Building and Environment最新文献_第9页

Optimal design of a solar and geothermal system for improving the indoor thermal environment of temporary houses in cold climates 改善寒冷气候条件下临时住宅室内热环境的太阳能和地热系统优化设计

IF 7.6 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113697

Wei Han , Yongcai Li , Fangqi Lu , Sheng Li , Wuyan Li , Zixiong Qin

{"title":"Optimal design of a solar and geothermal system for improving the indoor thermal environment of temporary houses in cold climates","authors":"Wei Han , Yongcai Li , Fangqi Lu , Sheng Li , Wuyan Li , Zixiong Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113697","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113697","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Temporary prefabricated houses (TPHs) have been widely used as emergency shelter to protect the disaster-affected people from the surrounding harsh climatic environment. However, the TPHs face the issues of low indoor temperature and inadequate ventilation in cold climates. This study investigated and maximized the performance of a novel passive solar and shallow-geothermal system in order to effectively deliver fresh air and improve indoor temperature for TPHs in cold climates. A full-scale experimental platform was established in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China, and the local weather is characterized by long and severely cold winter. Short-term field measurement indicated that the proposed heating system effectively elevated the indoor thermal environment of the TPH, and the average indoor air temperature was 5.0 °C. Furthermore, a numerical study was performed to maximize the system heating performance. After the entire heating season operation, the average soil temperature was increased by 0.7 °C, while the outlet air temperature was increased by up to 28.5 °C compared to outdoor air temperature. The average indoor temperature was increased by 5.4 °C. More importantly, with the optimized system operated continuously, its performance became more pronounced. The increment in average daily indoor temperature changed from approximately 3.5 to 7.1 °C from early heating season to late heating season.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113697"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099948","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Ensuring accurate outdoor thermal comfort research: How to select representative measurement sites for local climate zone 确保准确的室外热舒适研究：如何选择有代表性的当地气候带测点

IF 7.6 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113699

Xilin Zhou , Yuting Yang , Qinli Deng , Meng Cai , Chuancheng Li , Mengyang Liu , Zhiqiang (John) Zhai

{"title":"Ensuring accurate outdoor thermal comfort research: How to select representative measurement sites for local climate zone","authors":"Xilin Zhou , Yuting Yang , Qinli Deng , Meng Cai , Chuancheng Li , Mengyang Liu , Zhiqiang (John) Zhai","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113699","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113699","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification has been widely applied to explore urban outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) patterns at the city scale. However, its applicability to represent microscale thermal conditions within individual LCZs remains underexplored. This study evaluates the applicability of LCZ morphological properties for microscale OTC assessment, using a typical open mid-rise residential area (LCZ5) in Wuhan, China, as a case study to assess the spatial variability of OTC within a LCZ. A hierarchical clustering method was used to classify different microscale spatial units, followed by correlation and multiple regression analyses to examine the relationships between LCZ morphological parameters and three objective thermal indices (PET, UTCI, SET*).. Results showed substantial spatial variability in OTC conditions within the LCZ, despite relatively uniform air temperatures. Among all parameters, the sky view factor showed the strongest correlation with thermal indices, underscoring the critical role of solar exposure. Building height and surface fraction were also significantly associated with shading effects, thus the OTC of LCZ5. The regression models explained up to 82% of the variance in mean OTC, with different LCZ parameters showing optimal influence at distinct spatial radii. Based on these findings, we propose suggestions for microscale OTC prediction using LCZ classifications, emphasizing careful site selection to ensure representative measurements, facilitating the practical application of LCZ concepts in climate-sensitive urban planning at street and block scales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113699"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Comprehensive feasibility evaluation of decontamination technologies in HVAC systems using DEMATEL-CRITIC combined weighting and ideal cloud model 利用DEMATEL-CRITIC组合加权和理想云模型对暖通空调系统净化技术进行综合可行性评估

IF 7.6 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113701

Lanjing Xu, Qiuyue Lv, Mingyuan Qin, Hua Su, Subei Bu, Haibin He

{"title":"Comprehensive feasibility evaluation of decontamination technologies in HVAC systems using DEMATEL-CRITIC combined weighting and ideal cloud model","authors":"Lanjing Xu, Qiuyue Lv, Mingyuan Qin, Hua Su, Subei Bu, Haibin He","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113701","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113701","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the field of decontamination technology, previous evaluations mainly focused on decontamination rates or economies. Most existing evaluation methods for decontamination technologies are one-dimensional and lack a systematic framework. An ideal cloud model is proposed to conduct comprehensive feasibility evaluation that considered cost-effectiveness, health duality, and operability. The subjective and objective indicator weights are obtained using Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) and Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) approaches, while the combined weights are determined using game theory. A case study is conducted on an office building in Chengdu Incubation Park to evaluate the comprehensive feasibility of seven decontamination technologies. The results demonstrate that, from a single perspective, plasma technology presents the highest economic benefits (52 USD/m²) and ultraviolet technology shows superior health duality (HI = 0). In a multi-dimensional evaluation, ultraviolet technology is optimal, signifying its excellent application feasibility. Cost (0.259) and operability (0.214) possess the highest weights and are priority factors for decontamination techniques. The novelty of the ideal cloud model lies in its integration of the Cloud Model's (CM) capability to handle fuzzy information with the ranking advantages of the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), thus providing a realistic and effective method for selecting optimal decontamination technology. Stability analysis shows that when the model parameter hyper-entropy fluctuates by ±20 %, ±40 %, ±60 %, and ±80 % from the baseline value, the evaluation outcomes remain consistently stable. This research establishes a comprehensive framework for evaluating the application feasibility of decontamination technologies to support informed decision-making.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113701"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145108395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Accelerating Large Eddy Simulations of Urban Airflow with Generative Adversarial Networks 基于生成对抗网络的城市气流加速大涡模拟

IF 7.6 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113622

Giovanni Calzolari , Wei Liu

{"title":"Accelerating Large Eddy Simulations of Urban Airflow with Generative Adversarial Networks","authors":"Giovanni Calzolari , Wei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113622","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113622","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents a deep learning framework designed to accelerate Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of airflow in urban environments. The framework leverages physics constrained conditional Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) trained on instantaneous velocity snapshots from a synthetically generated dataset comprising 130 high-fidelity CFD simulations of simple building configurations. By learning the mapping from early-stage flow fields to their statistically steady-state counterparts, the framework allows the simulation to bypass the lengthy transient averaging phase and predict the final time-averaged fields directly. Two GAN-based architectures are explored: a conventional convolutional model operating on structured uniform grids (Grid-GAN), and a graph-based model (Graph-GAN) that utilizes Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), specifically Graph Attention Networks (GATs), to process unstructured CFD mesh data while preserving native spatial connectivity. Both approaches are integrated into a fully automated pipeline built exclusively on open-source tools, including OpenFOAM for CFD simulations, FreeCAD and ParaView for preprocessing, and PyTorch for deep learning model development and training. Results demonstrate that the proposed models can significantly reduce LES computational costs while retaining accuracy in predicting turbulent flow characteristics. The Graph-GAN, in particular, shows enhanced adaptability and physical consistency due to its ability to exploit mesh refinements in critical regions. This work lays the foundation for the development of robust, physics-informed surrogate models and supports the growing integration of deep learning with scientific simulations in fluid mechanics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113622"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145100286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Field measurements of fine and ultrafine particle penetration factors in Chicago residences 芝加哥住宅中细颗粒和超细颗粒渗透系数的现场测量

IF 7.6 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113700

Saeed Farhoodi , Haoran Zhao , Mohammad Heidarinejad , Brent Stephens

{"title":"Field measurements of fine and ultrafine particle penetration factors in Chicago residences","authors":"Saeed Farhoodi , Haoran Zhao , Mohammad Heidarinejad , Brent Stephens","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Much of human exposure to fine and ultrafine particulate matter of outdoor origin occurs inside buildings, particularly in residences. The penetration factor of particles through leaks in a building’s exterior enclosure assembly is a key parameter that governs their infiltration and persistence (i.e., infiltration factor). Yet, experimental data for particle penetration factors in real buildings remain limited. Here we describe targeted field experiments to measure fine (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) and ultrafine particle (UFP) deposition loss rate constants (<em>k</em>) and penetration factors (<em>P</em>) from time-resolved data in a variety of single-family and multi-family homes in Chicago, IL USA with a range of vintages and building envelope characteristics. A grid-search-based algorithmic method was developed to estimate <em>k</em> and associated uncertainty; a discretized linear regression was used to estimate <em>P</em>. Mean (SD) estimates of <em>P</em> in 18 housing units from the Chicago building stock with doors and windows closed were 0.63 (0.16) for PM<sub>2.5</sub> (ranging 0.34–0.90; mean ± SD uncertainty: 19±10%) and 0.62 (0.20) for UFP (ranging 0.24–0.94; mean ± SD uncertainty: 9±6%). In a subset of experiments conducted in 9 homes both before and after receiving energy efficiency retrofits (e.g., air sealing and insulation, with mean envelope leakage decreasing only ∼16%), there were no significant differences in estimates of <em>P</em> for either PM<sub>2.5</sub> or UFP. Parameter estimates were robust and not sensitive to several potential sources of bias. Estimates of <em>P</em> were not strongly associated with any building leakage characteristics, suggesting that <em>P</em> may not be easily predicted from simpler measures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113700"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145156674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Construction of a fast 2D simulation model from 3D for subway tunnels with mass flow conservation under information entropy guidance 信息熵引导下具有质量守恒的地铁隧道三维快速二维仿真模型构建

IF 7.6 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113703

Dongdong Tian , Jing Wang , Fusuo Xu , Jianshun Zhang , Zhi Gao , Mingjie Zhang , Fanzheng Meng , Zizhen Zhao , Xiaodong Zhu

{"title":"Construction of a fast 2D simulation model from 3D for subway tunnels with mass flow conservation under information entropy guidance","authors":"Dongdong Tian , Jing Wang , Fusuo Xu , Jianshun Zhang , Zhi Gao , Mingjie Zhang , Fanzheng Meng , Zizhen Zhao , Xiaodong Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113703","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113703","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Rapidly simulating aerodynamic phenomena such as piston wind in subway tunnels is of significant importance for passenger comfort, air quality, and system operational efficiency. While three-dimensional (3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations can accurately capture flow field characteristics, their high computational cost severely limits engineering applications, especially in scenarios requiring rapid pollutant dispersion analysis and real-time emergency response. To overcome this bottleneck, this study introduces information entropy theory to analyze the information distribution patterns of 3D subway tunnel flow fields. By combining this with mass conservation and blockage ratio equivalence principles, a two-dimensional (2D) subway tunnel model was constructed. The results show that the flow field entropy is highest in the longitudinal (x-direction), followed by the transverse (y-direction), and lowest in the vertical (z-direction), providing a scientific theoretical basis for dimensionality reduction to the x-y plane. The constructed 2D x-y model precisely retains the mass flow rate information of the 3D flow field (relative error ≤ 5 %). This study then proceeded to replicate the velocity and pressure trends, finding that its accuracy in reconstructing velocity is superior to that of the 2D model based on hydraulic diameter. This method reduces computation time by 99 %, from 17 h to 0.16 h, offering a novel and efficient computational method for subway tunnel aerodynamics research and offers theoretical support for optimizing subway system performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113703"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

MPC-based joint optimization for rack-based cooling data centers: Modeling, performance evaluation, and time-delay characteristic analysis 基于mpc的机架冷却数据中心联合优化：建模、性能评估和时延特性分析

IF 7.6 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113695

Jiaqiang Wang , Weiqi Deng , Chang Yue , Weike Ding , Liping Zeng , Wen Su

{"title":"MPC-based joint optimization for rack-based cooling data centers: Modeling, performance evaluation, and time-delay characteristic analysis","authors":"Jiaqiang Wang , Weiqi Deng , Chang Yue , Weike Ding , Liping Zeng , Wen Su","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To meet the high heat dissipation requirements of IT equipment, the cooling system requires continuous operation in data centers. However, lack of efficient control strategies poses a dual challenge of high energy consumption and risk of sever downtime due to deviation from thermal environment. This paper proposed an innovative joint optimization method based on model predictive control (MPC-based) for rack-based cooling data centers, which can realize collaborative optimization of cooling system operating parameters and server workload scheduling in rack level. Dynamic heat transfer models were developed to represent the thermal inertia of cooling system and IT equipment, predicting the spatiotemporal variation of thermal environment. The primary objectives are to minimize the energy consumption of the cooling system, and ensure effective control of the thermal environment. The energy management and thermal management performance of the proposed method was comprehensively evaluated through simulation and comparative experiments. The impact of time-delay characteristics on the predictive control performance were first analyzed with different prediction horizons in rack-based cooling data centers. The results show that the proposed joint optimization method has significant advantages in maintaining temperature stability and uniformity, and the energy saving of the cooling system is up to 19.39 %. Further analysis of time-delay characteristics reveals that the thermal inertia of the cooling system and IT equipment affects the control performance. With the extension of the prediction horizon, up to 3.26 % of energy consumption can be further saved for the data center.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113695"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fast fluid dynamics simulation of the effect of a single tree canopy on microclimates considering variations in solar position 考虑太阳位置变化的单个树冠对小气候影响的快速流体动力学模拟

IF 7.6 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113698

Ruibin Li , Jianlei Niu , Yi Zhao , Yan Wu , Liangzhu Leon Wang , Xing Shi , Naiping Gao

{"title":"Fast fluid dynamics simulation of the effect of a single tree canopy on microclimates considering variations in solar position","authors":"Ruibin Li , Jianlei Niu , Yi Zhao , Yan Wu , Liangzhu Leon Wang , Xing Shi , Naiping Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113698","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113698","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Trees play a crucial role in regulating microclimates, and numerical simulation has been recognized as an effective tool for studying their regulatory mechanisms. However, conventional methods often require substantial computational time to simulate interactions between trees and microclimates due to the morphological complexity of trees and the nonlinear nature of thermal and moisture processes. Moreover, dynamic coupling mechanisms under diurnal variations in solar altitude and azimuth have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, the wind, thermal, and moisture source terms of trees were incorporated into the Fast Fluid Dynamics (FFD) method to evaluate its computational accuracy and efficiency, as well as to investigate the interactions between a single tree canopy and microclimates under varying solar positions. The results show that FFD method improves computational speed by approximately 62 % compared with conventional methods. During the daytime, trees exert varying degrees of influence on microclimates, with regulatory effects strengthening as leaf area density (LAD) increases and stomatal resistance decreases. Additionally, dynamic changes in solar altitude and azimuth generate spatiotemporal variations in the microclimate regulation provided by the tree canopy. Under simulated conditions with an LAD of 10.0 m<sup>2</sup>/m<sup>3</sup> and a minimum stomatal resistance of 50 s/m, the maximum cooling effect at 12:00 reaches 0.49 °C on the sunlit side, compared with 0.43 °C on the shaded side, accompanied by a relative humidity difference of 0.52 %. This study enhances the computational efficiency of simulating the impact of trees on microclimate and addresses a research gap regarding their effects under varying solar positions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113698"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Efficient liquid desiccant dehumidification system using a natural cooling source for solution regeneration 高效液体干燥剂除湿系统采用自然冷却源进行溶液再生

IF 7.6 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113696

Chenjiyu Liang , Xianting Li

{"title":"Efficient liquid desiccant dehumidification system using a natural cooling source for solution regeneration","authors":"Chenjiyu Liang , Xianting Li","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113696","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113696","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Traditional liquid-desiccant dehumidification systems use high-humidity outdoor air for regeneration, leading to low efficiencies during humid summers. Using return air for solution regeneration lowers regeneration temperatures and saves energy, but does not fully utilize natural cooling sources. This study proposes a system that uses a natural cooling source to cool circulation air for solution regeneration (not using outside air or exhaust air for regeneration) and compares its performance with both traditional and return air based regeneration systems. Numerical models of the heat exchangers, packing towers, and compressors were developed and validated. Using the climate of Beijing, China as a case study, system performance was simulated under varying outdoor environmental conditions and natural cooling source temperatures, and compared with systems utilizing outdoor air and return air for solution regeneration. Results indicate that under the summer design condition, the proposed system performs effectively when the natural cooling source is below 20 °C. The system efficiency decreases as the temperature of the natural cooling source increases. Using a 16 °C cooling source can reduce energy consumption by 3 % and 45 % compared to the return-air and outdoor-air regeneration systems, respectively. When the natural cooling source temperature remains at 16 °C, the proposed system saves energy compared to the traditional system throughout most of the summer, except during low-humidity periods. This study further proposes a hybrid system that combines natural cooling and outdoor air for solution regeneration. This configuration enables the regeneration unit to switch between natural cooling and outdoor air as needed, improving overall energy efficiency.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113696"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099938","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Real touch behaviors and control strategies of norovirus transmission among young children in kindergarten: An on-site investigation and intervention study 幼儿园幼儿诺如病毒传播的真实接触行为与控制策略：一项现场调查与干预研究

IF 7.6 1区工程技术

Building and Environment Pub Date : 2025-09-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113690

Minghan Yang , Zhiyang Dou , Wei Liu , Xian Li , Nan Zhang

{"title":"Real touch behaviors and control strategies of norovirus transmission among young children in kindergarten: An on-site investigation and intervention study","authors":"Minghan Yang , Zhiyang Dou , Wei Liu , Xian Li , Nan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113690","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113690","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Fomite transmission represents a major route for norovirus outbreaks, especially in kindergartens, where children’s frequent and complex touch behaviors, immature immunity, and extendedindoor stays increase infection risks. However, empirical data on children’s touch behaviors remain scarce. In this study, red-green-blue-depth cameras were employed to monitor 26 children (aged 2.5–7 years) across five kindergarten scenarios in China, recording more than 1.08 million touch events. A Markov chain model based on real touch data was developed to evaluate infection risks and the effectiveness of interventions. Children touched public surfaces (i.e., shared objects such as books and toy cars) more frequently than personal surfaces (i.e., items assigned to individual children). On average, children touched their mouths 39 times per hour in the dining area. Virus transmission ability (VTA) — defined as the percentage of viral load transferred through a surface relative to the total viral load generated by the infected individual, was positively correlated with touch frequency on public surfaces (<em>r</em> = 0.862, <em>p</em> < 0.001), with sensory integration training equipment exhibiting the highest VTA (382.7 %). Assuming the presence of one infected child per scenario, the classroom exhibited the highest infection rate (1.0 %/min) among young children. Handwashing reduced infection risk among susceptible children by up to 51.5 % (efficiency = 99 %), making it considerably more effective than surface disinfection. This study provides quantitative evidence linking children’s touch behaviors to norovirus infection risks via fomite transmission, thereby supporting targeted prevention strategies in kindergarten settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9273,"journal":{"name":"Building and Environment","volume":"286 ","pages":"Article 113690"},"PeriodicalIF":7.6,"publicationDate":"2025-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0