Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research最新文献

{"title":"Exploring the Relationship Between Cannabis Use and COVID-19 Outcomes.","authors":"Chapman Wei, Nawal Mustafa, Radu Grovu, Fasih Sami Siddiqui, Umesh K Manchandani, Saud Bin Abdul Sattar, Waleed Sadiq, Ahmad Mustafa","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0048","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2024.0048","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Cannabis use is becoming increasingly prevalent worldwide, yet the full spectrum of its effects largely remain unknown. Although cannabis have immunomodulatory properties, there remains a significant gap in our understanding of the potential impact of marijuana use on COVID-19 outcomes. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of chronic cannabis use on severe COVID-19. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> National Inpatient Sample Database was used to sample individuals admitted with the diagnosis of COVID-19. Patients were divided into two groups based on cannabis use. Baseline demographics and comorbidities were collected using ICD-10 codes. Patients with missing data or age under 18 were excluded. Propensity matching using R was performed to match cannabis users to non-cannabis users 1:1 on age, race, gender, and 17 other comorbidities. The primary outcome was severe COVID-19 infection, defined as a composite of acute respiratory failure, intubation, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), or severe sepsis with multiorgan failure. <b>Results:</b> Out of 322,214 patients included in the study, 2,603 were cannabis users. Cannabis users were younger and had higher prevalence of tobacco use. On initial analysis, cannabis users had significantly lower rates of severe COVID-19 infection, intubation, ARDS, acute respiratory failure, severe sepsis with multiorgan failure, mortality, and shorter length of hospital stay. After 1:1 matching, cannabis use was associated with lower rates of severe COVID-19 infection, intubation, ARDS, acute respiratory failure, severe sepsis with multiorgan failure, mortality, and shorter length of hospital stay. <b>Conclusion:</b> Cannabis users had better outcomes and mortality compared with non-users. The beneficial effect of cannabis use may be attributed to its immunomodulatory effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"569-573"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Associations of Cannabis Use, Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease, and Liver Fibrosis in U.S. Adults.","authors":"Yu Wu, Fei Fang, Xingliang Fan, Hongming Nie","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0027","DOIUrl":"10.1089/can.2024.0027","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Following the introduction of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) as a replacement term for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, the relationship between MASLD and cannabis use has yet to be established. With the global rise in cannabis consumption, understanding its impact on MASLD is critical for clinical guidance. Our study investigated the association between cannabis use, MASLD, and clinically significant fibrosis (CSF) among U.S. adults. <b>Methods:</b> Data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the period 2017 to 2018 to conduct a cross-sectional analysis. The diagnosis of hepatic steatosis and CSF was based on median values of the controlled attenuation parameter and liver stiffness measurement, with thresholds of 285 dB/m and 8.6 kPa, respectively. Information on cannabis use was obtained through self-report questionnaires. Multinomial logistic regression models and subgroup analyses were used to investigate the association between cannabis use and MASLD with CSF. <b>Results:</b> Our study assessed data from 2,756 U.S. adults (51.1% female; 32.2% white; mean age 39.41 ± 11.83 years), who had complete information on liver stiffness measurements through transient elastography alongside reported cannabis use. Results indicated that cannabis use overall was not associated with liver stiffness in patients with MASLD. However, among females, cannabis use was associated with MASLD accompanied by CSF, with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.47 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.24-0.91). Heavy cannabis use (9 to 30 times per month) was associated with MASLD accompanied by CSF among female participants, with an adjusted OR of 0.12 (95% CI: 0.02-0.88). <b>Conclusion:</b> In our study, cannabis use did not show a significant association with liver stiffness in patients diagnosed with MASLD. However, heavy cannabis consumption in women was associated with MASLD accompanied by CSF. These findings suggest that the effects of cannabis on liver health may differ based on gender and frequency of cannabis use, emphasizing the need for further research in this area.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":"527-536"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142280570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the Association of Cannabis Use and Longitudinal Kidney Outcomes.","authors":"Flor Alvarado, Dingfen Han, Alan B Zonderman, Michele K Evans, Deidra C Crews","doi":"10.1177/25785125251363813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125251363813","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> Cannabis is the most used federally controlled substance in the United States. Given the increasingly widespread use of cannabis, further examination of its health implications is needed. We evaluated the association of cannabis use and longitudinal kidney outcomes among a cohort of adults living in Baltimore, MD. <b>Methods:</b> We used data from healthy aging in neighborhoods of diversity across the life span study. Baseline cannabis use (obtained between 2004 and 2009) was categorized as never tried, tried, never used regularly (irregular use), regular use >6 months prior (former regular use), and regular use within the past 6 months (current regular use). The primary outcome was incident chronic kidney disease (CKD), defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m² at follow-up (2013-2017). Risk of rapid kidney function decline (decline in eGFR of >3 mL/min per 1.73 m² per year) and incident albuminuria (albumin-to-creatinine ratio [ACR] ≥ 30 mg/g) were also assessed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association of cannabis use with kidney outcomes. <b>Results:</b> Among 1,521 participants, the mean age was 48 years, 58% were female, and 58% were of Black race. Participants with current regular cannabis use were more likely to be younger, male, Black, and to concurrently use cigarettes, opiates, and/or cocaine. Compared with those with no history of cannabis use, participants with current regular cannabis use were not at higher risk of incident CKD (OR: 0.79 [95% CI: 0.37-1.68]), rapid kidney function decline (OR: 0.80 [95% CI: 0.43-1.49), or incident albuminuria (OR: 0.84 [95% CI: 0.38-1.87]) after adjustment for sociodemographics, health factors, and concurrent use of cigarette, opiate, or cocaine. <b>Conclusion:</b> In this Baltimore-based cohort of adults without CKD, there was no independent association between cannabis use and adverse kidney outcomes over time.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144741276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polysubstance Use Disorders in Individuals with Cannabis Use Disorder: Results from a Nationally Representative Sample (National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions).","authors":"Linas Wilkialis, Soyeon Kim, Ahmed Nabeel Hassan, Bernard Le Foll","doi":"10.1177/25785125251363122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125251363122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Objective:</b> Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is one of the most common substance use disorders (SUDs) worldwide and is frequently associated with high rates of polysubstance use; however, despite rising rates of polysubstance use disorders (PUD), the characteristics of individuals with both CUD and PUD remain unclear. This study, therefore, aims to examine social and clinical characteristics of adults diagnosed with CUD and comorbid PUD. It also aims to assess whether psychiatric disorders are linked to higher odds of PUD among individuals with CUD. <b>Methods:</b> Using a nationally representative U.S. dataset, we assessed 972 individuals with past-year DSM-5 CUD, grouped as CUD only, CUD individuals with one additional SUD (CUD + 1), and CUD individuals with two or more SUDs (CUD + 2). Descriptive statistics summarized social and clinical presentations; multivariate logistic regression examined factors contributing to PUD, controlling for clinical diagnoses and childhood maltreatment. <b>Results:</b> Among CUD individuals, 89.3% (<i>n</i> = 868) used at least one other substance in the past year, with 34.2% (<i>n</i> = 332) using two or more. Both the CUD + 1 and CUD + 2 groups experienced significantly more severe childhood maltreatment than CUD only. After adjusting for controls, personality disorders were associated with membership in the CUD + 1 group (odds ratio [OR]: 1.88, <i>p</i> = 0.01); mood disorders were associated with a higher likelihood of being in the CUD + 1 group (OR: 1.50, <i>p</i> = 0.049) and CUD + 2 group (OR: 2.58, <i>p</i> = 0.005). <b>Conclusion:</b> Mood and personality disorders were highly prevalent and linked with PUD in CUD cases. We recommend screening for these disorders in complex CUD cases.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144854654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Influences Cannabis Purchasing Decisions? Perspectives from Cannabis Retail Employees and Customers in Washington State.","authors":"Sarah A Okey, Jordan M Arias, Tyler D Watson, Sally L Riggs, Brian D McQuay, Nicholas C Glodosky, Kristen N Haley, Nikki B Meline, Mary B Segawa","doi":"10.1177/25785125251361926","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125251361926","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> More adults can legally purchase cannabis in the United States than ever before. However, there is limited understanding as to how cannabis consumers make decisions about what products to purchase. Further insight is needed to guide policies that balance public health with profitable business strategies. <b>Methods:</b> Respondents were cannabis consumers participating in the legal adult-use market in Washington State. They were recruited through flyers posted in cannabis retail stores. Both the online survey and flyer were created by the Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board and the Department of Health. Respondents answered questions on demographics, cannabis use patterns, and cannabis retail store employment status. Respondents also rated the importance of 10 different attributes when making a cannabis purchase: company/brand name, strain/cultivar name, production method, cost, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol or terpene profile, perceived positive effects, perceived negative effects, flavor, and appearance/look. Linear regressions were conducted to predict the importance of each attribute by gender, age, cannabis use patterns, and cannabis retail employee status. <b>Results:</b> There were 437 survey respondents. All respondents were legal adult cannabis users and 137 reported they were employed at a cannabis retail store. Several group differences emerged. For example, cannabis retail employees rated THC concentration as less important (<i>β</i> = -1.67, <i>p</i> < 0.001) but brand name (<i>β</i> = 1.30, <i>p</i> < 0.001) and product appearance (<i>β</i> = 0.81, <i>p</i> = 0.001) as more important than nonretail employees. More frequent users rated cultivar/strain name (<i>β</i> = 0.50, <i>p</i> < 0.001), production method (<i>β</i> = 0.43, <i>p</i> < 0.001), price (<i>β</i> = 0.26 <i>p</i> = 0.01), and product appearance (<i>β</i> = 0.49, <i>p</i> < 0.001) as more important than less frequent users. <b>Conclusions:</b> Differences in purchasing decisions by subgroups have important public health, economic, and policy implications. For example, results showed that retail employees place less emphasis on THC relative to their nonemployee counterparts. If retail employees were to emphasize to customers about the attributes they focus on when purchasing cannabis (e.g., product appearance), this could help redirect market demand away from higher-THC products.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144717600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>Corrigendum to:</i> Effects of High-Potency Cannabis on Psychomotor Performance in Frequent Cannabis Users, by Karoly et al. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research 2022;7(1),107-115; doi: 10.1089/can.2020.0048.","authors":"","doi":"10.1089/can.2020.0048.correx","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2020.0048.correx","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144715055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age Differences in Cannabis Consumption Patterns and in Associations Between Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Intake and Cannabis Use Disorders Among Adults with Daily Use.","authors":"Ofir Livne, Jacob Borodovsky, Alan J Budney, Caroline G Wisell, Mohammad I Habib, Cara A Struble, Lynn Chen, Jun Liu, Melanie Wall, Efrat Aharonovich, Deborah S Hasin","doi":"10.1177/25785125251360976","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/25785125251360976","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Cannabis use has risen disproportionately among middle-aged and older U.S. adults, groups particularly vulnerable to adverse effects, including cannabis use disorder (CUD). Consumption patterns have diversified in recent years. The quantity of cannabis use, historically measured in limited ways (e.g., number of joints), is now considered a key risk factor for CUD. However, age-related differences in consumption patterns and their relationships with CUD remain understudied. This study investigated age-related differences in consumption patterns and examined the relationship between quantity of use-measured by milligrams of THC (mgTHC)-and self-reported CUD in individuals with regular cannabis use. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A total of 4134 U.S. adults (ages 18+; 45.9% male, 54.1% female) who reported daily cannabis use completed an online survey assessing cannabis consumption patterns and self-reported <i>Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</i>, Fifth Edition's CUD criteria. Pearson's chi-square tests and one-way analysis of variance examined differences in sex, reasons for use, methods of consumption, CUD severity, criteria count, and mgTHC with comparisons across three age-groups (18-49, 50-64, 65+). Regression models, adjusted for sex and reasons for use, analyzed age-specific associations between mgTHC and CUD. <b>Results:</b> Overall, over 70% reported using cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes. Middle-aged adults were more likely to report medical use than younger ones (18.1% vs. 13.7%; <i>p</i> < 0.001) and older adults (14.1%; <i>p</i> = 0.027). Older adults were more likely to report recreational-only use compared with middle-aged adults (15.8% vs. 10.5%; <i>p</i> = 0.002). Smoking buds was the most common consumption method across age-groups, while high-potency concentrate use declined with age. In the overall sample, daily mgTHC was associated with CUD severity, and middle-aged and older adults endorsed fewer CUD criteria than younger adults at all levels of mgTHC; however, age effects were not statistically significant. <b>Discussion:</b> Among daily cannabis consumers, middle-aged and older adults differed from younger consumers in methods of consumption and reasons for use. While both groups consumed lower quantities than their younger counterparts, no age-related differences were observed in the relationship between mgTHC consumption and CUD, contrasting with evidence suggesting that older cannabis consumers may be more vulnerable to cannabis-related negative outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144641880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Substances of Health Concern: Label Accuracy of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol in Commercial Cannabidiol Tinctures from the United States.","authors":"Zander Sullivan, Coady Lapierre, Laura Weiser Erlandson, Linh Pham","doi":"10.1089/can.2025.0016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2025.0016","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> In recent years, the production and consumption of cannabinoids have increased significantly. Researchers are particularly interested in cannabidiol (CBD), Δ⁸-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁸-THC), and Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁹-THC). Despite the growing prevalence of these molecules in everyday life, research shows that cannabinoid products are often mislabeled. In this study, we quantified and compared the label accuracy of CBD in full- and broad-spectrum tinctures to evaluate whether there is a public health concern related to CBD, Δ⁸-THC, and Δ⁹-THC. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> A total of 18 samples from different brands sold online in the United States were obtained for the study. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet/visible light detection (RP-HPLC-UV) was employed to detect and quantify the concentration of CBD and THC isomers within the samples. Labels were deemed inaccurate if the actual concentration of CBD deviated by more than 10% from the labeled amount. <b>Results:</b> Our findings showed that 12 out of 18 samples had inaccurately labeled CBD concentrations. Notably, a significant difference in CBD label accuracy was observed between broad- and full-spectrum tinctures (<i>p</i> = 0.0282). No significant correlation was found between the cost of the tinctures and the label accuracy for CBD (<i>p</i> = 0.2117). While none of the broad-spectrum tinctures contained Δ⁸-THC, two contained Δ⁹-THC. All full-spectrum tinctures contained both Δ⁸-THC and Δ⁹-THC at levels below the federal limit for hemp of 0.3% on a dry weight basis. <b>Discussion:</b> Accurate labeling of CBD and THC in tincture products is a crucial public health concern, both locally in Texas and across the United States. There is a need for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to promulgate regulations for labeling products that contain CBD and THC.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144301167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cannabis Use in California Following Legalization of Recreational Use.","authors":"Linda Hill, Daniel Ageze, Renee Dell'Acqua, Alice Gold, Ilene Lanin-Kettering, Jill Rybar, Tom Shaughnessy, Sara Baird, Thomas D Marcotte","doi":"10.1089/can.2024.0179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2024.0179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Introduction:</b> Cannabis was legalized in California for recreational use through the passage of Proposition 64: The Adult Use Marijuana Act of 2016. This analysis from the Impact 64 study describes the cannabis use patterns of adults 21 years and older in California since the passage of Proposition 64. <b>Methods:</b> An online questionnaire addressing use of tetrahydrocannabinol-containing cannabis (including frequency, product(s), length, source, and purpose) was administered from December 2022 to February 2023. Of the initial 15,309 census-weighted participants, a subset of participants completed a detailed cannabis use questionnaire, including 4,020 people who currently use cannabis. Cannabis users were grouped by use frequency, and chi-squared analysis was utilized for descriptive analysis. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to assess significant variables associated with specific use patterns. <b>Results:</b> Of the initial sample of 15,208, 37% reported current cannabis use (with use in the past 3 months), 30% formerly used cannabis, and 33% were nonusers. Among current users, 38% reported very frequent use (multiple times a day), 33% frequent use (four times per week to daily), and 30% occasional use (three times per week or less). Compared with occasional users, very frequent users were more likely to be male (65%, odds ratio [OR] = 1.8, <i>p</i> < 0.001), less educated (OR = 1.7, <i>p</i> < 0.001), and have lower incomes (under 50K vs 100K, OR = 2.3, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Most users reported multiple cannabis products, mainly flower inhalation (80%), vaping (66%), and edibles (61%), primarily sourced from dispensaries (77%), which the majority (94%) perceived as licensed. Of all current users, most used cannabis at home (93%) or for entertainment (75%), with many reporting use during creative activities (45%), with alcohol (36%) and/or with cigarettes (24%). Positive impacts were reported in mental (82%), emotional (81%), and physical (62%) health. The internet (51%) and friends/family (50%) were the main sources of information. Most current users felt comfortable discussing cannabis with their primary doctor (78%), although only 66% of primary doctors knew about recreational use. <b>Discussion:</b> There is a high prevalence of daily cannabis use among adult Californians, with most users obtaining products from perceived licensed dispensaries or delivery services. While most users feel comfortable discussing cannabis use with physicians, they primarily obtain information from other sources, highlighting the need to bridge this information gap.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Has Japan's Cannabis Control Act Been Amended?","authors":"Yuji Masataka, Yoshiyuki Akahoshi, Munenori Katayama, Futaba Umemura, Naoko Miki, Ryota Nakazawa, Kosuke Shibata, Chikako Yoshida, Ayako Mikami, Toshihiko Matsumoto, Kozo Akino, Ichiro Takumi","doi":"10.1089/can.2025.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1089/can.2025.0006","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> In 2023, Japan's Cannabis Control Act underwent its first major revision since its establishment in 1948. The legal framework surrounding cannabis had long remained rigid, with limited scope for medical or industrial applications. <b>Methods:</b> This review examines the content and implications of the 2023 legal amendments based on governmental documents, legislative records, and secondary analyses of regulatory shifts. The assessment focuses on three key domains: medical application, industrial use, and drug control. <b>Results:</b> Under the revised law, cannabis-derived products intended for medical use were brought under the same regulatory framework as opioid analgesics, theoretically enabling physicians to prescribe them. Simultaneously, the longstanding restriction limiting industrial use to mature stalks and seeds was lifted. However, this liberalization was counterbalanced by the introduction of a stringent THC threshold. On the criminal side, cannabis continues to be regulated as an illicit substance, and new penalties for use have been introduced. The revised law came into effect on December 12, 2024. <b>Conclusion:</b> The 2023 amendment represents a significant shift in Japan's cannabis policy, aiming to balance expanded medical and industrial opportunities with continued drug control. Its practical implications remain to be seen and warrant close monitoring in the coming years.</p>","PeriodicalId":9386,"journal":{"name":"Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144257354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}