American journal of environmental engineering最新文献

{"title":"Application of Geographic Information System (GIS) in Accuracy Assessment of Existing Land Use Map a Case Study of Enugu Area, South-Eastern Nigeria","authors":"A. Onunkwo-A., P. NwankwoG.IUzoijeA., N. OkerekeC.","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120204.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120204.01","url":null,"abstract":"It is suspected that continuous building collapses within Enugu area is due to faulty landuse map. This work aims at employing geographic information system principles to assess the validity of the existing landuse map of Enugu area. Three landuse options were considered (Industrial, residential and waste). The study was undertaken using Arc view 3.2a academic, Excel Statistical Software and autocard software of GIS. A total of 12 landuse determinants were selected as thematic data layers and basic factors influencing the choice of industrial, residential and waste disposal landuses. Soil characteristics and geology were integrated into the thematic maps to facilitate the weighting of the basic determinants. The thematic layers were weighted on a scale of 0% - 100% and 0-2 inclusive, using the criteria obtained from field work and laboratory investigation. The thematic layers for each landuse were subjected to overlay using arc view software overlay model builder. The operation yielded three (3) different landuse maps (Industrial, residential and wasted disposal,) which were further superimposed to produce a composite landuse map useful for regional and urban planning. Correlation with existing landuse map, exposed a lot of limitations of the existing landuse map. All the residential and industrial areas of the existing landuse map fall within the low capacity areas of the present study. Areas selected as open space by the existing landuse map correspond to the areas of industrial and residential land uses of the present study. Areas limited for use by the present study due to hazards of flooding, landslide, fault and gully erosion were not considered by the existing landuse map, rather they were mapped out for industrial, residential and partly as open space. The existing landuse map has no provision for waste disposal. The present study shows that areas to the West, Southwest and Southeast are highly suitable for industrial and residential landuses. The limitations of the existing landuse map exposed by the present study must have accounted for the cases of building collapses in the area.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"69-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71249927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization of Odorants in an Air Wet Scrubber Using Direct Aqueous Injection-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (DAI-GC-MS) and Solid Phase Extraction (SPE-GC)","authors":"N. Abu-Khalaf, K. Haselmann","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120203.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120203.04","url":null,"abstract":"One of the biological methods to reduce odours emission from livestock buildings is bioscrubber. Characteri- zation (identification and quantification) of key odorants from an air wet scrubber in livestock buildings is presented. The key odorants represent five chemical groups, i.e. sulphides, alcohols, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), phenols and indoles. Direct aqueous injection (DAI) and solid phase extraction (SPE) methods were used for sample preparation before injecting the samples into the gas chromatography. Gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was used for identification and quantification of samples prepared by DAI and SPE. The SPE method had a high recovery (i.e. 89-100%). However, DAI showed a better linearity, a lower limit of detection (LOD) and a lower limit of quantification (LOQ) than the SPE method. The DAI method was preferred for identification and quantification as it is cheaper, easier to handle, without sample prep- aration and highly applicable. For at least two odorants, i.e. phenol and 1-butanol, LOD and LOQ were below literature values for odorants detection limits in livestock buildings. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to verify the identification of odorants, prepared by DAI, according to their m/z values.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"58-68"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71249878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gibbs Free Energies, Enthalpies and Entropies of Transfer for Reference Ions Ph 4 As + and Ph 4 B - in Mixed DMFA-H 2 O Solvents at Different Temperatures","authors":"E. Gomaa","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120203.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120203.03","url":null,"abstract":"The thermodynamic data (∆ Gt , ∆ Ht and T∆ St ) of transfer for tetraphenylarsonium-tetraphenylborate (Ph4AsBPh4) from water to mixed dimethylformamide (DMFA)-H2O solvents were estimated from the experimental solu- bility and calorimeter measurements. The experiments were done at three different temperatures 288.15, 298.15 and 308.15 K. Also the thermodynamic parameters were divided into reference anion and cation following the asymmetric deviation and their values, were discussed. Dividing all the thermodynamic functions between the cation and anion by using 1.064 factors we obtain their individual functions. The reference ion values can be easily used for evaluating the different thermodynamic parameters of any ion that contains in its counterion tetraphenyl cation or anion . By using the data given here the thermo- dynamic parameters for some single ion can be estimated for following their behaviour in environment. The single ion thermodynamics are helpful for predicting, explaining and mechanisms suggesting. Theoretical and engineering chemistry are in need for experimental single ion parameters for the comparison with that calculated by different solvation theories.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"54-57"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71249839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decolourization of Polyaluminium Chloride and Fungal Sequencing Batch Aerobic Reactor Treated Molasses Spentwash by Ozone","authors":"Sanjay Singh, A. Dikshit","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120203.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120203.01","url":null,"abstract":"Molasses spentwash from distilleries is characterized by high COD and color. The treatment of distillery spentwash by coagulation with polyaluminium chloride(PAC) followed by biological treatment with fungal sequencing batch aerobic reactor(FSBAR) resulted in 87% decolorization. To achieve further decolorization, ozonation of treated distillery spentwash was carried out at different ozone doses and contact times. It was found that pH had a negligible effect on de- colourization. The optimum ozone dose was found to be 4.75 g/L at application rate of 3.8 g/h for 30 min with correspond- ing decolorization being 66%. The overall decolorization obtained by the combined treatment(PAC treatment, FSBAR and Ozonation) was 96% and the total COD removal was 81%.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"45-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71249785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Geophysical Method of Investigating Groundwater and Sub-Soil Contamination – A Case Study","authors":"C. Nwankwo, G. Emujakporue","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120203.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120203.02","url":null,"abstract":"Geophysical methods can be helpful in mapping areas of contaminated soil and groundwater. Electrical resistivity surveys were carried out at a site of shallow hydrocarbon contamination in Ahoada, South-South Nigeria. This was aimed at evaluating the subsoil conditions and groundwater quality of the area three years after the post-spill clean-up exercise. The geophysical investigation involved the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique using the Schlumberger configuration and the horizontal profiling method. The data from the two different approaches correlate well, and the generated profiles of the acquired data helped to map the contaminant plume, which was delineated as an area of high interpreted resistivities. The VES result shows that the subsurface layers up to a depth of 49 m is of moderate to high resistivity values (>200 Ώm) that may affect crops and groundwater development in the study area. However good aquifer can still be obtained from the depth of 30 m and above.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"49-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71249826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Treatment of Municipal Landfill Leachate by Oxidants","authors":"M. A. Shabiimam, A. Dikshit","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120202.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120202.01","url":null,"abstract":"Landfilling is the one of the least expensive method for disposal of municipal solid waste. Hence, about 90% of MSW is disposed in open dumps and landfills unscientifically, creating problems to public health and the environment. The leachate generated from the municipal landfill contains organic and inorganic pollutants and several heavy metals, which makes it unsuitable for discharge in natural bodies without any prior treatment. In this study, matured landfill leachate was treated by various oxidation and combination of advanced oxidation process using hydrogen peroxide, sodium persulfate, Fenton's oxidation and ultrasonication-hydrogen peroxide. Fenton's process exhibited the best COD, TOC and color removals(74% COD, 76% TOC and 80% color respectively) while hydrogen peroxide and sodium persulfate alone showed much lesser TOC reduction(35% and 39% respectively).","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71249980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation of NO x Concentration of Dhaka City by Regional Air Model","authors":"A. A. Ahmed, J. Alam","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120202.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120202.07","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an attempt has been taken to develop a software to predict the existing NOx concentration in Dhaka region and to validate the software compared with manual calculation for the data collected from DOE. The integrated model based on C++ was applied for six locations of Dhaka city (non industrial points) - Farmgate, Mirpur, Mohakhali, Malibag, Dhanmodi-2 and Gulshan-1 and the average concentration of NOx for these six locations were simulated as 106.593, 84.898; 96.481; 80.548; 124.503; and 68.975 μg/m 3 respectively. The average deviation between software analyzed results and DOE measured results was 3-7%. It is also found that other pollutant matter such as SOx, CO, SPM make this condition most critical ultimately.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"39-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71249761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Railway Route Design in Desert Areas","authors":"J. Zakeri, M. Forghani","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120202.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120202.03","url":null,"abstract":"Developing transportation infrastructures is the main condition for sustainable development of different regions of a country. In Asian, African & American countries such as Iran, China and Syria, in rail transportation network devel- opment, railway, inevitably, cross through desert areas and dry lands. These areas have their own typical problems & diffi- culties among which high temperature, dryness, existing of flowing sands, and… can be mentioned. Flowing sand is one of the serious problems of Railways during operation. For this, it is necessary to gain more recognition on flowing sand movement case including identification sand removal basins (zone), wind blowing direction, and its intensity during year, determining sand movement corridors and recognizing sedimentation basins, when designing the route. Experience shows that crossing railway through flowing sand removal basins as well as sedimentation basins, practically, jeopardize train operation and threatening running safety. Using modern methods to confront and/or halter flowing sands while imposing more costs does not provide sufficient reliability. Therefore, at least as a design necessity and obligation, it is proposed that to prohibit construction of railway crossing through sand removal & sedimentation basins. And railway should merely cross through flowing sands moving corridors the way that flowing sands may be haltered.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"13-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical Conductance of Cu (NO 3 ) 2 with Kryptofix - 222 in Mixed ( MeOH - DMF) Solvents at Different Temperatures","authors":"E. Gomaa, B. M. Al-Jahdalli","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120202.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120202.02","url":null,"abstract":"On using conductometric technique, the apparent association constant (KA) of Cu (NO3)2 were measured in mixed MeOH-DMF mixed solvents at 0, 20, 40, and 100% MeOH (by volume) and different temperatures (298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15K) in absence and presence of Kryptofix - 222( 4, 7, 13, 16, 21, 24 - hexaoxa - 1.10 - diazo - bicycle - (8, 8, 8) Hexa cosane). From the experimental results, the molar conductivities (∧) were calculated and limiting molar conduc- tivites (∧0) were calculated by using Shedlovsky and Fouss - Kraus extrapolation methods. The molar solvated (∨), Van der Waals (∨w), electrostriction (∨e) and apparent molar ( v ϕ ) volumes were evaluated. The free energy of association ( A ΔG ), free energy necessary for complexation ( complex ΔG ), enthalpy ( ΔH ) and entropy ( ΔS ) were determined. New equation for the","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"2 1","pages":"6-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71249990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Production of Xanthan employing Xanthomonas campestris using Sugarcane Molasses","authors":"A. Murugesan, B. Dhevahi, D. Gowdhaman, K. Amutha, C. Prabu","doi":"10.5923/J.AJEE.20120202.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.AJEE.20120202.05","url":null,"abstract":"Xanthan production by Xanthomonas campestris from pre-treated sugarcane molasses (acidified molasses and acidified aerated molasses) was investigated. The optimization of xanthan yield was done at different pH, temperature, and incubation time for both the pre-treated sugarcane molasses. Maximum yield was achieved in 1% acidified molasses and acidified aerated molasses with 1% yeast extract as nitrogen source for 3 days of incubation time at 30℃. The precipitation of xanthan gum was done after 48 hours and the yield was high in acidified molasses and acidified aerated molasses comparing to acidified sugarcane molasses. Xanthomonas campestris produced xanthan yield of 12.23 g/l using acidified molasses and acidified aerated molasses. This fermentation study has an advantage over some other manufacturing processes with its use of agro industrial wastes as the raw material, allowing the increased xanthan production.","PeriodicalId":92604,"journal":{"name":"American journal of environmental engineering","volume":"6 1","pages":"31-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71250202","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}