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Governance 治理
Agricultural research (New Delhi, India) Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0011
A. Panagariya
{"title":"Governance","authors":"A. Panagariya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0011","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter covers three areas of governance: consolidation of ministries, reform of bureaucracy, and some selected aspects of economic administration. On ministries, it argues that India needs to eliminate some ministries while consolidating others. This will minimize inter-ministerial turf battles and speed up decision-making. On bureaucracy, the chapter calls for opening senior positions to competition, as talent must be brought into the government from wherever it exists. Other recommendations for bureaucracy include allowing officials to take short-term positions in non-government sectors, greater use of young professionals, reining in vigilance agencies, reforming training institutions for officials, and ending colonial-era practices. On economic administration, the chapter recommends creating missions for speedy reforms, a focused strategy for the expansion of exports, creation of a separate office for trade negotiations directly under the prime minister, numerous improvements in tax administration, a sunset clause on all centrally sponsored schemes, and transparency in fiscal accounting.","PeriodicalId":93252,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural research (New Delhi, India)","volume":"645 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77385100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Urbanization: Making Room for Migrant Workers 城市化:为农民工腾出空间
Agricultural research (New Delhi, India) Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0007
A. Panagariya
{"title":"Urbanization: Making Room for Migrant Workers","authors":"A. Panagariya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Economic transformation involves a movement of workers out of agriculture and into industry and services. The latter are predominantly located in and around urban areas. Therefore, urbanization is integral to transformation and modernization. In India, the process of urbanization has been extremely slow. The high cost of living and a scarcity of low-cost rental housing have in turn impeded the faster movement of agricultural workers into industry and services. A key problem behind this situation is the high cost of urban land, a result of a very low floor space index, complex rules on the conversion of agricultural land on the periphery of cities, the difficulty of converting space from one use to another, and the large volume of unused land owned by sick firms or various government ministries; poor transportation networks add to the problem. The chapter spells out reforms to relax these constraints.","PeriodicalId":93252,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural research (New Delhi, India)","volume":"52 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76924363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Transforming Higher Education 高等教育转型
Agricultural research (New Delhi, India) Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0010
A. Panagariya
{"title":"Transforming Higher Education","authors":"A. Panagariya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Thanks to the rapid expansion of private colleges and universities, India has been able to raise gross enrollment ratios in higher education at a satisfactory pace during the last twenty years. There has not been similar success in raising the quality of higher education, however. India has no universities in the top one hundred in any international rankings, particularly lagging behind in social sciences and humanities. This chapter argues that the key bottleneck is the highly centralized governance system flowing from the archaic University Grants Commission (UGC) Act of 1956. Drawing on the experiences of the United States, United Kingdom, and China, this chapter suggests a complete overhaul of the system, giving autonomy to colleges and universities in all matters and establishing an accreditation system that would evaluate all institutions, with better-performing institutions receiving a larger volume of government funds. Institutions will also be freed to raise their own resources.","PeriodicalId":93252,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural research (New Delhi, India)","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78179970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Nuggets: A Miscellany of Reforms 掘金:改革的杂烩
Agricultural research (New Delhi, India) Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0012
A. Panagariya
{"title":"Nuggets: A Miscellany of Reforms","authors":"A. Panagariya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0012","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter considers reforms in a few selected areas. On macroeconomy, the key recommendation is an upward revision of the inflation target. It suggests that when public sector enterprises incur losses and serve no public purpose, the government should sell them if possible and close them if there are no potential buyers. It recommends consolidation of subsidies to farmers and conversion to a single cash transfer via the universal Aadhaar biometric identity. It also suggests scaling down the Food Corporation of India, splitting electricity distribution companies into network and supply businesses and opening entry into the latter, and amending the Right to Education Act to improve learning outcomes.","PeriodicalId":93252,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural research (New Delhi, India)","volume":"61 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84873178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
In Conclusion: Revisiting the Past, Looking to the Future 总结:回顾过去，展望未来
Agricultural research (New Delhi, India) Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0013
A. Panagariya
{"title":"In Conclusion: Revisiting the Past, Looking to the Future","authors":"A. Panagariya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0013","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter looks back at post-independence economic history to understand the stranglehold that socialism acquired on the Indian economy in the early years, the launch of reforms in 1991 under Prime Ministers Narasimha Rao and Atal Bihari Vajpayee, partial reversals under Prime Minister Manmohan Singh, and a return to reforms under Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It particularly emphasizes the role that a socialistically inclined bureaucracy plays in continuing to hold back reforms. The chapter concludes by making the case that despite a slowdown in growth at the present time, India’s future is bright—but only if the leadership stays the course on economic reforms. The chapter concludes with a number of cautionary notes relating to policy. These relate to policy stability, the necessity of migrating half or more of the agricultural workforce to industry and services, creating an ecosystem that would help firms to grow larger, the centrality of success in export markets, and the need for investment in labor-intensive sectors of the economy.","PeriodicalId":93252,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural research (New Delhi, India)","volume":"95 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86714145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
From Command and Control to a More Liberal Order: 1950–2018 从命令与控制到更自由的秩序:1950-2018
Agricultural research (New Delhi, India) Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0002
A. Panagariya
{"title":"From Command and Control to a More Liberal Order: 1950–2018","authors":"A. Panagariya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0002","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter provides an overview of India’s economic policies and growth experience from 1951 to 2018. The period is divided into four phases: 1951–81, 1981–88, 1988–2003, and 2003–18. A command-and-control and autarkic regime led to abysmal growth during the first phase. The second phase saw a mild transition toward a liberal regime and a slight uptick in growth. Reforms began in earnest in 1991, after which growth jumped as well. The economy grew especially rapidly during 2003–12, when extreme poverty saw a sharp decline. This growth made the government complacent, however, and it returned to several socialist-era policies during 2009–14. That led to a sudden slowdown in growth between 2012 and 2014. A new government came into office in 2014 and resumed reforms, and the economy grew 7.5 percent annually during 2014–19. The chapter concludes by making a case for accelerated economic reforms.","PeriodicalId":93252,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural research (New Delhi, India)","volume":"3409 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86628890","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Walking on Two Legs 两条腿走路
Agricultural research (New Delhi, India) Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0005
A. Panagariya
{"title":"Walking on Two Legs","authors":"A. Panagariya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0005","url":null,"abstract":"This chapter asks whether India can rely on an export-led, manufacturing-fed growth model. The question stems in part from suggestions that, given its success in the software industry, India can jump the manufacturing stage and go straight to specializing in services. It is argued that India has no escape from manufacturing, though it should also continue to exploit its strength in certain services. The argument for manufacturing is that only it can create good jobs for the vast majority of the workforce, which has limited or no skills. Tradable services such as software cannot employ these workers, and demand for non-traded services depends on domestic income. Manufacturing, being tradable, can expand by exploiting the vast global market. Moreover, as well-paid workers in manufacturing spend their incomes, demand for non-traded services rises as well. The chapter also explains why rising protectionism and the threat of automation do not make an export- and manufacturing-led model unviable.","PeriodicalId":93252,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural research (New Delhi, India)","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91109333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Reforms for Export-Led and Manufacturing-Fed Growth 出口导向型和制造业驱动型增长的改革
Agricultural research (New Delhi, India) Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0006
A. Panagariya
{"title":"Reforms for Export-Led and Manufacturing-Fed Growth","authors":"A. Panagariya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0006","url":null,"abstract":"The near absence of large enterprises in the manufacture of labor-intensive products and consequent failure of such products in export markets is the reason for the paucity of good jobs for those with limited skills in India. To change this, India needs a clear focus on export expansion. It must avoid falling into the import-substitution trap that kept the country poor for decades. The rupee must depreciate sufficiently to eliminate its current overvaluation. Tariffs must be lowered and rationalized. Particularly important is to eliminate duties on synthetic fabrics and fibers. All indirect taxes must be reimbursed to exporters. Free trade agreements must be forged with countries that have potentially large markets. Trade facilitation must allow rapid movement of goods within the country and at ports. Finally, markets for labor and land must be liberalized. It will be worthwhile, though politically challenging, to experiment with autonomous employment zones that provide flexible land and labor markets within large areas.","PeriodicalId":93252,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural research (New Delhi, India)","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81964478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Investing Productively: The Banking Sector 有效投资:银行业
Agricultural research (New Delhi, India) Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0009
A. Panagariya
{"title":"Investing Productively: The Banking Sector","authors":"A. Panagariya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0009","url":null,"abstract":"Banks collect savings by households via deposits and channel them to the most productive investors in the form of credit. What happens to bank credit has a determining impact on growth, especially in the formal economy. A key feature of Indian banks has been repeated episodes of accumulation of non-performing assets followed by their recapitalization by the government using public money. These episodes have been concentrated in public sector banks (PSBs), which continue to account for two-thirds of banking assets. This chapter offers a detailed analysis of these episodes and argues that it is time for the government to give serious thought to privatization of PSBs. PSBs are subject to regulation by both the government and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), but RBI has limited powers over them. On average, private banks outdo PSBs along nearly all dimensions in terms of efficiency.","PeriodicalId":93252,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural research (New Delhi, India)","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75674019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Underemployment in Agriculture 农业就业不足
Agricultural research (New Delhi, India) Pub Date : 2020-09-17 DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0003
A. Panagariya
{"title":"Underemployment in Agriculture","authors":"A. Panagariya","doi":"10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197531556.003.0003","url":null,"abstract":"The chapter begins with a history of agricultural policy in India. It goes on to argue that policies aimed at improving outcomes within agriculture alone cannot bring prosperity to those engaged in it. Today, agriculture employs 44 percent of India’s workforce but produces at most 17 percent of GDP. With the overall GDP per capita itself low, agricultural output per worker is extremely low, indicating gross underemployment of labor. Therefore, marketing reforms that shift prices in favor of the farmer and against intermediaries cannot go very far. With self-sufficiency in agriculture, increases in productivity will likely result in lower prices rather than higher revenues. Besides, agricultural growth rarely exceeds 4.5 percent over even a decade-long period. Scope for increased incomes through diversification within agriculture into horticulture, fisheries, and animal husbandry is also limited. The upshot is that the only avenue to increasing agricultural incomes rapidly is to pave the way for half or more of the farm workforce to migrate into industry and services.","PeriodicalId":93252,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural research (New Delhi, India)","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80937074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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