1177/25785125261442840","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785125261442840","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Graft versus host disease (GVHD) is a debilitating consequence of bone marrow (BM) transplantation for the treatment of hematological cancers and other conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated that mouse models of GVHD result in significant prefrontal cortical (PFC) neuroinflammation, which is mitigated by global and microglial-selective deletion of the type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R). This study examined whether genetic deletion of CB2R similarly rescues the acute behavioral dysregulation produced by GVHD.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>GVHD was initiated in C57BL/6 mice by irradiation followed by infusion of BM and splenocytes from major histocompatibility mismatched B10.BR donors. Fourteen-18 days after transplant, mice were exposed to a battery of behavioral tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The primary behavioral effects of GVHD in wild-type mice were increased immobility in the open field and increased struggling in the forced swim. These effects of GVHD also occurred in global CB2R knockout mice and in mice with CB2R deletion in cells expressing CX3CR1, which includes microglia. GVHD did not affect social interactions, sucrose consumption, rotarod behavior, or time in the middle of the open field in any genotype.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>These data indicate that while CB2R deletion from the recipient mice protects against neuronal loss and inflammation in the brain, it does not protect against acute behavioral dysregulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"324-334"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147644269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome-A Survey-Based Approach to Understanding Symptoms and Cannabis Use Patterns.","authors":"Codi Peterson, Jill Simonian, Megan Mbengue, Jacqueline Higgins, Riley Kirk, Katie Nava, Ryan Lacinski, Ariana Nelson","doi":"10.1177/25785125261421434","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785125261421434","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome (CHS) is increasingly being observed in emergency departments and is characterized by recurrent nausea and vomiting in some cannabis users. Despite its increasing prevalence, tools for early identification and intervention are lacking. This study aimed to improve our understanding of CHS by examining patterns of cannabis use and identifying symptom profiles of individuals suspected or diagnosed with CHS. By identifying the risk factors and initial warning signs, we can support earlier recognition, harm reduction, and intervention.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>An anonymous survey was distributed via social media to gather detailed, self-reported information about cannabis consumption methods, frequency of use, product sourcing, and CHS-related symptoms. Participants were recruited online through organic outreach to CHS-focused social media communities in late 2024.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 1134 participants were included in the final analysis. Most respondents reported smoking cannabis flower or using vape cartridges, although the use of edibles and concentrates were also described. The overwhelming majority of respondents (96.5%) used cannabis products at least daily, with approximately half (45%) using them six or more times per day around the time they developed CHS symptoms. Most of the respondents (61.9%) sourced cannabis from licensed dispensaries. The duration of cannabis use prior to symptom onset varied widely among participants, with nearly two-thirds (65.4%) reportedly used for more than 3 years before symptom development. During the prodromal (early) phase, symptoms clustered in the morning (63.1%) and the predominant complaints were nausea and stomach pain. Women reported more frequent and prolonged symptoms than men.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Our findings suggest that CHS is most associated with long-term, frequent use of inhaled delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) dominant cannabis. The acquisition source of cannabis products did not affect the syndrome presentation. Although many different cannabis consumption methods were represented, smoking and vape cartridges were the most commonly reported. The use of vape cartridges was associated with a shorter time to the development of CHS symptoms. Increased awareness of these patterns could improve the early recognition and management of CHS.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"335-347"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147353920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Corrigendum to:</i> Cerebrovascular Effects of Alcohol Combined with Tetrahydrocannabinol.","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/25785125261424027","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785125261424027","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"348-349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146218812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessments of Evoked and Spontaneous Pain Following Administration of Gabapentin and the Cannabinoid CB₂ Agonist LY2828360 in a Rat Model of Spared Nerve Injury.","authors":"Kelsey G Guenther, Jonathon D Crystal, Andrea G Hohmann","doi":"10.1177/25785125261439016","DOIUrl":"10.1177/25785125261439016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Cannabinoid CB₂ agonists reduce stimulus-evoked behavioral hypersensitivities in preclinical pain models, but their ability to modulate spontaneous pain remains largely unexplored. Spontaneous pain has been assessed in rodents using a conditioned place preference (CPP) approach, given that the relief of pain is described as rewarding and results in the removal of an aversive pain state. LY2828360 is a CB₂ agonist that failed in a clinical trial for osteoarthritis pain.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>We compared the impact of LY2828360 on evoked and spontaneous pain in a spared nerve injury (SNI) model using a within-subjects design in rats. First, we used an unbiased CPP approach to verify that an analgesic dose of gabapentin (GBP) (100 mg/kg, i.p.) produces CPP in rats with SNI, but not in sham-operated rats (Experiment 1). We then used a within-subjects design to ascertain whether LY2828360 (10 mg/kg i.p., chronic) would suppress both evoked and spontaneous pain in rats with SNI (Experiment 2). To assess spontaneous/affective pain behavior, we tested the ability of chronic dosing with LY2828360, in comparison to vehicle, to prevent GBP-induced CPP in the SNI model, as failure to develop CPP to GBP following treatment with an analgesic has been considered evidence of suppression of spontaneous pain. To assess evoked pain behavior, paw withdrawal thresholds were measured in the same rats used for CPP.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>GBP produced CPP in rats with SNI, but not sham surgery, and suppressed SNI-induced mechanical hypersensitivity in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, LY2828360 reliably suppressed mechanical hypersensitivity in the paw <i>ipsilateral</i>, but not <i>contralateral</i> to SNI. Furthermore, efficacy was sustained across repeated injections without development of tolerance. The same rats that showed suppression of mechanically-evoked responses following chronic LY282860 treatment did not develop CPP to GBP. However, rats with SNI that were tested in parallel and treated chronically with vehicle showed robust mechanical hypersensitivity but also did not develop CPP to GBP.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These studies document that CB₂ agonist-induced suppression of mechanically-evoked pain is highly robust and reproducible in the SNI model, whereas CPP, used to assess spontaneous pain, is vulnerable to disruption and requires rigorous controls to rule out alternative explanations (e.g., failure to learn).</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"314-323"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13151716/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147618264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral Medicinal Cannabis Does Not Alter Plasma Levels of Endocannabinoid-Related <i>N</i>-Acylethanolamines in Fibromyalgia Patients: Findings from a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.","authors":"Inna Kurlyandchik, Jacoba Van Crugten, Romy Lauche, Evelin Tiralongo, Janet Schloss","doi":"10.1177/25785125261469541","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125261469541","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) involves central sensitization and possible endocannabinoid system dysfunction, with medicinal cannabis increasingly investigated as a treatment. We assessed whether chronic oral 1:1 THC:CBD alters plasma endocannabinoid-related <i>N</i>-acylethanolamines (NAEs)-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), and stearoylethanolamide (SEA)-in FMS.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial, 24 women with FMS were allocated to cannabis oil (10 mg/mL THC and CBD) or placebo. Plasma samples were collected at five timepoints between enrollment and week 12 (over 16 weeks), ∼10-14 h after evening dosing, under fasting conditions. NAEs were quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometer. Repeated-measures analysis of variance tested main effects of time and group, and their interaction; Greenhouse-Geisser corrections were applied as required. Effect sizes were reported as partial eta squared.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>ACTRN12623000345684.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Twenty-two participants completed the trial (<i>n</i> = 11 per group). Plasma anandamide and 2-AG were below limits of detection and excluded from analyses. Mean plasma PEA, OEA, and SEA remained stable across all timepoints in both groups, with no significant effects of time, group, or time × group interaction (all <i>p</i> > 0.05). Effect sizes were minimal (partial η² ≤ 0.06), indicating negligible influence of medicinal cannabis on peripheral NAEs.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Despite clinical benefits observed with this treatment, peripheral NAEs were unchanged, suggesting they may have limited utility as biomarkers for monitoring therapeutic response to this formulation in FMS. These preliminary findings support investigation of alternative mechanisms, likely driven by central rather than peripheral processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"25785125261469541"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148469066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CBD-Containing Topical Formulation for Localized Pain in Fibromyalgia: A 12-Week Pilot Feasibility Study.","authors":"Tamara L Rodríguez-Araya, Anna Arias, Luciano Polino, Gemma Ochoa, Esther Hernández, Xavier Torres","doi":"10.1177/25785125261468882","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125261468882","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic pain condition characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, and functional impairment. Current pharmacological treatments show limited efficacy and poor tolerability. Cannabidiol (CBD) has demonstrated analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties, but evidence regarding CBD-containing topical formulations in FM remains scarce.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy of a CBD-containing topical formulation for localized pain in patients with FM and to explore its potential impact on broader symptom domains.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>This single-arm pilot study included 30 women with FM and clinically relevant localized pain due to musculoskeletal, neuropathic, or cutaneous comorbidities. Participants self-applied a commercially available CBD-containing topical formulation to a painful area every 8 h for 12 weeks. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 4 weeks, and 12 weeks. Nonparametric repeated-measures analyses, Monte Carlo resampling, effect sizes, and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) thresholds were applied.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the 4- and 12-week follow-up visits, all participants reported full adherence to the prescribed application schedule. No adverse events or side effects were reported. Localized pain showed a significant and clinically meaningful reduction at 4 weeks, sustained at 12 weeks (60% achieving MCID). Functional capacity improved significantly, with 50% of participants exceeding the MCID at 4 weeks. Widespread Pain Index (WPI) and Symptom Severity Scale (SSS) scores decreased progressively, and a lower proportion of participants met the 2010 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) diagnostic criteria for FM at 12 weeks, while generalized pain, fatigue, anxiety, and depression did not show significant changes.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Topical application of a CBD-containing formulation was feasible and was associated with improvements in localized pain and functionality in this exploratory single-arm study. Changes observed in WPI and SSS, and in the proportion of participants meeting the 2010 ACR criteria at follow-up, should be interpreted cautiously and considered exploratory and hypothesis-generating, given the uncontrolled design (precluding causal inference), the symptom-based and fluctuating nature of FM, and the multicomponent composition of the product. Although limited by its uncontrolled design, this pilot study provides effect size estimates and methodological guidance to support future randomized controlled trials of topical cannabinoids in FM.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"25785125261468882"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148410528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Combined Effects of Cannabinoids and Music, and Their Interactions in Mood and Emotional Regulation: An Online Survey.","authors":"Olivier Valentin, Benjamin R Zendel, Philippe Fournier, Zachary Walsh, Alexandre Lehmann","doi":"10.1177/25785125261467505","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125261467505","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>While both cannabis and music have demonstrated significant independent impacts on emotional states, the synergies between these two modalities remain underexplored. This study investigates the interactions between cannabis consumption and music listening, focusing on their effects on emotional experiences, mood regulation, and sensory perceptions.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An online cross-sectional survey consisting of 176 questions was administered to 122 cannabis users. The survey captured detailed information on demographics, cannabis use patterns, music engagement behaviors, emotional responsiveness, and the interplay between cannabis and music perception.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most participants viewed the combination of cannabis and music favorably, reporting enhanced relaxation, improved mood, and increased feelings of connection. Cannabis use was also associated with altered responses to imposed music in various settings and a heightened likelihood of using music during routine activities. In addition, participants frequently reported the use of cannabis as a substitute for pharmaceutical treatments for pain, anxiety, and sleep disorders, with music further amplifying these therapeutic effects. However, no significant differences were observed in overall music reward experiences with or without cannabis, highlighting the nuanced and context-dependent nature of these interactions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings provide novel insights into the potential for cannabis and music to act as complementary tools for emotional well-being, underscoring the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms underlying their combined effects. This study provides a foundation for future investigations into the therapeutic integration of music as a supportive adjunct to cannabinoid-based interventions targeting emotional and psychological health.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"25785125261467505"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148410513","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploratory Prospective Study of Self-Titrated Medical Cannabis for Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease.","authors":"Omer Anis, Simon Lassman, Tomer Goldberg, Adi Saar, David Meiri, Anna Shapira, Tsvia Fay-Karmon, Lilach Ephraty, Sharon Hassin-Baer, Saar Anis","doi":"10.1177/25785125261458680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125261458680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Medical cannabis (MC) has emerged as a potential therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD), targeting motor and nonmotor symptoms (NMS), such as pain, sleep disturbance, and urinary dysfunction. Cannabinoid receptors in central and peripheral systems, including the bladder, provide a mechanistic basis for symptom modulation. This study evaluated the feasibility, safety, and preliminary clinical effects of MC on NMS in PD within a real-world, regulated framework.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this single-center, open-label, prospective cohort, 68 patients with PD initiating MC were assessed at baseline and at 3 months using validated scales: the Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS), King's Parkinson's Disease Pain Scale (KPPS), PD Sleep Scale-2 (PDSS-2), PD Quality-of-Life Questionnaire-8 (PDQ-8), and International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS), along with 2-day urinary diaries. Participants used either cannabis oil extract or inflorescence products with varying THC/CBD (Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol/cannabidiol) ratios. Adverse events and withdrawals were recorded. Cannabinoid composition was analyzed via ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and correlated with clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Fifty participants (mean age 65.6 ± 11.0  years; 68% male) completed follow-up. MC use was associated with improvements in NMSS total (Δ 14.5, <i>p</i> = 0.001), PDSS-2 (Δ 5.9, <i>p</i> < 0.001), KPPS (Δ 8.1, <i>p</i> = 0.004), PDQ-8 (Δ 1.5, <i>p</i> = 0.040), and the NMSS urinary domain (Δ 2.1, <i>p</i> = 0.050). Nighttime urinary frequency decreased (median Δ 0.5, <i>p</i> = 0.016), while daytime parameters were unchanged. No correlations were found between cannabinoid composition or THC/CBD enrichment type and clinical response. The dropout rate was 26.5%, mainly due to loss to follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Short-term, self-titrated MC was feasible and appeared generally well tolerated in this open-label setting, suggesting potential benefits for pain, sleep, and nocturnal urinary frequency in PD. These exploratory findings warrant randomized controlled trials focused on these domains and incorporating standardized dosing, pharmacokinetic monitoring, and predefined cognitive safety assessments to determine efficacy, safety, and optimal dosing.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"25785125261458680"},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2026-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148263498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Doctor-Recommended Cannabis Use in the Era of Legalization: Trends from California (2019-2024).","authors":"Jamie Corroon, Igor Grant","doi":"10.1177/25785125261452930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125261452930","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>California legalized medical cannabis in 1996 and nonmedical adult use in 2016, with commercial recreational sales starting in 2018. The consequences of cannabis legalization and commercialization on medical cannabis utilization are not well understood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We analyzed data from 178,832 adults (aged ≥18 years) in the California Health Interview Survey (2017-2024). Past-month cannabis use and doctor-recommended use were assessed each year. We fit survey-weighted logistic regression models with year as a categorical predictor, used omnibus Wald tests to assess whether prevalence differed across years, and estimated year-to-year differences with Tukey-adjusted contrasts. All analyses accounted for survey weights, strata, and primary sampling units.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Between 2019 and 2024, about 1.6% of all respondents and 16.4% of past-month cannabis users reported doctor-recommended use. Among past-month users, doctor-recommended use fell from 18.5% (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 16.6%-20.4%) in 2019 to 8.5% (95% CI: 7.3%-9.8%) in 2024 (<i>p</i> < 0.01). Overall past-month cannabis use held steady, at 16.5% (95% CI: 15.5%-17.6%) in 2019 and 15.4% (95% CI: 14.5%-16.2%) in 2024 (<i>p</i> = 0.22). Tukey-adjusted comparisons showed the decline was most apparent from 2021 onward. The pattern held across sex and most age and racial/ethnic groups, though differences did not reach statistical significance among young adults aged 18-25 (-7.6 percentage points; <i>p</i> = 0.09), Asian respondents (-2.9 percentage points; <i>p</i> = 0.62), or African American respondents (-8.8 percentage points; <i>p</i> = 0.47).</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>After adult-use legalization and commercialization, doctor-recommended use decreased by more than half among past-month cannabis users, even as overall use remained stable. The decline in doctor-recommended use suggests that legalization and commercialization in California may have altered patterns of medical utilization without reducing population-level use. Together, these findings align with broader national trends in which recreational access may be displacing formal medical oversight. This reduction in physician oversight raises the concern that individuals with complex medical conditions may increasingly rely on the recreational marketplace without the benefit of clinician guidance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"25785125261452930"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148216502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Plant to Extract: Different Factors in the Extraction of <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. Inflorescences.","authors":"Silvânia Narielly Araújo Lima, Myla Lôbo de Souza, Maria Eduarda Nascimento de Andrade, Katiane Raissa de Souza Lima, Pedro José Rolim Neto, Larissa Araújo Rolim","doi":"10.1177/25785125261454834","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125261454834","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Cannabis sativa</i> presents a highly complex phytochemical matrix, with numerous bioactive constituents, especially phytocannabinoids and terpenes, which justify the growing medicinal and industrial interest. As extraction strongly influences the chemical profile of the final product, this review synthesizes how extraction strategies and operating conditions affect the composition and quality of the extract.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>This study is a narrative literature review of publications published between 2010 and 2025. Searches were conducted in major scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library, using descriptors related to <i>C. sativa</i>, cannabinoids, terpenes, extraction methods, and supercritical CO₂. Eligible studies and reviews describing extraction approaches, process variables, and resulting chemical profiles were prioritized, with emphasis on more recent evidence when available.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Extraction approaches were organized into solvent-free and solvent-based methods, and within solvent-based methods, into conventional and unconventional techniques. Solvent-free methods rely on mechanical separation and may favor the preservation of trichomes. Conventional solvent-based methods are simple and widely accessible but generally require longer processing times and greater solvent usage, with the potential for co-extraction of impurities. Unconventional solvent-based techniques can reduce extraction time and improve selectivity and may potentially align better with sustainable processing, depending on solvent choice and energy demand.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>The reviewed literature indicates that there is no universal extraction method suitable for all purposes. Instead, technique selection should be guided by the intended application and target profile (e.g., preservation of acidic cannabinoids, enrichment of neutral cannabinoids, terpene retention, and reduction of chlorophyll/other co-extractives). Key controllable variables, including solvent type, temperature, time, pressure, and solid:solvent ratio, govern mass transfer and chemical stability. Notably, higher temperatures may promote decarboxylation of acidic cannabinoids and contribute to terpene losses, potentially altering both chemical and organoleptic characteristics. Therefore, careful process design and parameter optimization are essential to obtain reproducible extracts with consistent composition and fit-for-purpose quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"25785125261454834"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2026-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148155418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}