Brain Research Bulletin最新文献

{"title":"Exercise-induced exerkines in multiple sclerosis: Emphasizing the pivotal role of myokines","authors":"Atena Alifarsangi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Khaksari ,&nbsp;Mohammad Amin Rajizadeh ,&nbsp;Negin Abdollah Zadeh ,&nbsp;Forouzan Rafie","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111565","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111565","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system in young adults. While existing immunomodulatory therapies reduce relapse rates, they are less effective against the progressive neurodegeneration associated with the disease. This unmet clinical need has prompted interest in complementary non-pharmacological strategies, particularly exercise, which offers systemic anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective benefits. Exercise triggers the release of a diverse array of signaling molecules collectively known as exerkines. Among these, myokines, such as interleukin‑6 (IL‑6), brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and irisin, are secreted by contracting skeletal muscle, functioning through endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine mechanisms to modulate immune responses, reduce inflammation, and promote neural repair. To date, there are limited studies that comprehensively review exercise-induced exerkines and myokines in the context of MS, leaving a critical gap in translating these molecular insights into clinical practice. In this review, we critically examine the emerging role of exercise-induced exerkines in MS, with a special emphasis on myokines. We discuss how these bioactive factors contribute to the establishment of a muscle–brain axis capable of influencing disease processes, including neuroinflammation, remyelination, and neurodegeneration. Drawing upon evidence from neurodegenerative disease models and clinical studies, we highlight how exercise modalities may be harnessed to optimize myokine release and, in turn, enhance neuroprotection and repair in MS patients. This synthesis underscores the potential of exercise as an adjunct therapy in MS management and outlines future research directions aimed at integrating exercise-induced myokine modulation into comprehensive treatment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9302,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research Bulletin","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 111565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A holistic rat model to investigate therapeutic interventions in Parkinson's disease: viral induction of a slow-progressing motor phenotype, dopaminergic degeneration and early microglia neuroinflammation.","authors":"Ekaterini Kefalakes, Franziska J Mewes, Diana Peristich, Clara Plötner, Volodymyr Shcherbatyy, Julia Schipke, Friederike Schneider, Christopher Käufer, Regina Rumpel","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111464","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111464","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Parkinson's disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder, mostly manifesting in late adulthood. Patients suffering from this idiopathic disease of the nervous system develop cardinal motor symptoms that usually appear after non-motor symptoms. It is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta and formation of insoluble intracellular protein inclusions of α-synuclein (Lewy Bodies). Another symptom is neuroinflammation, which often precedes dopaminergic neuron degeneration and the formation of aggregates. In this study, we aimed to establish a viral vector-mediated rat model of Parkinson's disease that mimics both the histological features of the disease and its slow, age-related progression, including the development of a motor phenotype over time. Evaluation of different adeno-associated viral serotypes overexpressing the human α-synuclein protein revealed that both AAV/6 and AAV/DJ equally transduce primary dopaminergic neurons in vitro with the latter being more efficient. In vivo transduction of dopaminergic neurons with AAV/DJ led to their degeneration in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which coincided with reduced dopaminergic fibers reaching the ipsilateral striatum. Microglia inflammatory response and accumulation thereof was evident at early disease stages. Simultaneously, behavioral assessment in the cylinder, the stepping and the staircase test showed a decrease in gross motor performance while rearing and stepping. Taken together, we established an early AAV/DJ-mediated model for Parkinson's disease in rats, which not only shows histological hallmarks but due to its progressive motor phenotype also provides a therapeutic window suitable for future pharmacological modification.</p>","PeriodicalId":9302,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research Bulletin","volume":" ","pages":"111464"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144636274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of sleep deprivation on the functional connectivity of auditory-related brain regions","authors":"Peng Zhang ,&nbsp;Kai Wen ,&nbsp;Huifeng Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Qin Han ,&nbsp;Fangfang Liu ,&nbsp;Xiechuan Weng ,&nbsp;Fan Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111563","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111563","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explored the effects of 36-hour acute sleep deprivation on the functional connectivity of auditory-related brain regions in healthy young males, examining its associations with alertness and emotional states. Sixty participants were assessed before and after sleep deprivation using psychomotor vigilance tasks, sleepiness scales, mood scales, and resting-state fMRI. The findings indicated significant changes in the functional connectivity of auditory-related brain regions, involving multiple cognitive, emotional, and motor areas. Further correlation analysis revealed a complex relationship between auditory-related brain regions and alertness, sleepiness, and mood. This study provides new evidence on how sleep deprivation influences auditory-related brain function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9302,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research Bulletin","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 111563"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145225057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Higher levels of GluN1 splice cassettes, C2 and C2', in hippocampus of aged mice were associated with poor spatial reference memory.","authors":"Kathy R Magnusson, Daniel R Zamzow","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111502","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111502","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cognitive decline during aging has been linked to changes in the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). Age-related changes in the GluN1 splice cassette proteins have been described in crude synaptosomes, but synaptic and extrasynaptic NMDARs have different impacts on synaptic plasticity. The present study examined the association between cognitive function and C-terminal splice cassette proteins, C1, C2, and C2', in different compartments of the synaptic environment. Young and old C57BL/6 male mice were tested for reference memory and cognitive flexibility in the Morris water maze. The older mice were separated into good and poor reference memory groups based on performance during the acquisition phase. The old mice with poor memory acquisition showed increased levels of the C2 protein in the synaptic membrane and the C2' protein in the extrasynaptic membranes in the hippocampus as compared to old mice with good memory or young, respectively. In the frontal cortex, C2 and C2' protein levels in the extrasynaptic membrane were associated with good cognitive flexibility across ages. Thus, although alternative splice forms of the GluN1 subunit appear to contribute to cognitive declines during aging, the complexity of these changes and relationships suggest that interventions involving manipulating splicing of the C-terminal tail of the GluN1 subunit would likely exacerbate memory or cognitive flexibility problems or both in aged individuals.</p>","PeriodicalId":9302,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research Bulletin","volume":" ","pages":"111502"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144798211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Kir4.1-mediated immunophenotypic OPCs underlies sevoflurane-induced hypomyelination in the developing brain","authors":"Liping Sun ,&nbsp;Luping Feng ,&nbsp;Yuxin Zhang ,&nbsp;Mengqin Shan ,&nbsp;Chaoyang Tong ,&nbsp;Kan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jijian Zheng ,&nbsp;Xin Fu","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111564","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111564","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Clinical and animal experimental studies demonstrate that prolonged or repeated general anesthesia (GA) impairs myelination in the developing brain. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), as the primary source cells to myelination, have recently been shown to undergo immunomodulatory properties, leading to inhibition of OPCs differentiation in neurological disorders. It remains unknown whether the neuroinflammatory OPCs is involved in sevoflurane-induced hypomyelination. Here, we investigated the effects of sevoflurane on phenotype of OPCs and myelination in neonatal rats. Our findings showed that sevoflurane altered OPCs by inducing the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) and MHC-II and increased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6. This process affected OPC differentiation into mature oligodendrocytes, ultimately leading to demyelination and motor coordination impairments. Mechanistically, sevoflurane reduced the expression of Kir4.1 in OPCs. In vitro experiments demonstrated that the expression of MHC-I/MHC-II and the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in Kir4.1-deficient OPCs, and meanwhile, the differentiation of these cells was impaired. These findings clarify the critical role of Kir4.1 in OPC-mediated immunomodulatory crosstalk, while revealing novel therapeutic targets for preventing anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity in the developing brain.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9302,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research Bulletin","volume":"232 ","pages":"Article 111564"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geometry Reduced Order Modeling (GROM) with application to modeling of glymphatic function","authors":"Andreas Solheim ,&nbsp;Geir Ringstad ,&nbsp;Per Kristian Eide ,&nbsp;Kent-Andre Mardal","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111558","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111558","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Computational modeling of the brain has become a key part of understanding how the brain clears metabolic waste, but patient-specific modeling on a significant scale is still out of reach with current methods. We introduce a novel approach for leveraging model order reduction techniques in computational models of brain geometries to alleviate computational costs involved in numerical simulations. Using image registration methods based on magnetic resonance imaging, we compute inter-brain mappings which allow previously computed solutions on other geometries to be mapped on to a new geometry. We investigate this approach on two example problems typical of modeling of glymphatic function, applied to a dataset of 101 MRI of human patients. We discuss the applicability of the method when applied to a patient with no known neurological disease, as well as a patient diagnosed with idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus displaying significantly enlarged ventricles. In each of our two example problems, we achieve a speedup of more 750 times compared to the full order problem, while introducing a comparably small additional system assembly overhead. The reduced solutions recover the full order solution with an error of less than 10% in most cases.</div><div><em>Statement of significance</em>: In many fields, model order reduction is a key technique in enabling high-throughput numerical simulations, but remains largely unexploited for biomedical modeling of the brain. In this work, we introduce a novel technique for building reduced representations integrating simulations performed on other brain geometries derived from MRI. Using this technique, we may leverage a dataset of previous solutions to accelerate simulations on new geometries, making patient-specific modeling more feasible.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9302,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research Bulletin","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 111558"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145191122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ursolic acid improves cognitive impairment in type 2 diabetic mice by preventing complement 3 secretion and neuropathy","authors":"Yaojun Suo ,&nbsp;Yuan Fu ,&nbsp;Chunfang Wang ,&nbsp;Yi Wu ,&nbsp;Peichu Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111562","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111562","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cognitive impairment are high incidence epidemics worldwide and are recognized as comorbidities. Ursolic acid (UA) is considered as a potential therapy for diabetic cognitive impairment due to its neuroprotective effect. This study focused on the therapeutic efficacy and possible mechanisms of UA in restoring cognitive function in T2DM mice.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>C57BL/6 male mice were fed with high-fat diet combined with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin to establish a T2DM model, and then were treated with UA or vehicle by oral administration for 21 days. The cognitive performance was determined using the T-maze test and novel object recognition test. The levels of complement C3, C3aR, GSK3β, neuronal damage, GFAP, Iba-1, pathological tau and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α in prefrontal cortex of the T2DM mice were evaluated by western blot, tissue staining, or ELISA. The effect of UA on high glucose-induced cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT assay, and the effects of UA on proinflammatory cytokines and C3 were detected by ELISA and western blot.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>We showed that administration of UA prevented neuronal damage, neuroinflammation and tau hyperphosphorylation by suppressing C3-C3aR-GSK3β axis, resulting in a significant improvement of cognition in T2DM mice. UA inhibited C3 expression and lowered the production of proinflammatory cytokines to resist high glucose induced cytotoxicity in vitro.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our results suggest that UA supplements have cognitive protective effects on the T2DM mouse model and may be a promising candidate drug for cognitive impairment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9302,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research Bulletin","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 111562"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the neural effects of emotional stimuli and pharmacological treatments on the emotional regulation network in fibromyalgia: A graph theory approach","authors":"Leila Solouki ,&nbsp;Hamid Sharini ,&nbsp;Hiwa Mohammadi ,&nbsp;Samira Jafari ,&nbsp;Behzad Mahaki","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111561","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111561","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The present study examines the impact of positive, negative, and neutral emotional stimuli on brain activity, as well as the relationship between various pharmacological treatment states and functional brain topology, with special emphasis on regions related to emotional regulation in patients with fibromyalgia (FM).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>In this study, fMRI images of 33 women with FM were used to analyze brain regions involved in emotional processing and regulation using various graph theory metrics. To investigate the relationship between the values of these metrics and different pharmacological treatment states, a one-way multivariate analysis of variance was conducted. Additionally, each of the graph theory metrics was examined in response to negative and positive stimuli in comparison to neutral stimuli.</div></div><div><h3>Result</h3><div>The results indicated that during positive stimulation, significant changes in brain activity were observed in the right ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC_R), the right supplementary motor area (SMA-R), and the left angular gyrus (AG-L) under various pharmacological conditions. In contrast, during negative stimulation, brain function in the VLPFC_R, right superior temporal gyrus, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC-R), and ultimately AG-L exhibited significant differences across different pharmacological treatments. Additionally, significant differences in the function of all targeted regions related to the emotion regulation network were observed during positive and negative stimulation compared to neutral stimulation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>There is a significant relationship between emotional stimuli and brain function in FM patients, as well as between various pharmacological treatment states and the performance of the brain's emotion regulation network in response to positive and negative stimuli.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9302,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research Bulletin","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 111561"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mind the gap – Interthalamic adhesions in prodromal and clinical Alzheimer’s disease","authors":"Gonzalo Forno ,&nbsp;Julie P. Vidal ,&nbsp;Phoebe Rush ,&nbsp;Rachel Tan ,&nbsp;John P. Aggleton ,&nbsp;Emmanuel J. Barbeau ,&nbsp;Michael Hornberger ,&nbsp;for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111559","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111559","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The interthalamic adhesion (IA) is an anatomical bridge connecting the left and right thalamus. While prior studies have explored its prevalence and function in healthy populations, stroke, hydrocephalus, and schizophrenia, none have examined the IA in the context of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aims to analyse the prevalence of the IA in the prodromal to clinical AD continuum and evaluate the association with AD cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and thalamic, hippocampal, and ventricular volumes.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>IA prevalence was assessed in 542 MRIs from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), including healthy controls (HC), early mild cognitive impairment (EMCI), late MCI (LMCI), and AD patients. Inter-rater reliability was assessed with Cohen’s Kappa, and a chi-squared test (χ2) examined rater differences. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions evaluated the effect of CSF biomarkers, volumes, and clinical data on IA prevalence and type.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>There were no significant differences in IA prevalence or variants across the four groups. The single IA was the most common type, while bilobar and double variants were less frequent. Post-hoc analysis, however, showed that AD CSF biomarker measures showed positive associations with the broad IA subtype in HC and EMCI.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The study found no overall differences in IA prevalence or its variants related to prodromal or clinical AD. Still, elevated Aβ42, p-Tau levels, and larger thalamic volume were linked to a higher likelihood of a broad IA. These findings suggest that the IA may be involved in prodromal AD pathophysiological processes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9302,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research Bulletin","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 111559"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147707","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the BOLD signal along colour-opponent pathways in LGN and V1 and microstructural alterations of the optic radiation in POAG and OHT patients","authors":"Joanne L. Powell ,&nbsp;Laura M. Parkes ,&nbsp;Anshoo Choudhary ,&nbsp;Sophie M. Wuerger","doi":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111560","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111560","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is associated with retinal ganglion cell loss and atrophies in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and visual cortex (V1). The causes and pathogenesis of glaucoma are unclear; with increased risk of progression to glaucoma in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT). To investigate this further the current study applied Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in a matched sample of POAG and OHT patients.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>We recruited 53 patients (POAG n = 32; OHT n = 21) and applied functional-MRI (fMRI) to a sub-group of POAG (n = 9) and OHT (n = 9) patients to test differences in LGN and Primary Visual Cortex (V1) BOLD response to differential chromatic modulations. Tract Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) was applied to Diffusion weighted images (DWI) to compare fractional anisotropy (FA) values across the whole-brain between patient groups. Probabilistic tractography along the optic radiation (OR) tested for differences in microstructural alterations associated with POAG compared to OHT patients. Behavioural deficits associated with POAG on LGN activity was also investigated.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings showed behavioural deficits in POAG in the three major cardinal directions (magno- parvo- and koniocellular pathways), reflecting deficits in post-receptoral processing. Strong correlations were observed between LGN and V1 activity in OHT which was significantly reduced in POAG. Activity in LGN is <em>increased</em> in POAG, whereas V1 activity is slightly lower in POAG compared to OHT. DWI showed significantly reduced FA in sagittal striatum and associated visual WM pathways, primarily of the left hemisphere. Reduced FA along the OR was observed in POAG compared to OHT patients with results indicating enhanced structural asymmetries in POAG.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>We present evidence novel differences in chromatic contrast sensitivity and microstructural WM between POAG and OHT patient groups. Our findings reveal evidence for asymmetry within the visual system associated with POAG, opening several avenues for further investigation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9302,"journal":{"name":"Brain Research Bulletin","volume":"231 ","pages":"Article 111560"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145147981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}