Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"A deep convolutional generative adversarial network (DCGAN) for the fast estimation of pollutant dispersion fields in indoor environments","authors":"Claudio Alanis Ruiz,&nbsp;Marcel Loomans,&nbsp;Twan van Hooff","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112856","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112856","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents a generative AI approach using a conditional deep convolutional generative adversarial network (cDCGAN) to rapidly predict pollutant concentration fields in indoor environments. The cDCGAN model is applied to a case study of a generic classroom with multiple heat and pollution sources and two distinct ventilation system configurations. It predicts pollutant dispersion at the breathing plane under simultaneous variations in ventilation rates and air supply temperatures. The model was trained and validated using high-quality computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation data. Results show that the cDCGAN can generate rapid predictions within seconds, providing reasonable accuracy in capturing the overall distribution and concentration levels of pollutants, with a mean absolute percentage error ranging from 13 % to 15 % when compared to CFD simulations. Despite some limitations in reproducing small-scale flow features, the model's ability to handle multiple system parameters and efficiently predict complex flow phenomena with limited training data highlights its value and potential. The methodology is adaptable to a range of indoor and outdoor environments and can be extended to estimate other flow variables and incorporate additional system parameters, making it a promising tool for applications requiring speed and efficiency when analyzing a large number of flow and dispersion scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112856"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644773","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Architectural design and building-level infections during the early stage of COVID-19: A study of 2597 public housing buildings in Hong Kong","authors":"Qingyao Qiao ,&nbsp;Chongyang Ren ,&nbsp;Shuning Chen ,&nbsp;Yuebing Liang ,&nbsp;Ka Yan Yvonne Lai ,&nbsp;Yulun Zhou ,&nbsp;Eric Schuldenfrei ,&nbsp;Chinmoy Sarkar ,&nbsp;Chris Webster","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112853","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112853","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Densely populated urban environments are at risk of significant economic and public health repercussions during infectious disease epidemics. Implementing stay-at-home orders became a recognized strategy in the recent pandemic. But reports of intra-building transmission and other unforeseen outcomes make it necessary to review the dynamics of such interventions. Our previous study conducted during the 5th wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hong Kong, characterized by the Omicron variant, highlighted the role of architectural design as a possible contributor to building-level infection. The study reported here investigates the association between architectural design, intra-building total infections (Infection_1), and consecutive infections (Infection_2) during the early stages of the pandemic. We analyzed data from the 1st to 4th waves of the pandemic, focusing on public housing units due to their homogeneity of architectural form. The study population resided in <em>n</em> = 2597 public housing buildings for which we obtained information about Infection_1 and Infection_2. Spatial analysis showed a marginal clustering pattern with Moran's I ranged from 0.07 to 0.16, and 0.06 to 0.13 respectively for Infection_1 and Infection_2 in intra-building infection distribution. Geographically Weighted Poisson regression (GWPR) indicated that certain architectural designs, such as ``8&amp;L'' shape buildings were associated with significantly higher intra-building infections (IRR, 1.32; 95 % CI, 1.16–1.67 for infection_1 and IRR, 1.37, 95 % CI, 1.08–1.73 for Infection_2), I shape building increased the infection number by 43 % (IRR, 1.43; 95 % CI, 1.21–1.69 for infection_1) and 63 % (IRR, 1.63; 95 % CI, 1.31–2.02 for infection_2) in comparison with Non-standard building shape. Additionally, factors including building geometry, drainage systems, apartment size, floors, and floorplan area were also identified as significant contributors to intra-building infections. The study confirms the likely importance of architectural design in epidemic dynamics and lends weight to the argument for regarding high-rise public housing design as an important factor to create a pandemic-resilient public healthcare system. It also provides evidence consistent with the hypothesis that certain building types make it more likely that infections may spread within residential environments. This becomes an important consideration when considering the efficacy of lockdowns during an epidemic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112853"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143631875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Passive cooling assessment of natural ventilation by windcatchers for enhancing thermal comfort and indoor air quality in European schools","authors":"Payam Nejat ,&nbsp;Yashar Fekri ,&nbsp;Mohammad Hossein Pourghasemian ,&nbsp;Hayder Alsaad ,&nbsp;Conrad Voelker","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112848","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112848","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Windcatchers have drawn increasing attention in contemporary architecture due to sustainability and environmental concerns. Despite many recent studies on windcatchers, there is no comprehensive study on the European climate context. To address the existing gap, this research takes the opportunity to explore and evaluate the passive cooling potential, thermal comfort, and IAQ performance of windcatchers in educational spaces across the capitals of 15 Western European countries. Furthermore, to address the lack of passive cooling indices in the current literature and provide in-depth insights into passive cooling performance, two new indices are defined: the “<strong>Passive Cooling Thermal Benefit (PCTB)</strong>” index and the “<strong>Indoor Heat Load Tolerance (IHLT)</strong>” index. CFD results demonstrate that windcatchers can efficiently satisfy the Adaptive model of ASHRAE 55, where indoor temperatures in all cities, except Rome and Madrid, remained lower than the maximum suggested by the standard. In addition, the calculation of passive cooling indicates a range from 0.7 kW in Rome to a maximum of 11.4 kW in Dublin. The impact of the windcatcher performance on IAQ parameters was also promising, as the flow rate of supplied fresh air in all cases exceeded 122 L/s, meeting the minimum recommendation of ASHRAE 62.1. A similar pattern was observed for CO₂ concentrations. Finally, this study concludes that the windcatcher can be an efficient natural ventilation strategy for providing thermal comfort and IAQ, supporting the sustainability targets of the European Union.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112848"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk assessment-based particle sensor location optimization for non-unidirectional cleanrooms concerning air distribution uncertainties","authors":"Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Kui Shan ,&nbsp;Shengwei Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112845","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112845","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air conditioning systems in cleanrooms require a huge amount of clean air to maintain the desired indoor air cleanliness, resulting in significant energy consumption. A major challenge in achieving energy-efficient control of such systems is obtaining accurate and reliable measurements of particle concentration which is essential for precisely controlling minimum but sufficient airflow rate. Therefore, this paper proposes a risk assessment-based method for optimizing particle sensor locations in non-unidirectional cleanrooms, addressing the limitations of conventional empirical methods for sensor placement. Two sensor performance indexes, \"systematic measurement bias\" and \"spatial violation risk\", are formulated to balance measurement accuracy and the risk of unsatisfactory air cleanliness at a sensor location. This optimization method is explored through experimentally validated computational fluid dynamics simulations based on a typical non-unidirectional cleanroom. The results show that the proposed method can be conveniently implemented to optimize the sensor location under various scenarios, and improve the particle monitoring performance by optimizing the number of sensors and the location of source. Compared to a commonly-used practical sensor placement method, the proposed method can reduce the spatial violation risk by 31 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112845"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of data-driven estimation models of village carbon emissions by built form factors: The study in Huaihe River Basin, China","authors":"Zhixin Li ,&nbsp;Siyao Wang ,&nbsp;Hong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yongzhong Chen ,&nbsp;Lianzheng He ,&nbsp;Bao-Jie He","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112846","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112846","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decarbonization of built environments is important for climate change mitigation, while most studies have been contextualized in urban areas. In China, village population accounts for about one-third of national population, demonstrating large potential of decarbonization. Focusing on the relationship between village carbon emissions and built form, this study aims to develop data-driven estimation models of village electricity carbon emissions and explore the contributions of built form factors. The models were developed upon linear regression, random forest, eXtreme gradient boosting, artificial neural networks, and deep neural network algorithms, based on the built form factors of 120 villages in Huaiyuan county, in Anhui Province, China. The results verified that the deep neural network had the best estimation capacity for village electricity carbon emissions. This model was further adopted to estimate village electricity carbon emissions in Huaihe River Basin, China. The results showed that the total annual village electricity carbon emissions in Huaihe River Basin were 633,753 ktCO₂, and the average annual village electricity carbon emissions were 2224 ktCO₂. Moreover, Shandong had the largest proportion of villages belonging to the primary carbon reduction villages with the highest carbon reduction needs. Land area was one of the key factors affecting village electricity carbon emissions. Overall, this study helps clarify village carbon emission in Huaihe River Basin and enables the formulation of village planning and design strategies for decarbonization.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112846"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143627857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spread of bidet toilet flushing-generated infectious aerosols in the cubicle of a public restroom","authors":"Yuanyuan Niu,&nbsp;Xiaohong Zheng,&nbsp;Jiayu Huang,&nbsp;Chenxue Song,&nbsp;Danting Luo,&nbsp;Haoren Qiu,&nbsp;Yongsheng Zhou,&nbsp;Hua Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112844","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112844","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In public restrooms cubicles, flushing bidet toilets can generate infectious aerosols, potentially spreading of bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. This study examines aerosol dispersion during bidet toilet flushing with the lid open and closed. Fluorescein sodium, simulating fecal matter, was seeded into the bidet toilet before flushing. Fluorescence intensity on surfaces, including the flush button, toilet lid, floor, walls, and breathing zone, was monitored, while aerosol concentrations (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) were measured by TSI dusttrak. Due to the limitations of aerosol sampling instruments, fluorescein sodium was used as a tracer to provide more cumulative and representative data. Results showed that aerosol deposition was significantly higher with the lid open, with total surface deposition 2.27 times greater than when closed. It is recommended to flush toilets with lids closed. If the lid must be opened, users should avoid touching the flush button and back right of the lid directly. When the previous user closes the toilet lid to flush, the next user should avoid touching the front right of the lid. With the lid open, the deposition of aerosols in the breathing zone decreased by 80.99% (log reduction = 0.72) at the 2nd minute compared to the peak in the 1st minute after flushing. Users are recommended to wait for 2 min after the early flush before entering bidet toilet cubicles. When covering the toilet lid, there was no significant aerosol deposition in the breathing zone. This further highlights the importance of flushing with the lid closed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 112844"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143593121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon capture, utilization and storage in buildings: Analysis of performance, social acceptance, policy measures, and the role of artificial intelligence","authors":"Youssef Elaouzy,&nbsp;Abdelghafour Zaabout","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112817","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112817","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is emerging as a promising solution to mitigate global CO₂ emissions from the industrial and energy sectors. This review delves into the prospects of CCUS technologies for application in buildings, highlighting their benefits and challenges, and examining their economic and environmental impacts. A case study is also provided to shed light on the impact of integrating direct air capture (DAC) into buildings on their energy bills and indoor air quality. The study emphasizes that DAC is a promising carbon capture technology in buildings, with a levelized cost of CO₂ capture using DAC in the range of 56–2499 and 262–535 $/tCO₂ for solid- and liquid-based DAC, respectively. As for the utilization of CO₂ captured within buildings, microalgae cultivation and construction materials manufacturing are the most researched pathways. In contrast, transporting captured CO₂ is currently focused on the industrial sector, dictating the need for implementing cost-effective approaches for connecting urban areas to the planned industrial CO₂ transport infrastructure when CO₂ geological storage is targeted. Although the CO₂ transport and storage approaches remain technically feasible, solutions based on local handling of CO₂, such as microalgae cultivation, plants, or its use as a feedstock for the production of locally oriented products, offer more realistic strategies that demand further exploration. Finally, the social acceptance aspects, the effect of policy measures, and the role of artificial intelligence in enhancing the widespread adaptation of these strategies from conventional industrial decarbonization purposes to building contexts are explored and discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 112817"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143580040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Elevated volatile organic compounds and odorant emissions from used air filters due to ozone exposure","authors":"Muhammad Azher Hassan ,&nbsp;Junjie Liu ,&nbsp;Jiaru Jiang ,&nbsp;Muhammad Faheem ,&nbsp;Miao Zhang ,&nbsp;Mingyao Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112826","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112826","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to current lifestyle trends and heightened sensitivity to health, particularly in the post-COVID-19 era, the importance of indoor air quality (IAQ) and odor emissions has increased. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are emitted from various indoor materials are significant air pollutants that adversely affect IAQ and occupant health. In this study, the interactions between ozone (O₃) and residential air filters are investigated to analyze VOC emissions and associated odor intensity (OI) via gas chromatography-olfactometry-mass spectrometry (GC-O-MS). In this study, G4, F7, and F9 air filters exposed to an average O₃ concentration of 100 ppb inside Tedlar bags for 8 hours resulted in significant increases in the VOCs. After O₃ exposure, the G4, F7, and F9 filters resulted in 2.7, 1.1, and 1.4 time increase in VOCs, respectively. Olfactometric analysis revealed a substantial increase in OI after O₃ exposure. The sum of the odor intensities (SOIs) increased from 3.84 to 4.57 in G4, from 3.93 to 4.37 in F7, and from 3.89 to 4.2 in F9. Aldehydes were major contributors to odor, and the key odorants were nonanal, toluene, and paraldehyde. These findings indicated that O₃ not only enhanced VOCs concentration but also intensified the odor issues; thus, targeted improvements are needed to increase IAQ and reduce health risks through improved ventilation systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 112826"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal distribution of environmental pollutants in high-occupancy buildings transitional spaces and exposure risk assessment for different flow paths","authors":"Yang Lv ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Wang ,&nbsp;Dan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112840","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112840","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As urbanization progresses, high-occupancy buildings have become the predominant urban residential form, but their transitional spaces may pose significant health risks. This study examines the temporal distribution of physical and chemical pollutants in these spaces and assesses exposure risks associated with resident flow. The results showed that the distribution of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC), and ozone is closely linked to residents' cooking and smoking behaviors, significantly increasing health risks on the same floor. Frequent carbon monoxide exceedances in elevator cars also indicates serious risks. The architectural design of transitional spaces shows efficacy in mitigating pollutants, with reductions of 9.8 %, 13.4 %, 36.5 %, and 90.4 % for PM_2.5, PM₁₀, TVOC, and ozone, respectively, from the apartment entrance to the foyer. Airflow patterns in the stairwell impact ozone and TVOC distribution, with pollutant molecular weight and reactivity being key factors in accumulation. This study used Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) to develop an exposure risk assessment model, identifying noise, TVOC, and ozone as the primary risk factors of the apartment building. In elevator car (high-risk area), noise and TVOC accounted for 5.1 % and 94.9 % of the independent risk, respectively. Additionally, the synergistic effects of multiple pollutants at apartment entrance were significant, contributing 16.8 % to overall risk and further exacerbating health hazards. Flow path analysis indicated the highest exposure risks during elevator use, emphasizing the need for improved ventilation systems. These findings provide a scientific basis for optimizing apartment environments, assessing exposure risks, and promoting sustainable building designs that prioritize health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 112840"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biophilic environment with auditory-olfactory stimuli contributes to psychophysiological restoration from stress","authors":"Hongyu Guan ,&nbsp;Xinyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Jilong Dong ,&nbsp;Rikang Shu ,&nbsp;Songtao Hu ,&nbsp;Zhen Tong","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biophilic design enhances physical and mental well-being by integrating natural elements and forms to activate humanity's innate biophilic instincts, providing a solution to address escalating stress in modern lifestyles. Compared to visual stimuli, auditory and olfactory stimuli provide more personalized experiences and portability, enabling private customization. This study aimed to investigate the effects of single and combined auditory and olfactory stimuli within biophilic environments on stress relief. 16 participants participated in the study. The experiment utilized traffic noise as a stressor to elicit stress, subsequently randomized to four recovery conditions: 1) auditory (birdsong and flowing water sound), 2) olfactory (sweet orange scent), 3) combined sensory stimuli, and 4) control environment. Physiological indicators, including electrocardiogram (ECG), electrodermal activity (EDA), and electroencephalogram (EEG) parameters, were used to assess nervous system function. Additionally, subjective questionnaires including Scale of Positive and Negative Experience (SPANE), sound perceptions, and odor pleasantness served as psychological indicators. Both physiological and psychological measures were employed to assess the impact of single or combined sensory stimuli on stress reduction. The findings revealed that noise-induced physiological and psychological stress responses, while a restorative environment designed with biophilic elements significantly facilitated recovery from these stress responses. Combined auditory-olfactory stimuli proved more effective in promoting recovery compared to individual sensory stimulation alone. This study provides important references for the practical application of biophilic design and offers theoretical support for the creation of healthy indoor environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"275 ","pages":"Article 112830"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}