Annual review of fish diseases最新文献

{"title":"Host defense mechanisms of cephalopods","authors":"Larisa A. Ford","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90054-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90054-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Humoral and cellular mechanisms of defense have been described for cephalopods, a relatively advanced group of mollusks. Typical of other mollusks, cephalopod agglutinins are the most documented component of humoral immunity. Lectins, which have agglutinating properties, have been described and characterized from octopuses. Agglutinins from cephalopod hemolymph have also been shown to agglutinate a variety of vertebrate red blood cells, as well as potential bacterial pathogens. Hemocytes are the primary component of cellular immunity. Although the hemocyte role in phagocytosis has been extensively studied in other mollusks, the mechanisms of phagocytosis have not been described extensively for cephalopods. Cephalopod hemocytes have phagocytic capabilities and may function in encapsulation and neutralization of foreign substances; however, the effects of environmental factors and the full extent of phagocytic capabilities of cephalopod hemocytes have not been reported. Hemocytes from cephalopods have a role in wound healing and inflammation which have been reported in detail by several investigators.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 25-41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90054-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish granulocytes: Morphology, distribution, and function","authors":"A.Jerald Ainsworth","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90060-B","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90060-B","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In the last 20 years interest in fish granulocyte identification, distribution, and function has burgeoned, as evidenced by the increasing number of reports in scientific literature. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are present in peripheral blood and certain organs of fish. Some species of fish have all three cell types, while other species may only possess one cell type. Granulopoiesis in fish occurs in the spleen, kidneys, epigonal organ, organ of Leydig, and other specialized tissue, with the specific locations depending on the species. In some fish, neutrophils are actively phagocytic. <em>In vitro</em> assays indicate phagocytosis, mobilization in response to chemotaxins, detectable chemiluminescence, and an active respiratory burst when appropriately stimulated. In fish species without neutrophils, the eosinophil may be responsible for phagocytosis. Eosinophils also function in antiparasite immunity in certain species. Basophil function has not been investigated. Responses of fish neutrophils and eosinophils can be altered by season of the year, environmental pollutants, disease, and others stressors. Differences among fish species in type, cellular distribution, and function of granulocytes are the focus of this review.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 123-148"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90060-B","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish B lymphocytes: Defining their form and function","authors":"Stephen L. Kaattari","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90062-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90062-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fish B lymphocytes have been defined, as in mammalian systems, as those lymphocytes that express immunoglobulin on their surface and secrete specific antibody in response to antigenic stimuli. Such cells have been identified in a number of fish species. However, the physical characterization of these cells, their distribution, the form of their response, and the antibody product itself have not precisely followed the mammalian paradigm. The implications of these unique features of fish B cell form and function are the focus of this review. The antigenic phenotype of the B cell and the possible function of distinct subpopulations are discussed. The origin of the fish B lymphocyte itself is still a great enigma. The developmental and ontological pathway(s) taken by fish B cell progenitors are still virtually unknown, but considerable data have accrued that allow investigators to postulate possible sources of such lymphocytic stem cells (i.e. bone marrow equivalents), such as the anterior kidney. As opposed to the ontological development of B cells, the nature of the intercellular cooperation and lymphokine requirements for an antibody response seem to parallel mammalian counterparts quite closely. Finally, the coordination of all these cells, factors, and products into a complex function, such as the generation of immunological memory, present an excellent venue for comparative immunologists. In the expression of this complex and highly regulated process, fish have demonstrated some basic similarities to mammals, but differ in other important features. Understanding how fish have circumvented the need for these aspects of memory allows us not only to understand fish function, but enables us to place specific mammalian functions in a broader context. Such analyses will provide new theoretical approaches to the understanding of mammalian as well as fish immune responses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 161-180"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90062-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dedication","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90051-X","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90051-X","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Page v"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90051-X","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136516713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antigen processing and presentation in teleost immune responses","authors":"Abbe N. Vallejo,&nbsp;Norman W. Miller,&nbsp;L. William Clem","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90057-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90057-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Recent <em>in vitro</em> studies clearly demonstrate the importance of antigen processing and presentation in the generation of immune responses to T-dependent antigens (i.e. proteins and hapten-carrier conjugates) in phylogenetically lower vertebrates such as teleosts. Similar to the situation in mammals, antigens are processed and presented by accessory or antigen-presenting cells (APC), such as monocytes or macrophages, to specific lymphocytes in a seemingly alloantigen- (presumably major histocompatibility complex [MHC] or MHC-like) restricted fashion. Results show that processing involves proteolysis, which presumably occurs within acidic subcellular compartments. The requirement for processing can be circumvented by the presentation of peptide fragments of the native antigen on paraformaldehyde-fixed APC. Moreover, usage of structurally defined proteins, such as cytochrome C, as model antigens reveals that their species variants are cross-stimulatory to immune fish lymphocytes. Molecular analyses of such antigens reveal the existence of overlapping epitopes that seem to define the specificity of the immune response to such “families” of antigens but not to other unrelated (yet structurally defined) antigens. Consequently, these studies corroborate the hypothesis that immune functions in the divergent classes of vertebrates are highly conserved. Further, results from such studies also show that these immunologic processes appear to occur under low temperature regimes previously reported to suppress primary immune responses. Hence, these studies provide direct evidence that low temperature-induced immunosuppression in fish does not involve impaired APC functions. In light of the above observations indicating similarities between fish and mammalian systems, implications for fish vaccine design are also discussed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 73-89"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90057-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226609","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Noncellular nonspecific defence mechanisms of fish","authors":"John B. Alexander,&nbsp;George A. Ingram","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90066-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90066-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Fish tissues and body fluids contain naturally occurring proteins or glycoproteins of non-immunoglobulin (Ig) nature that react with a diverse array of environmental antigens and may confer an undefined degree of natural immunity to fish. They consist of microbial growth inhibitory compounds that include “acute phase” proteins such as transferrins, caeruloplasmin, and metallothionein. Their action is simply to chelate metal ions and deprive bacteria and other parasites of essential inorganic ion sources. Both serum and cellular interferons are found in fish, and this anti-virus protein has been demonstrated mainly in salmonids during viral disease studies. Enzyme-inhibitors (α2-macroglobulin and other α-globulins) thus far detected in fish appear to be antibacterial proteinases, and are involved in the inhibition of extracellular proteases secreted by fish pathogens. Fish also possess a variety of relatively specific lytic molecules that cause cell lysis, and some of these materials are hydrolase enzymes (lysozyme, chitinase, chitobiase) whose main actions are against bacteria and fungi. In addition, mucus contains trypsin-like proteinases which destroy gram-negative bacteria. Nonspecific lysins and agglutinins against erythrocytes and other cellular antigens are found in serum, eggs, and skin mucus. The lysins, including toxins, some of which are bacteriolytic in activity, are, in their mode of action, natural or spontaneous, antibody-independent and noncomplement-mediated. In contrast, specific hemolytic antibodies (Ig), which complex with antigens, bind complement, and cause complement-mediated immune lysis, are reported to exist. The agglutinins are generally reactive toward certain sugar residues on erythrocyte or bacterial cell walls, and in most cases act as lectins or lectin-like molecules. Natural lysins and agglutinins behave in a similar way as antigen-induced antibodies or Igs, but exhibit a high degree of cross-reactions, due to the occurrence of similar carbohydrate determinants on many types of microbial cell surface. As with mammals, both C-type (calcium-dependent) and S-type (thiol-dependent) lectins are present in fish. They more resemble invertebrate lectins than those of higher animals. Fish lectins appear to play antibacterial or antifungal roles and in some instances seem to be involved in egg-sperm fusion, polyspermy prevention, and embryo development. Natural, non-Ig precipitins (e.g. α-precipitin and C-reactive proteins) are found largely, but not exclusively, in fish serum and precipitate with simple monosaccharides or long chain polysaccharides of certain stereochemistry and glycosidic linkages. Their functions remain unknown, but C-reactive protein is induced following stress-induction and exposure to inflammatory agents. Many of the above mentioned “defence” substances are present in skin mucus and possess the capacity to react with potentially infective microorganisms including parasites. Mucus thus acts as a","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 249-279"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90066-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shark lymphocytes: Primitive antigen reactive cells","authors":"E. Churchill McKinney","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90055-3","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90055-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Shark lymphocytes have been characterized by the presence or absence of surface immunoglobulin (SIg). Thus, SIg⁺ cells are B lymphocytes, and SIg⁻ cells are presumed to include the shark T cell subset, as well as other minor subsets of lymphocytes. Few functional studies have been performed to characterize the nature of either lymphocyte population. To date, there is no information concerning the shark T cell receptor. The majority of adult mammalian T cell receptors are composed of α and β chain heterodimers while a minority use γ and δ chains. The discussion presented here explores the evidence that the majority of shark lymphocytes are analogous to mammalian T and B lymphocytes that appear during early fetal development. The hypotheses considered suggest that shark T cells are similar to γδ T cell receptor (TCR)-bearing mammalian T lymphocytes, and that shark B cells are the primitive equivalent of neonatal and newborn primary B cells.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90055-3","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of phagocytes in the protective mechanisms of fish","authors":"C.J. Secombes,&nbsp;T.C. Fletcher","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90056-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90056-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Phagocytes are cells principally dedicated to the recognition and elimination of invading organisms and damaged tissue. Those described in fish are the granulocytes (particularly neutrophils) and mononuclear phagocytes (tissue macrophages and circulating monocytes). Their movement to sites of microbial invasion is an early event in the inflammatory response and the role of host-derived factors as attractants, such as eicosanoids, is discussed. Opsonins mediate the recognition between phagocyte and particle, and receptors for serum complement component C3 and the Fc fragment of opsonic antibody have been described. Fundamental to the protection offered by the phagocytes is their bactericidal larvacidal activity, which is closely associated with the production of oxygen free radicals. Phagocytes as accessory cells are discussed, including their role in antigen presentation. A knowledge of the modulation of phagocyte function, with activation by various substances and suppression by others, is important if protective responses are to be achieved by up-regulating phagocyte activity.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 53-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90056-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunostimulants, adjuvants, and vaccine carriers in fish: Applications to aquaculture","authors":"Douglas P. Anderson","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90067-8","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90067-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Use of immunostimulants, adjuvants, and vaccine carriers in fish culture offers a wide range of attractive methods for inducing and building up protection against diseases. Immunostimulants and adjuvants can be administered before, with, or after vaccines to amplify the specific immune response generating elevations of circulating antibody titers and numbers of plaque-forming cells. Special applications of immunostimulants include assisting shower or other regimens to increase topical uptake of vaccines. In addition, immunostimulants may be used alone, inducing elevated activities in the nonspecific defense mechanisms such as increased oxidative activity of neutrophils, augmented engulfment activity of phagocytic cells, or potentiating cytotoxic cells. In cases where disease outbreaks are cyclical and can be predicted, losses may be reduced by elevating the nonspecific defense mechanisms, and the immunostimulants may be used in anticipation of events to prevent losses from diseases. Complete Freund's adjuvant was one of the first immunostimulants used in animals to elevate the specific immune response, and it has also been successfully used in conjunction with injection of fish bacterins. Other adjuvants, immunostimulants, and biological response modifiers that have been used in fisheries research include levamisole, salt baths, and bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Vaccines have been adsorbed to inert particles, such as bentonite on latex beads, to carry the immunogens to maximize <em>in vivo</em> uptake for bath immunization and to facilitate <em>in vitro</em> phagocytosis. Each substance presents special problems in timing and method of administration (injection, immersion, oral—by feed—or flush treatments), dosage adjustments for size and fish species, storage stability, and cost. An additional consideration is that the nonspecific defense mechanisms and immune responses in fish are highly variable among individuals and statistical validation requires appropriate sample numbers and carefully controlled experiments.</p><p>This article reviews the literature and present concepts of use of immunostimulants, adjuvants, and vaccine carriers in fish. Cautions for use are noted, as some of these potent substances can suppress or alter biological pathways if used inappropriately. Recent research, defining pathways of the action of immunostimulants, adjuvants, and vaccine carriers, helps explain how these substances activate the protective mechanisms in fish. In addition, immunostimulants used alone hold tremendous potential for use in fish farms, hatcheries, and aquaculture facilities to reduce losses from infectious diseases. Research on the immunostimulant, levamisole, and the light oil adjuvants for use in food fish is in progress. Applications for use of these immunostimulants are proposed.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 281-307"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90067-8","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Author and keyword index volume 2, 1992","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90073-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90073-7","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages III, V"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90073-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90028274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}