Annual review of fish diseases最新文献

{"title":"Piscine macrophage aggregates: A review","authors":"R.E. Wolke","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90058-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90058-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Piscine macrophage aggregates (MAs), alternatively known as melano-macrophage centers (MMC), are focal accumulations of macrophages usually containing the pigments hemosiderin, lipofuscin and ceroid, and melanin. The structures are not confined to fish and have been observed in other poikilothermic vertebrates. The aggregations are most commonly present in the spleen, pronephros, mesonephros and liver but may be found in other organs, especially in relation to inflammation. In the lower fishes (Agnatha, Chondrichthyes) the pigmented cells tend to be solitary or in small (&lt;30 cells/aggregation), irregularly shaped aggregations primarily in hepatic tissue. In the Osteichthyes, greater numbers of cells and aggregates are present than in the lower fishes. These aggregates are more nodular, and they occur more commonly in the spleen and kidney rather than the liver.</p><p>An exception to these observations if found in the Clupeiformes and the Salmoniformes, considered lower teleosts, who have poorly organized and irregularly shaped aggregations that are smaller than the higher teleosts.</p><p>Macrophage aggregates function in normal physiological processes and in the body's defense against injurious agents. Evidence indicates that these functions are multiple, complex, and not well understood. They may be classified as, (a) immune, including humoral and inflammatory responses; (b) storage, destruction, or detoxification of exogenous and endogenous substances; and (c) iron recycling. There is a growing body of information that elucidates these functions.</p><p>Macrophage aggregates qualify as anatomical and cytological biomarkers since they are known to change in number, size, and pigment content in relation to fish health and environmental degradation. Their value lies in their ubiquity, availability, and ease of measurement. There have been few extensive, controlled attempts to produce MAs or to study their kinetics by chronic exposure to contaminants known to exist in polluted environments. Clearly, without such investigations the value of MAs as monitors (biomarkers) of fish health and environmental degradation remains questionable.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 91-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90058-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish granulocytes in the process of inflammation","authors":"Yuzuru Suzuki,&nbsp;Takaji Iida","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90061-2","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90061-2","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Inflammation is a protective reaction of the host in response to injury, resulting in specific morphological and chemical changes in tissues and cells. In fishes as well, much basic research has been conducted on the process of inflammatory leucocyte migration, which is the most characteristic event of the acute phase. The first response of a host to injury is vasodilatation, followed by increased vascular permeability. These vascular reactions have significance in understanding the mechanism of leucocyte migration, which occurs through the injured blood vessels and in response to chemical mediators converted from certain plasma proteins. Neutrophils migrate more quickly than do monocytes and macrophages during acute inflammation, as has been observed in many fish species. These leucocytes are phagocytes which act to remove irritants, bacteria, or damaged cells and tissues. Rapid migration of basophils is also distinguishable in carp (<em>Cyprinus carpio</em>) and puffer (<em>Takifugu niphobles</em>), although the functions of the cells in inflammation have not been clarified. Leucocytic infiltration in inflammation can be explained by chemical mediators. Complement factors, leucotriene B₄ and a lymphokine, have been identified as chemotactic and chemokinetic factors for fish neutrophils. Besides these host factors, bacterial formyl peptides are reported to be chemoattractive for plaice (<em>Pleuronectes platessa</em>) neutrophils. The process of leucocytic migration in various types of inflammation has specific features, which are controlled by a variety of such chemical mediators. However, our knowledge at present represents but a glimpse of the intricacies of fish inflammation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 149-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90061-2","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological responses of fish to parasitic organisms","authors":"Patrick T.K. Woo","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90070-E","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90070-E","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The piscine immune system is well developed and is normally quite efficient in protecting healthy free ranging fish from parasitic diseases. However, when fish are cultured in high numbers and are stressed by adverse environmental factors (e.g. heavy metal pollution, low dissolved oxygen, nutritional deficiencies, and/or overcrowding), parasites may have the advantage and the risk of disease outbreak increases in the fish population. We know very little about innate immunity against parasites. Hence it has not been considered a viable strategy to protect fish from diseases. The alternative pathway of complement activation is the protective mechanism in certain fish species against hemoflagellates (<em>Cryptobia salmositica</em> and <em>Cryptobia catostomi</em>). This mechanism also operates in some resistant individuals (in a susceptible fish species) against <em>C. salmositica</em>. Complement is also involved in innate parasiticidal activities against adult intestinal tapeworms (<em>Acanthobothrium quadripartitum</em>) and encysting larval stages of digeneans (<em>Diplostomum spathaceum</em> and <em>Cryptocotyle lingua</em>). It is suggested here that more studies be conducted to elucidate the mechanism(s) of innate immunity in nonsusceptible host species, and also to follow the heredity of parasite resistant factor(s) in individuals that belong to an otherwise susceptible host fish species.</p><p>The innate nonspecific cytotoxicity of leukocytes of flounders, infected with the copepod, <em>Phrixocephalus cincinnatus</em>, was significantly depressed compared to those from uninfected flounders. The target cells for the leukocytes were murine cells; future studies should include parasites as target cells to determine the importance of the depression on disease resistance in copepod-infected fish.</p><p>Fish that survive <em>Amyloodinium ocellatum, C. salmositica, Cryptobia bullocki, Trypanosoma danilewskyi, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Myxidium lieberkuehni</em>, a myxosporean parasite (PKX), and <em>D. spathaceum</em> infections are generally protected from disease when they are later exposed to the same parasite. Complement fixing antibodies and/or cell-mediated immunity are important in acquired immunity against <em>C. salmositica, C. bullocki, T. danilewskyi, I. multifiliis, Diplostomum spathaceum, Cryptocotyle lingua</em>, and <em>Posthodiplostomum minimum</em>. A live <em>C. salmositica</em>-vaccine has been developed. The vaccine has fewer polypeptide bands and a few of the remaining polypeptides are antigenically different from those in the virulent strain. It does not cause disease in fish but has remained protective. Fish are assumed to, or are known to, respond immunologically to numerous other parasitic infections. These include: <em>Cryptocaryon irritans, Myxosoma cerebralis, Gyrodactylus bullatarudis, Dactylogyrus vastator, Neobenedenia melleni, Telogaster opisthorchis, Ligula intestinalis, Diphyllobothrium, Caryophyllaeus","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 339-366"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90070-E","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immune system of channel catfish: An overture on immunity to Edwardsiella ictaluri","authors":"Phillip Klesius","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90069-A","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90069-A","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p><em>Edwardsiella ictaluri</em> is a gram negative rod that causes enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC). The <em>E. ictaluri</em> disease complex includes acute and chronic ESC. One of the most economically important diseases of channel catfish, <em>Ictalurus punctatus</em>, ESC is difficult to control. Although the bacterium is usually susceptible to antibiotics, resistant strains are emerging. Immunization is a more attractive approach to control. Vaccine efficacy is not well documented, in part due to a lack of basic information about immune system components and their interactions after <em>E. ictaluri</em> infection. Channel catfish vaccinated by immersion in <em>E. ictaluri</em> bacterin are only partly protected against ESC. Specific antibody responses are poor in the vaccinates. <em>E. ictaluri</em> infection causes both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. A vaccine that stimulates both types of immunity may provide better ESC immunity. Diagnosis of <em>E. ictaluri</em> infection is accomplished by detection of specific antibody. Recently the discovery of an immunodominant <em>E. ictaluri</em> exoantigen is allowing the development of accurate and rapid diagnostic tests that can detect infection before clinical ESC occurs. Health management programs for food animals depend on serological tests to detect early infections and carriers; the value of these tests is now realized in the channel catfish industry. This review documents factors that influence the immune responses of channel catfish. These factors include the influence of water temperature, seasons, stressful conditions, diet, and <em>E. ictaluri</em> carrier status.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 325-338"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90069-A","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"","authors":"M. Faisal","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90072-6","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90072-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Page 403"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90072-6","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crustacean immunity","authors":"Kenneth Söderhäll,&nbsp;Lage Cerenius","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90053-Z","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90053-Z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Crustaceans have efficient means to defend themselves against most potential pathogens. Their hemocytes are crucial in these immune reactions and are capable of phagocytosis, encapsulation, nodule formation, and mediation of cytotoxicity. Recent progress in the <em>in vitro</em> handling of hemocytes, and the isolation and purification of several of the factors involved in the defense reactions show that the prophenoloxidase activating system (the proPO-system) and associated factors are important mediators of crustacean immunity. The use of purified factors of the proPO-system and separated hemocytes have made it possible to demonstrate in freshwater crayfish two proteins that are directly involved in cellular communication between different hemocytes. One of this proteins, a β-1,3-glucan binding protein present in the plasma, also appears to function as a recognition protein in the arthropod immune system. Another protein, a 76 kD protein derived from the granules of the hemocytes, is multifunctional and mediates hemocyte degranulation, spreading, and attachment. Also the prophenoloxidase itself and the prophenoloxidase activating enzyme, a serine proteinase, have recently been purified. Thus, it is now possible to elucidate the molecular details of the crustacean immune reactions in much more detail.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 3-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90053-Z","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nonspecific cytotoxic cells as effectors of immunity in fish","authors":"Donald L. Evans,&nbsp;Liliana Jaso-Friedmann","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90059-7","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90059-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) may be the teleost fish equivalent of mammalian natural killer (NK) cells. Although significant differences exist between species regarding many characteristics of these cells, both NCC and NK cells share similarities: in the types of target cells sensitive to lysis; in mechanisms of target cell recognition; in the requirements for a competent lytic cycle; and both types of effectors participate in mediating the lysis of infectious microorganisms. A putative antigen binding receptor obtained from catfish NCC has now been characterized using monoclonal antibodies (mabs). This receptor is a vimentin-like protein. Preliminary studies indicate that NCC recognize a 40 kD protein on the membranes of susceptible target cells. Solubilized target cell protein can specifically bind to NCC and inhibit killing.</p><p>Similar to NK cells, NCC require cell contact with the target cell to deliver the lethal cytotoxic hit. NCC appear to be the more potent cytotoxic cells because fewer are required to kill an individual target cell and less time is required for this action to occur than for NK cells. Unlike NK cells, NCC do not recycle under experimental conditions. Preliminary studies were also reviewed to characterize signal transduction responses. Monoclonal antibody against the vimentin-like protein receptor activates NCC cytotoxicity, initiates the production of significant increased levels of free cytoplasmic calcium, and causes the production of inositol lipid intermediates (specifically phosphotidylinositol 1, 4–5 trisphosphate). NCC may be important effectors of anti-parasite immunity. Although these cells probably do not elicit memory responses, data suggest that they do recognize antigen and can be activated and recruited into peripheral tissue where they mediate cytolytic responses.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 109-121"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90059-7","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Present knowledge on the life cycle, taxonomy, pathology, and therapy of some Myxosporea spp. important for freshwater fish","authors":"Mansour El-Matbouli,&nbsp;Theresia Fischer-Scherl,&nbsp;Rudolf W. Hoffmann","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90071-5","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90071-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this review some important myxosporean species of fish are depicted and described, with special reference to <em>Myxobolus cerebralis</em> (causing whirling disease of salmonids), <em>Sphaerospora renicola</em> (causing Swimbladder inflammation of common carp), <em>Hoferellus carassii</em> (causing kidney enlargement disease of goldfish and proliferative kidney disease [PKD] of salmonids). Detailed information on the life cycles of <em>M. cerebralis, M. cotti</em>, and <em>M. pavlovskii</em> is presented proving that these myxosporeans develop in an intermediate host, the oligochaete worm, <em>Tubifex tubifex</em> to actinosporeans which represent the only infective stage for susceptible fish. These findings imply that the present taxonomy for the phylum <em>Myxozoa</em> has to be revised. Trends for treatment of myxosporean associated diseases are summarized with special emphasis on the antibiotic Fumagillin DCH.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 367-402"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90071-5","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrition and disease resistance in fish","authors":"Vicki S. Blazer","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90068-9","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90068-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Disease resistance in fish encompasses a variety of mechanisms including maintenance of epithelial barriers and the mucus coat; nonspecific cellular factors such as phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils; nonspecific humoral factors such as lysozyme, complement, and transferrin; and specific humoral and cellular immunity. Numerous nutritional factors can significantly affect incidence and severity of a variety of infectious diseases. Individual micronutrients known to affect disease resistance include vitamins C, B₆, E, and A and the minerals iron and fluoride. Macronutrient (protein, lipid, and carbohydrate) levels have not been critically evaluated. There are indications that certain fatty acids may be important factors in disease resistance. The potential for dietary enhancement of disease resistance in fish culture certainly exists. Before this can be achieved, more information is required on pathogenesis and specific resistance mechanisms involved in individual diseases, the specific effects of various nutrients, and how these effects are modulated by other dietary components and environmental factors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 309-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90068-9","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The thymus in fish: Development and possible function in the immune response","authors":"Stefan Chilmonczyk","doi":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90063-4","DOIUrl":"10.1016/0959-8030(92)90063-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>With the exception of Agnatha, fish possess the functional equivalent of the thymus gland found in higher vertebrates. As in other vertebrates, this gland originates from the pharyngeal pouches and ontogenically is the first lymphoid organ to be infiltrated with lymphoid cells. Histology of the structure may differ from one species to another but the cellular component is basically similar. The (paired) gland is surrounded by an epithelial capsule. Within the gland a framework of reticulo-epithelial cells supports the lymphocytes. The age-related involution process, which characterizes the thymus of higher vertebrates, does not necessarily occur in fish. Nevertheless, thymus growth and function may be modulated by those factors that induce its involution such as aging, season, sexual maturity, and stress. The major role played by the thymus in the immune response of higher vertebrates is presumed to occur in fish. Thymus-derived cell dependent immune reactions have been demonstrated in fish. The cells that mediate these functions are designated as T-like cells. So far, cell surface markers equivalent to those of mammalian T lymphocytes have not been characterized. The T lymphocyte specificities are supposed to be acquired within or via the thymic microenvironment. Unfortunately, there is limited data concerned with the cytological and physiological basis of the maturation of thymus-derived cells. Direct involvement of the fish thymus in defense mechanisms has not been investigated extensively. The gland appears to be weakly protected because of its superficial location and is easily exposed to pathogens. Neoplasia is the main pathologic condition reported in the thymus of fish, with little else having been published regarding thymic pathology.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":92872,"journal":{"name":"Annual review of fish diseases","volume":"2 ","pages":"Pages 181-200"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1992-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/0959-8030(92)90063-4","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"54226639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}