Building and Environment最新文献

{"title":"An adaptive comfort equation of human heat balance: Based on physiological and thermosensory adaptations","authors":"Lianfei Zhuang,&nbsp;Ke Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112951","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112951","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>After long-term exposure to warm or hot environments, the rate of sweat generation decreases. This phenomenon is investigated using physiological and thermosensory adaptations. Because the neutral skin temperatures calculated with Fanger's comfort equation of human heat balance is almost always greater than those calculated with local skin temperatures, the neutral skin temperatures calculated using Fanger's comfort equation of human heat balance is likely to be higher than the actual neutral skin temperatures. Furthermore, Fanger's comfort equation of human heat balance does not take into account the effects of physiological and thermosensory adaptations on physiological responses such as regulatory sweating and neutral skin temperature. As a result, an adaptive comfort equation of human heat balance was proposed, which uses different empirical formulas than Fanger's comfort equation of human heat balance and accounts for the effects of physiological and thermosensory adaptations on regulatory sweating and neutral skin temperature. The results show that after long-term exposure to warm or hot conditions, regulatory sweating decreases due to thermosensory adaptation (also known as thermoreceptor adaptation); despite ignoring the effects of physiological adaptation, the adaptive comfort equation of human heat balance developed in this study can accurately calculate indoor neutral or comfort temperature in a variety of buildings, indicating that physiological adaptation has little effect on human thermal comfort in relatively moderate environments found in buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112951"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the carbon footprint of a hospital from the dynamic life cycle perspective:A case study in Shanghai","authors":"Yongkui Li ,&nbsp;Yong Zha ,&nbsp;Minhao Li ,&nbsp;Lili Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The healthcare industry is a major contributor to global carbon footprint, with hospitals playing a key role in promoting low-carbon strategies to mitigate climate change. This study introduces a dynamic assessment model for the life cycle carbon footprint of hospitals, improving upon previous studies that focused only on specific stages. The model includes five components: goal and scope definition, Building Information Modeling (BIM) module, dynamic inventory database, dynamic calculation, and interpretation. To improve accuracy, the model integrates multiple data sources, including BIM, public databases, relevant reports and literature, surveys, historical record, and geographic information systems (GIS). The model also integrates four dynamic factors, detailing their role in establishing the inventory dataset of dynamic consumption and carbon footprint factors. The applicability and accuracy of the model were validated through a case study of an emergency complex in Shanghai, where dynamic factors were shown to significantly affect the hospital's carbon footprint (48 %). The case study revealed that the operation stage was the largest contributor (73.1 %) to the total carbon footprint, with medical equipment systems accounting for 43.3 % and conventional energy-consuming systems contributing more than 50 %. This study provides a more accurate and comprehensive method for assessing the carbon footprint of hospitals, offering critical insights for decision-making on carbon reduction initiatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112950"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143768491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of heat storage on urban thermal environment and surface energy balance by scaled outdoor experiments","authors":"Longhao Ren ,&nbsp;Liyue Zeng ,&nbsp;Jian Hang ,&nbsp;Guanwen Chen ,&nbsp;Hanying Dong ,&nbsp;Yuguang Zhao ,&nbsp;Na Zhao ,&nbsp;Hua Yuan ,&nbsp;Shaojia Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112952","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112952","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Heat storage (<span><math><mrow><mstyle><mi>Δ</mi></mstyle><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>) is a crucial component of the urban surface energy balance (USEB) and urban thermal environment. However, the estimation of <span><math><mrow><mstyle><mi>Δ</mi></mstyle><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> in real urban environments is associated with significant uncertainty. As a novelty, we conducted a scaled outdoor experiment to investigate the impact of <span><math><mrow><mstyle><mi>Δ</mi></mstyle><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> on the urban thermal environment and USEB under different sky conditions. The experiment performed a comparative analysis using Case Water (water models with high thermal mass) and Case Hollow (hollow models with low thermal mass). Compared with Case Hollow, the daily heat storage in Case Water increases by 0.26 MJm⁻² day⁻¹, resulting in a lower daily temperature range (<em>DTR</em>). The difference in <em>DTR</em> between Case Water and Case Hollow is 3.6 °C (clear sky), 2.8 °C (partially cloudy sky), and 1.4 °C (cloudy sky). As the cloud cover increases, the effect of increased <span><math><mrow><mstyle><mi>Δ</mi></mstyle><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> in reducing <em>DTR</em> becomes less significant. The impact of sky conditions on <span><math><mrow><mstyle><mi>Δ</mi></mstyle><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>/<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mo>*</mo></msup></math></span> (heat storage/net radiation) is minimal (37.5 %, 37.8 %, 35.6 % for clear sky, partially cloudy sky and cloudy sky, respectively). Furthermore, <span><math><mrow><mstyle><mi>Δ</mi></mstyle><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>/<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mo>*</mo></msup></math></span> shows a clear negative correlation with friction velocity (<em>u</em>_*), with the influence of <em>u</em>_* becoming more pronounced as the cloud cover increases. <em>u</em>_* explains approximately 30 % of the variation in <span><math><mrow><mstyle><mi>Δ</mi></mstyle><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>/<span><math><msup><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mo>*</mo></msup></math></span>. This study enhances our understanding of how <span><math><mrow><mstyle><mi>Δ</mi></mstyle><msub><mi>Q</mi><mi>S</mi></msub></mrow></math></span> influences the urban thermal environment, while also providing high-quality data to support numerical simulations and theoretical models.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112952"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143786174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to “Experimental and CFD study of air distribution system and airflow rate impact on airborne transmission” [Building and Environment, Volume 271 (2025) 112588]","authors":"Borut Omerzo ,&nbsp;Tea Zakula ,&nbsp;Leon R. Glicksman","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112886","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112886","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112886"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739698","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Does the carbon emission trading system facilitate public building carbon dioxide emission reduction in China?","authors":"Weina Zhu ,&nbsp;Tianzheng Luo ,&nbsp;Tianpeng Wang ,&nbsp;Zhi Sun ,&nbsp;Xiaodong Li","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112953","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112953","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a quantitative environmental regulation method, carbon emission trading system (CETS) aims to reduce carbon emission at a low cost. However, whether the pilot policy effectively reduces the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission in the public building sector in China remains uncertain. This study examines the impact of pilot CETS on CO₂ emissions reduction of public buildings by employing a difference-in-differences (DID) model using provincial data from 2008 to 2020. And it also identifies the mechanisms behind CETS's influence through a mediating effect model. The key findings include: (1) the pilot CETS reduces CO₂ emission intensity of the public buildings; (2) green technology innovation is the primary channel through which CETS promotes CO₂ emission reduction of public buildings; (3) heterogeneity analysis presents that the emission reduction effects vary geographically, with a more pronounced effect in northern pilot regions; additionally, the emission reduction effects also alter depending on energy types, with electricity-related emissions reduction proving more suitable for the CETS than fossil fuel emission. This paper provides empirical evidence of the effectiveness of pilot CETS policy in reducing CO₂ emission in the public building sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112953"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can large language models replace human experts? Effectiveness and limitations in building energy retrofit challenges assessment","authors":"Linyan Chen ,&nbsp;Amos Darko ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Albert P.C. Chan ,&nbsp;Qiang Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Retrofitting existing buildings is essential to improve energy efficiency and achieve carbon neutrality in the fight against global climate change. Large language models (LLMs) have recently attracted significant attention for their ability to process data efficiently. While LLMs have emerged as useful tools for various tasks, their potential to replace human experts in assessing building energy retrofit challenges remains unexplored. This research explores the potential of replacing human experts with LLMs by evaluating four mainstream LLM chatbots and comparing their performance against a human expert benchmark through semantic similarity and text correlation metrics. It answers the research question: can LLMs replace human experts in assessing the challenges to building energy retrofits? Prompt engineering techniques, including zero-shot and chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, were employed to guide LLM responses. Results show that LLMs perform well in identifying challenges but are less reliable in ranking them. CoT prompting improves challenge ranking accuracy but does not enhance challenge identification. Incorporating domain-specific knowledge in prompts significantly enhances LLM performance, whereas prompts designed to simulate experts have notable limitations in improving LLM performance. Furthermore, there are no significant performance differences among LLMs, including their advanced versions. While LLMs can streamline the initial identification of building energy retrofit challenges, they cannot fully replace expert judgment in ranking challenges due to their lack of tacit knowledge. This research provides valuable insight into the capabilities and limitations of LLMs in the challenge assessment, offering practical guidance for industry practitioners seeking to integrate LLMs into their building energy efficiency practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"276 ","pages":"Article 112891"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143735049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wearing a mask reduces cognitive performance at neutral temperatures: Evidence from climate chamber experiments on heat acclimatized subjects in China","authors":"Xiaoyue Lang ,&nbsp;Weiwei Liu ,&nbsp;David P. Wyon ,&nbsp;Pawel Wargocki","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112949","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While wearing a mask may reduce the risk of contracting respiratory infectious diseases, it may have some negative side-effects. Few studies have systematically explored whether current indoor comfort temperature standards still apply to the special situation of wearing a mask indoors. To address this issue, we conducted climate chamber experiments. The experimental settings included three temperature conditions (24 °C, 26 °C and 30 °C), and two mask conditions (wearing and not wearing a surgical mask). The relative humidity was maintained at 60 % in all 6 conditions. During the 170-minute mask-wearing period, the cognitive performance, physiological parameters and subjective assessments of 12 males and 12 females were compared in a repeated-measures experiment to explore the effects of temperature and mask-wearing. The results show that at a neutral temperature of 26 °C (but not at 24 °C or 30 °C), wearing a surgical mask significantly reduced speed in the multiplication test and accuracy in the Stroop test during some test periods, with increased cardiac variability and end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration suggesting that the mechanism for the effect was that wearing a mask had undesirable respiratory and cardiovascular consequences that caused our subjects to exert less effort. Wearing a mask did not affect the perceived air quality or the overall or local thermal sensation. The present results suggest that a slightly cool or slightly warm environment may have masked the impact of wearing a surgical mask, but more studies are necessary to confirm this observation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112949"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Student perception of school soundscapes and wellbeing: A mixed methods examination of natural and musical sounds","authors":"Hatice Kurukose Cal ,&nbsp;Francesco Aletta ,&nbsp;Jian Kang ,&nbsp;Peter Clarke","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112946","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112946","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores the effects of natural and musical sounds on students’ sound perception and wellbeing within school environments. The methodology encompassed quantitative and qualitative methods, including pre- and post-intervention questionnaires, structured observations during the interventions, interviews and measurements. A total of 242 students completed a baseline questionnaire, followed by 275 students after a natural sound intervention and 236 after a music intervention. In total, 163 traceable questionnaires were available across all three phases. Additionally, interviews with four staff members, based on their observation,s provided qualitative insights. A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of the interventions on Comfort (F(2486)=5.62,<em>p</em> = 0.004) and Content (F(2486)=4.87,<em>p</em> = 0.009) with the music intervention showing the highest increase. However, Wellbeing scores remained stable across conditions (F(2486)=1.02,<em>p</em> = 0.36). Qualitative data revealed that natural sounds masked disruptive noises, fostering a calmer environment, while musical sounds elicited mixed reactions, with some students feeling engaged and others distracted. Teachers noted reduced noise disturbances, particularly during the natural sound intervention. Soundscape perception analysis indicated that both interventions enhanced students' auditory experiences, increasing overall soundscape satisfaction. These findings highlight the potential of sound interventions to improve school environments, particularly in terms of comfort and content.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112946"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143791208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental study on the purification performance of sterilization-Trombe walls with and without fins in the heating season","authors":"Hongju Meng ,&nbsp;Jie Ji ,&nbsp;Hao Xie ,&nbsp;Hengmin Jia ,&nbsp;Yu Qian ,&nbsp;Jiyao Li ,&nbsp;Yan Mu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112948","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112948","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Indoor bioaerosol in winter will lead to frequent respiratory diseases, influenza and other diseases, and thermal sterilization technology is an important sterilization technology. The combination of thermal sterilization technology and Trombe wall for indoor heating can realize the thermal sterilization of indoor air in winter at the same time, which is of great significance for indoor comfort and safety. However, there is still a lack of actual research reports to study this aspect, so this paper sets up the experimental platform of traditional Trombe wall system (TSTW) and finned Trombe wall system (FSTW), and studies the effect of the two systems on indoor bacteria in winter. The change of indoor bacterial concentration with time under different temperature conditions was studied, and the inactivation effect of the two systems was analyzed and compared. The results show that: in both systems, the single inactivation rate of bacteria increased with the increase of temperature. At 75 °C, the single inactivation rates of <em>K. pneumoniae</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em> in TSTW and FSTW systems were 0.47 and 0.78, 0.71 and 0.87, respectively. For TSTW and FSTW systems, at low temperature of 45 °C, the indoor bacterial concentration of FSTW system decreases faster than that of TSTW system; however, at high temperature, because TSTW system has a larger amount of heat exchange air, the indoor bacterial concentration of TSTW system decreases faster than that of FSTW system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"277 ","pages":"Article 112948"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143759515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental and numerical investigation of an efficient oxygen supply device for improving the sleep environment at high altitudes","authors":"Xuan Zhang,&nbsp;Angui Li,&nbsp;Yuanqing Ma,&nbsp;Haiguo Yin,&nbsp;Meiou Liu,&nbsp;Shusen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.112909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypoxic environments at high altitudes can cause severe sleep disorders in nonlocal personnel. However, existing oxygen supply methods are plagued by discomfort, restricted movement and inefficiency. To alleviate the above disadvantages, this study presents an efficient wall attachment oxygen supply device (WAOS-D) to improve the oxygen environment during sleep. The flow characteristics of jet, including the jet trajectory of the WAOS-D, were revealed by experimental and numerical methods. Furthermore, semi-empirical formulas for centerline velocity and concentration decay were obtained, which provides clear guidance on WAOS-D design under different operating condition, such as different altitudes. The WAOS-D was compared with the full-space diffuse oxygen supply (FDOS) method and traditional local diffuse oxygen supply (LDOS) method in terms of the oxygen enrichment effects. The results showed that after 1 hour of oxygen supply, the oxygen concentrations at the optimal breathing point of WAOS-D, FDOS, and LDOS were 25.6 %vol, 22.7 %vol, and 22.0%vol. The oxygen rise rates of the WAOS-D were 2.7 and 4.6 times higher than those of the FDOS and LDOS, respectively. The LDOS method showed the highest inhomogeneity coefficient within the breathing zone, followed by FDOS and WAOS-D, indicating that WAOS-D provides the best oxygen enrichment uniformity. The study indicated that the WAOS-D could efficiently create a comfortable and uniform oxygen-enriched environment during sleep. The current study motivates further research on the efficient oxygen supply method at high altitudes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"278 ","pages":"Article 112909"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143824276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}