ACS ES&T water最新文献

{"title":"Respiratory Virus Season Surveillance in the United States Using Wastewater Metrics, 2023–2024","authors":"Elana M. G. Chan,&nbsp; and ,&nbsp;Alexandria B. Boehm*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0101310.1021/acsestwater.4c01013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01013https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01013","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Wastewater measurements represent an entire contributing population and can be available within 24 h. Enhanced information about disease occurrence can improve population health through better timing of policies and interventions. We aimed to infer seasonal occurrence patterns for common respiratory viruses alongside transmission dynamics for SARS-CoV-2 across the USA using wastewater samples. We used wastewater RNA concentrations of influenza A and B (IAV/IBV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and SARS-CoV-2 from 175 treatment plants (July 2023–June 2024). For IAV, IBV, RSV, and HMPV, we determined epidemic onset, offset, peak, and duration at national and subnational scales. For SARS-CoV-2, we categorized wastewater measurements based on recent wastewater levels and trends. Epidemic onset occurred in November for IAV and RSV which aligned with prepandemic norms. Onset occurred in January for IBV and April for HMPV which were later than expected according to historical data. Duration was longer for IAV and shorter for IBV, RSV, and HMPV than expected based on historical data. Epidemic peak dates were consistent with prepandemic norms for all viruses. Peak dates for influenza and RSV coincided with high, upward trending SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations, suggesting potential co-occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 with these viruses.</p><p >Monitoring concentrations of viral RNA in wastewater samples from treatment plants across the US can improve surveillance of respiratory virus season.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"985–992 985–992"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics and Their Transformation Products in a Large-Scale River Using Suspect and Nontarget Screening and Machine Learning","authors":"Yu Han,&nbsp;Li-xin Hu*,&nbsp;Chang-Er Chen,&nbsp;Sisi Liu,&nbsp;Fang-Zhou Gao,&nbsp;Jia-Hui Zhao,&nbsp;You-Sheng Liu,&nbsp;Jian-Liang Zhao and Guang-Guo Ying*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0097710.1021/acsestwater.4c00977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00977https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00977","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The occurrence of antibiotics in aquatic environments has been well-known, and more research is needed about their transformation products (TPs) and associated environmental risks, especially antimicrobial resistance, in large-scale rivers. Here, we developed a highly comprehensive target, suspect and nontarget screening machine-learning workflow based on high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify unknown antibiotic TPs in a large-scale river. We identified 46 antibiotics and 144 TPs with a confidence level of 1 to 3. Parent antibiotics were dominated by sulfonamides (26.1%), while TPs were dominated by macrolides (34.0%), with main transformation pathways of oxidation and hydrolysis. More TPs were found than the number of parent antibiotics. Fourteen, 18, 97, and 36 TPs had greater persistence, bioaccumulation, mobility and toxicity, respectively. One PBT compound was identified, and no PMT compounds were observed. Fifteen (10 antibiotics and 5 TPs) and 12 (3 antibiotics and 9 TPs) compounds were assessed as high ecological risk and high antimicrobial resistance risk, respectively. The presence of TPs leads to higher total risk. Thus, TPs should be included in future monitoring and risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"953–964 953–964"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory Virus Season Surveillance in the United States Using Wastewater Metrics, 2023-2024.","authors":"Elana M G Chan, Alexandria B Boehm","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c01013","DOIUrl":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c01013","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wastewater measurements represent an entire contributing population and can be available within 24 h. Enhanced information about disease occurrence can improve population health through better timing of policies and interventions. We aimed to infer seasonal occurrence patterns for common respiratory viruses alongside transmission dynamics for SARS-CoV-2 across the USA using wastewater samples. We used wastewater RNA concentrations of influenza A and B (IAV/IBV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and SARS-CoV-2 from 175 treatment plants (July 2023-June 2024). For IAV, IBV, RSV, and HMPV, we determined epidemic onset, offset, peak, and duration at national and subnational scales. For SARS-CoV-2, we categorized wastewater measurements based on recent wastewater levels and trends. Epidemic onset occurred in November for IAV and RSV which aligned with prepandemic norms. Onset occurred in January for IBV and April for HMPV which were later than expected according to historical data. Duration was longer for IAV and shorter for IBV, RSV, and HMPV than expected based on historical data. Epidemic peak dates were consistent with prepandemic norms for all viruses. Peak dates for influenza and RSV coincided with high, upward trending SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentrations, suggesting potential co-occurrence of SARS-CoV-2 with these viruses.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"985-992"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11833854/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143460707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Size-Dependent Phase Transformation and Vacancy Formation Drive Highly Efficient Removal of Cadmium with ZnS","authors":"Siyuan Chen,&nbsp;Xueyu Liu,&nbsp;Yanjiao Kong,&nbsp;Guangzhi He,&nbsp;Zhuang Ma,&nbsp;Wenzhong Tang,&nbsp;Meiyi Zhang* and Hong Zhang,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0106610.1021/acsestwater.4c01066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01066https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01066","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Zinc sulfide (ZnS) is a promising material for removing cadmium from the environment. Here, we report a facile method to synthesize ZnS with mixed sphalerite and wurtzite phases and abundant zinc vacancies under ambient conditions for the highly efficient removal of cadmium. X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the reduction in the particle size of ZnS nanoparticles loaded on the surface of acid-thermal-modified sepiolite particles (ASP-ZnS) from ∼20 to ∼5 nm induced a phase transformation of ZnS from sphalerite to wurtzite. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that more zinc vacancies were generated with the decrease in ZnS particle size, and the Cd(II) incorporation into Zn vacancies was promoted accordingly. The Cd(II) removal capacity of ASP-ZnS was 293.25 mg·g^–1, which was ∼2 times that of bare ZnS. It was demonstrated that the enhancement of Cd(II) removal capacity was due to the synergistic effects of the Cd(II) incorporation into the zinc vacancies, isomorphous substitution of Zn(II) with Cd(II), and Cd(II) adsorption on ASP. Both wurtzite and sphalerite phases ZnS would transform into wurtzite Zn_0.78Cd_0.22S after Cd(II) adsorption. The particle-size-dependent phase transformation and vacancy formation provide a new strategy for designing highly efficient cadmium removal materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 3","pages":"1310–1320 1310–1320"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143608988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis (CSIA) to Trace Galaxolide Reactivity and Origin","authors":"Hatice Turan,&nbsp;Mathieu Sebilo*,&nbsp;Gwenaël Imfeld,&nbsp;Jérémy Masbou and Mathilde Monperrus,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0049810.1021/acsestwater.4c00498","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00498https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00498","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Galaxolide, a synthetic musk widely used in commercial products, including sanitation products and personal care products, poses environmental risks. Its sources and transformation pathways in aquatic environments remain poorly understood. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) offers a promising method to trace the origin and transformation of organic micropollutants by analyzing their individual isotopic signatures in natural abundance. While CSIA has been applied to various contaminants, its use with personal care products containing persistent organic pollutants is less explored. This study investigated the potential of CSIA for galaxolide to elucidate both abiotic and biotic transformations and trace its origin in personal care products. Batch experiments simulating photodegradation under UVC light and biodegradation by the strain <i>Priestia</i> sp. in MM₂₀ medium revealed no significant isotopic fractionation (Δ¹³C &lt; 0.5‰). Despite the wide variation in the concentrations of galaxolide in personal care products, with some exceeding 15 g L^–1, δ¹³C values alone did not allow discrimination between sources and origins. Further research is necessary to evaluate how various environmental processes, both abiotic and biotic, could affect the stable isotopic composition of galaxolide and other synthetic musks.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"566–574 566–574"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Discharge of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Reclaimed Wastewater: Temporal Water Quality Implications for Effluent-Dominated Systems","authors":"Kevin M. Stroski,&nbsp;Jaylen L. Sims,&nbsp;Adam R. Wronski,&nbsp;Fallon L. Bain,&nbsp;Christine C. Snow,&nbsp;Abigail N. Henke,&nbsp;Laura M. Langan and Bryan W. Brooks*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0107210.1021/acsestwater.4c01072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01072https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01072","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Because effluent-dominated and dependent systems may reflect exceedance of an earth system boundary for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), we examined municipal effluents over 2 years from two semiarid cities of similar size that contribute to downstream de facto water reuse. We also quantitated sucralose as an effluent tracer but did not observe a significant relationship with sum PFAS as previously reported at the watershed scale. Sum PFAS significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) differed between study years (126 vs 85 ng/L), but did not significantly differ among seasons between discharges, although significant (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) differences among seasons were observed for sum of long-chain PFAS and sum of precursor PFAS in effluents A and B, respectively. We identified that perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) levels did not exceed recent water quality criteria for aquatic life on any sampling event. Using recent finished drinking water values, we observed PFOS and PFOA concentrations to exceed a potable water limit (4 ng/L) for most effluent samples. However, no effluent samples exceeded World Health Organization drinking water levels for these contaminants. These results identify the need for further understanding PFAS environmental introduction concentrations and exposure scenarios when instream dilution is limited and earth system boundaries may be exceeded.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"1003–1014 1003–1014"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformation Product Formation and Removal Efficiency of Emerging Pollutants by Three-Dimensional Ceramic Carbon Foam-Supported Electrochemical Oxidation","authors":"Jean Froment*,&nbsp;Mattia Pierpaoli,&nbsp;Hans Gudersen,&nbsp;Kirsten Davanger,&nbsp;Stine Marie Bjørneby,&nbsp;Heidi Eikenes,&nbsp;Grzegorz Skowierzak,&nbsp;Paweł Ślepski,&nbsp;Paweł Jakóbczyk,&nbsp;Robert Bogdanowicz,&nbsp;Tadeusz Ossowski and Pawel Rostkowski*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0092810.1021/acsestwater.4c00928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00928https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00928","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study evaluated galvanostatic three-dimensional electrolysis using ceramic carbon foam anodes for the removal of emerging pollutants from wastewater and assessed transformation product formation. Five pollutants (paracetamol, triclosan, bisphenol A, caffeine, and diclofenac) were selected based on their detection in wastewater treatment plant effluents. Electrochemical oxidation was carried out on artificial wastewater spiked with these compounds under galvanostatic conditions (50, 125, and 250 mA) using a stainless steel tube electrolyzer with three ceramic carbon foam anodes and a stainless steel cathode. Decreasing pollutant concentrations were observed in all of the experiments. Nontarget chemical analysis using liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution mass spectrometer detected 338 features with increasing intensity including 12 confirmed transformation products (TPs). Real wastewater effluent spiked with the pollutants was then electrolyzed, again showing pollutant removal, with 9 of the 12 previously identified TPs present and increasing. Two TPs (benzamide and 2,4-dichlorophenol) are known toxicants, indicating the formation of a potential toxic by-product during electrolysis. Furthermore, electrolysis of unspiked real wastewater revealed the removal of five pharmaceuticals and a drug metabolite. While demonstrating electrolysis’ ability to degrade pollutants in wastewater, the study underscores the need to investigate transformation product formation and toxicity implications of the electrolysis process.</p><p >Electrolysis of wastewater using ceramic carbon foam anodes showed great potential to break down emerging pollutants, but the creation of hundreds of unknown transformation products is a concern.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"902–912 902–912"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/epdf/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00928","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nontarget Screening and Identification of Organic Additives and Transformation Products in Drilling Cutting and Flowback Water Related to Shale Gas Extraction","authors":"Biao Zhang,&nbsp;Zhanjun Zhu,&nbsp;Qian Song,&nbsp;Xiangying Zeng*,&nbsp;Shengjun Yang,&nbsp;Yi Liang and Zhiqiang Yu*,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0100610.1021/acsestwater.4c01006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01006https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c01006","url":null,"abstract":"<p >With the rapid development of shale gas exploitation, large quantities of drilling cuttings (DCs) and flowback waters (FWs) laden with organics are produced. These organics, whose chemical compositions are largely unknown, could be toxic to organisms in the receiving environment. This study collected two time series of DCs and FWs from different shale gas exploitation platforms in the Sichuan Basin, China. We developed a nontarget analytical method to identify organic additives as well as their degradation products in these DCs and FWs and observed variable compositions and levels of organic additives in the DCs and FWs. The variation could be ascribed to the varied geological shale formations and unique drilling techniques. Alcohol ethoxylates (AEOs) and quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) were identified as the main additives in the DCs from water-based drilling cutting with AEOs and alkylbenzenesulfonate in the related FWs. Meanwhile, nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) and QACs were the predominant surfactants in oil-based drilling cutting, with polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and AEOs dominating in related FWs. Carboxylated products of PEGs, polypropylene glycols, NPEOs, and octylphenol ethoxylates were widely identified in DCs and FWs, evincing biotic/abiotic transformation and chain-shortening of these surfactants downhole.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"976–984 976–984"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temperature and Hydroxyl Radical Abundance Limit the Photochemical Degradation Kinetics and Photoproducts of Fluridone in High-Latitude Aquatic Systems","authors":"Brian P. DiMento*,&nbsp;Isabel Hillestad,&nbsp;Julie Sommer,&nbsp;Aidan Pavia,&nbsp;Niquelina Smith,&nbsp;Patrick L. Tomco and Zachary C. Redman,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0088010.1021/acsestwater.4c00880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00880https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00880","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Temperature is often overlooked as an environmental driver of aquatic pollutant photodegradation kinetics; however, it may strongly impact contaminant persistence in polar climates characterized by low summertime temperatures and near-continuous sunlight. The photochemical degradation of fluridone (FLU), an herbicide applied worldwide to waterways for the eradication of invasive freshwater species, was investigated under simulated subarctic conditions typical of high-latitude surface waters. Temperature had a strong effect on the photochemical degradation of FLU, with half-lives for direct photochemical degradation ranging from approximately 32 h at 22 °C to 71 h at 9 °C under constant irradiation. Assessment of indirect processes involving reactive oxygen species indicated that FLU will primarily react with hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and not singlet oxygen (¹O₂) produced by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the environment. These results were corroborated by Fenton experiments, resulting in a calculated second order rate constant for the reaction with ·OH of 8.37 × 10⁹ M^–1 s^–1. Photoproduct identification revealed four main pathways for direct and indirect FLU photodegradation. Taken together, this work shows that direct photochemical degradation, which is dominant, is temperature dependent. Also, the interplay between light screening and ·OH production of environmental CDOM, which is site dependent, will strongly influence FLU persistence.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"816–824 816–824"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Assessment of Powdered versus Granular Activated Carbon for PFAS Removal in Drinking Water Treatment Plants","authors":"Mirna Alameddine*,&nbsp;Zhen Liu,&nbsp;Sébastien Sauvé and Benoit Barbeau,&nbsp;","doi":"10.1021/acsestwater.4c0090110.1021/acsestwater.4c00901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00901https://doi.org/10.1021/acsestwater.4c00901","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Since the acceptable PFAS levels in drinking water vary among regulatory agencies, drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) are urged to adapt their processes to improve their removal. This study’s objective was to assess the performance of powdered and granular activated carbon (PAC and GAC) for PFAS removal and evaluate their applications in DWTPs. Raw and filtered waters were used to examine different types of PAC and GAC in batch and rapid small-scale column tests, respectively. A conventional PAC dose (10 mg/L) eliminated 40% of the total PFAS₇₆ and 25% of long-chain PFAS after 10 min. It would, however, transfer 24 ppb of PFAS₇₆ daily to the biosolids. A comparable GAC dose (equivalent to 27,000 BV) removed 43% of PFAS₇₆ and 80% of long-chain PFAS. Considering a medium-sized DWTP with a long-chain PFAS removal target of 80%, a pretreatment with PAC would require an elevated AC dose of 29 mg/L. It will incur the total equivalent cost of a post-treatment with six GAC columns, while remarkably increasing the mass of dry sludge by 46%. Hence, the pretreatment with PAC emerges as better suited for an instant intervention to mitigate PFAS contaminations without revoking the need for a long-term solution.</p>","PeriodicalId":93847,"journal":{"name":"ACS ES&T water","volume":"5 2","pages":"851–861 851–861"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143402195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}