British Journal of Nutrition最新文献

{"title":"Association of alcohol consumption with circulating biomarkers of atrial fibrillation-related pathways in a population at high cardiometabolic risk.","authors":"Aniqa B Alam, Estefanía Toledo Atucha, Dora Romaguera, Ángel M Alonso-Gómez, Miguel Angel Martínez-González, Lucas Tojal-Sierra, Cristina Razquin, Marta Noris Mora, Linzi Li, Vinita Subramanya, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Montserrat Fito Colomer, Alvaro Alonso","doi":"10.1017/S0007114526107922","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007114526107922","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The effect of alcohol consumption on atrial fibrillation risk remains controversial. Evaluating the association of alcohol consumption with atrial fibrillation-related biomarkers may help better understand the relevant mechanistic underpinnings. We studied participants from the PREDIMED-Plus study, a weight-loss randomised trial in metabolically unhealthy adults. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic protein, high-sensitivity troponin-T (hsTnT), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), 3-nitrotyrosine and procollagen type 1 carboxy-terminal propeptide were measured in serum at baseline and years 3 and 5 of follow-up. We calculated average alcohol consumption in drinks/d (1 drink = 14 grams alcohol) with validated FFQ. Using multivariable models, we estimated cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of alcohol consumption with log-transformed biomarkers. Among 523 participants (mean age (sd): 65·1 (4·9) years, 40 % female), mean alcohol consumption was 1 drink/d. Cross-sectionally, alcohol consumption was not associated with cardiac biomarkers. Longitudinally, compared with non-consumers, heavy drinkers at baseline (≥ 4 drinks/d) had smaller increases in hsTnT (<i>β</i>: -0·10, 95 % CI: -0·20, 0·00) over 5 years. In contrast, those who increased alcohol consumption over follow-up experienced greater increases in hsCRP (<i>β</i>: 0·31, 95 % CI: 0·00, 0·63) compared with those whose drinking behaviour stayed the same. In this high-risk population, higher baseline alcohol intake was associated with smaller increases in hsTnT over follow-up while increases in alcohol intake over time were associated with higher levels of systemic inflammation. These findings highlight the importance of considering longitudinal changes in average alcohol exposure when evaluating its relationship with cardiometabolic biomarkers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9257,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13387811/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148396096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diet quality in Japanese women with underweight: comparison with those with normal weight.","authors":"Mizuki Suga, Nana Shinozaki, Kentaro Murakami","doi":"10.1017/S0007114526107867","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007114526107867","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Underweight is a serious health problem, particularly for women, because it increases the risk of osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes and low-birthweight infants. Evaluation of diet quality is important to understand whether dietary patterns differ in underweight women. This cross-sectional study assessed diet quality in Japanese women with underweight compared with those with normal weight. Data from 2977 Japanese women aged 20-79 years who participated in a nationwide online survey were analysed. Participants were categorised into underweight (BMI < 18·5 kg/m²) and normal-weight groups (BMI ≥ 18·5 to < 25 kg/m²), using self-reported weight and height. Dietary information was collected using a short version of the Meal-based Diet History Questionnaire. Diet quality was evaluated using the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015). Among the 2977 women analysed, 637 (21·4 %) were classified as underweight, while 2340 (78·6 %) were classified as normal weight. Participants in nutrition- and health-related occupations accounted for 41·7 % of participants. The mean total HEI-2015 score was similar between the underweight group (51·3) and the normal-weight group (51·5) (<i>P</i> = 0·33). Among the component scores, only the mean score for total protein foods was significantly (<i>P</i> = 0·02) lower in the underweight group than in the normal-weight group. The underweight group showed lower intakes of fish and shellfish and meat, but higher intakes of bread, pulses and nuts (all <i>P</i> < 0·05). In conclusion, overall diet quality assessed by the HEI-2015 was similar between underweight and normal-weight Japanese women.</p>","PeriodicalId":9257,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148390084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rural diets under pressure: food environments and their influence on diets in South Asia.","authors":"Alka Chauhan, Samuel Scott, William Joe, Nanda Kumar Maharjan, Purnima Menon, Suman Chakrabarti","doi":"10.1017/S0007114526107831","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007114526107831","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Unhealthy food consumption is rising in rural South Asia, yet food environments in the region remain understudied. To address this gap, we characterised rural food environments and assessed how food affordability, accessibility, availability and desirability are associated with dietary patterns and quality in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. We used household (<i>n</i> 9711) and market (<i>n</i> 1646) data from the Transforming Agrifood Systems in South Asia (TAFSSA) survey conducted in five rural districts in 2023: Nalanda (India), Surkhet and Banke (Nepal) and Rangpur and Rajshahi (Bangladesh). Participants included adult women, men and adolescents. Primary outcomes included weekly consumption of twenty-five food items and Global Diet Quality Scores (GDQS): GDQS plus (0-32) and GDQS minus (0-17). Predictors included proximity to markets, food prices, vendor density, food availability and exposure to advertising or nutrition messaging. Multivariate regressions were used to assess associations and were adjusted for sociodemographic and household characteristics. Diets in these settings were characterised by low healthy food intake (GDQS plus scores ranged from 6·6 to 7·7) and high unhealthy food intake (GDQS minus scores from 9·3 to 11·7). Ultra-processed food vendors were present in > 80 % of villages. Snacking was the strongest predictor of both higher healthy (+1·11 GDQS plus) and unhealthy (-0·67 GDQS minus) food intake (<i>P</i> < 0·001), indicating that snacking increases overall dietary intake. Key predictors of suboptimal diets include low affordability of nutritious foods, alongside the widespread availability and desirability of inexpensive ultra-processed products. These findings highlight structural and behavioural drivers of rural dietary transitions and provide evidence to guide food system interventions aimed at improving nutrition in underserved populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9257,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Methodological challenges in translating nutrition evidence into the Australian Dietary Guidelines.","authors":"Yohannes Adama Melaku, Elina Hyppönen","doi":"10.1017/S0007114526107855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114526107855","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary guidelines shape public health by translating nutritional evidence into recommendations that support healthier eating and reduce chronic disease risk. The current revision of the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG) presents an opportunity to integrate emerging scientific evidence and address contemporary dietary challenges, including rising burdens of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and poor diet quality. However, translating evidence from nutritional epidemiology into policy remains methodologically complex. Much of the available evidence is derived from observational studies, often synthesised in systematic reviews and meta-analyses that may obscure contextual variation, residual confounding, and heterogeneity in dietary assessment methods. Australia's cultural diversity, unique food systems, and the distinct dietary practices of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples underscore the need for high-quality, context-specific research to inform recommendations. Challenges also arise from treating diet as a dynamic, multidimensional exposure, the variability of global evidence, and inconsistencies in definitions such as dietary patterns and ultra-processed foods. While the ADG revision incorporates methodological improvements and prioritises key areas such as dietary patterns and UPFs, the strength and relevance of guidance ultimately depend on the quality of underlying data. Strengthening investment in robust, culturally inclusive Australian nutrition research is essential to ensure credible and contextually relevant recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":9257,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1-19"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148374730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in food patterns over a 10-year period in the UK adult population: findings from the National Diet and Nutrition Survey.","authors":"Maria Papagiannaki, Maeve A Kerr","doi":"10.1017/S000711452610782X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S000711452610782X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The prevalence of overweight and obesity in adults is increasing worldwide. Food portion size (PS) is an important environmental determinant of energy intake (EI) and may contribute to the obesity epidemic. However, UK evidence on the typical PS of commonly consumed foods in adults and how these may have changed over time is limited. Using combined data from Years 1-4 (2008/2009-2011/2012) and Years 9-11 (2016/2017-2018/2019) of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS), this study examined trends in the PS of commonly consumed food groups over the last decade among UK adults. Significant increases in both consumption frequency and PS were observed for pasta, rice & pizza, eggs, oils & spreads, vegetables, fruits, nuts & seeds and low-calorie carbonated/soft drinks (all <i>P</i> ≤ 0·005). In contrast, bread, potato & potato products, condiments and fruit juice & smoothies showed significant decreases in both frequency and PS (all <i>P</i> ≤ 0·032). Divergent patterns were also evident: red meat showed increased frequency but reduced PS, while white meat and fish increased in frequency without significant changes in PS. Changes in PS alone were identified for milk and milk products, processed meat, alcoholic drinks and total beverages. Although fibre intake increased, recommendations are still not being met. There was no clear evidence that overweight or obese individuals consumed greater PS than those with normal weight. These findings highlight changes in food patterns among UK adults over the past decade and the importance of continued monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":9257,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond current fibre recommendations: associations of high dietary fibre intake with inflammation and lipid profile in USA adults (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2015-2018)).","authors":"Alcides Correa de Morais Junior, Raquel Machado Schincaglia, Eurídice Martínez Steele, Carla Prado, Jens Walter, João Felipe Mota","doi":"10.1017/S0007114526107843","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007114526107843","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current fibre recommendations are based on historical data and may underestimate the intake required for optimal cardiometabolic protection. We examined whether fibre intakes exceeding current guidelines are associated with additional improvements in inflammation and lipid metabolism. We analysed data from 7008 adults (≥ 20 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2018 with 24-h dietary recall and biomarker data (C-reactive protein (CRP), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglycerides (TAG)). Fibre intake was expressed relative to recommendations from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND), and associations with biomarkers were assessed using multivariable regression models. Higher fibre intake was consistently associated with lower CRP concentrations, with the greatest reductions observed at intakes > 150 % of the IOM recommendation (> 55·7 g/d; 95 % CI: 48·6, 56·7). Among men, both TC and LDL-cholesterol decreased significantly at intakes > 150 % of IOM values (> 69·8 g/d; 95 % CI: 64·2, 75·4). TAG were significantly lower when fibre intake exceeded AND recommendations (> 41·0 g/d; 95 % CI: 32·6, 49·5). No clear associations were observed for HDL-cholesterol. The associations found in this study make us consider the possibility that the benefits of fibre on systemic inflammation and lipid profile may extend beyond current recommended levels. Public health guidelines may need to reconsider fibre targets to better reflect condition-specific benefits rather than minimum thresholds for adequacy should this hypothesis be duly proven by future longitudinal studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":9257,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148366661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intake of herring oils containing cetoleic acid resulted in a lower serum cholesterol concentration in male obese Zucker <i>fa/fa</i> rats.","authors":"Helle Oldernes, Andrea Hansen, Svein Are Mjøs, Eirik Søfteland, Oddrun Anita Gudbrandsen","doi":"10.1017/S0007114526106655","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007114526106655","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A high serum total cholesterol (TC) concentration is a major risk factor for CVD, and lifestyle modifications including a healthy diet are among the first-line strategies for lowering cholesterol concentration and reducing CVD risk. Several studies in rodents have demonstrated a lower circulating TC concentration after intake of cetoleic acid (CA, C22:1<i>n</i>-11). The primary aim was to investigate the effect of consuming herring oil (HERO) containing CA or a CA concentrate (CECO) on the circulating TC concentration in obese hypercholesterolaemic rats. Secondary aims included investigating effects of CA on a selection of hepatic enzymes and receptors involved in cholesterol metabolism, lipogenesis and VLDL assembly. Thirty male obese Zucker <i>fa/fa</i> rats were fed a diet containing either HERO or CECO, containing 0·70 or 1·40 wt% CA, respectively, or a Control diet with soyabean oil for 5 weeks. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. The serum TC concentration was lower in the HERO and CECO groups compared with the Control group (17 and 20 percent, respectively). Both the HERO and the CECO diets down-regulated <i>de novo</i> lipogenesis, cholesterol esterification and lipidation of VLDL in the liver compared with the Control diet, but did not affect the hepatic cholesterol synthesis, the LDL receptor or the faecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acids. To conclude, rats fed the HERO or CECO diets had a lower serum concentration of TC, probably as a result of down-regulated VLDL secretion in response to lower lipogenesis. This may have relevance for lowering TC in hypercholesterolaemic humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":9257,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1273-1282"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13423518/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147275635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced 2-arachidonoyl glycerol-dependent CB1 activation contributes to feeding dysregulation in KK-<i>A</i> ^<i>y</i> mice.","authors":"Miki Igarashi, Kensuke Iwasa, Shinji Yamamoto, Takayo Ohto-Nakanishi, Ikuo Kimura, Keisuke Yoshikawa","doi":"10.1017/S000711452610676X","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S000711452610676X","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The endocannabinoid (EC) system in the central and peripheral nerves plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including feeding behaviour and energy metabolism. In particular, gut ECs stimulate appetite, and excessive activation of the system can induce hedonic eating, leading to obesity. Previous studies have indicated elevation of gut EC levels in high-fat diet-induced or genetically obese rodents. The present study aimed to expand our understanding of gut ECs involved in feeding behaviour during obesity by characterising the profiles of arachidonic metabolites, including ECs, in the gut and by examining their impact on feeding behaviour in KK-<i>A</i> ^<i>y</i> mice, an obesity model established by crossing diabetic KK mice with lethal yellow (<i>A</i> ^<i>y</i> ) mice. KK-<i>A</i> ^<i>y</i> mice exhibit hyperphagia compared with lean mice under either free-feeding condition or refeeding condition after 24 h of food deprivation. Meal pattern analyses revealed that hyperphagia in KK-<i>A</i> ^<i>y</i> mice was primarily due to higher meal frequency rather than meal size or interval, suggesting a defect in hunger control. In addition, levels of EC and other arachidonic acid metabolites such as prostaglandin E₂ and F_2<i>α</i> were elevated in KK-<i>A</i> ^<i>y</i> mice. Pharmacological blockade of the peripheral cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and diacylglycerol lipase, but not N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D, reduced food intake, as did treatment with cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors. These findings suggest that intestinal 2-arachidonoyl glycerol-dependent CB1 activation contributes to hyperphagic behaviour in KK-<i>A</i> ^<i>y</i> mice and PGs are involved in feeding control.</p>","PeriodicalId":9257,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1384-1392"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147347227","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of modified Mediterranean diet supplemented with partial enteral nutrition in post-surgical patients with Crohn's disease: a pilot clinical trial.","authors":"Xiaoxu Huang, Yan Chen, Zhifang Zhong, Shuyan Li, Jiakai Luo, Yang Tang, Wen Hu, Yunpiao Hou, Zexin Chen, Yunxian Zhou, Xiujun Liao, Qiao Yu, Pianhong Zhang","doi":"10.1017/S0007114526106588","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007114526106588","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dietary intervention represents a promising strategy for managing post-surgical patients with Crohn’s disease (CD). This study aims to evaluate the effects of a modified Mediterranean diet (MMD) supplemented with partial enteral nutrition (PEN) for 4–5 weeks on quality of life in post-surgical CD patients, compared with exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN). The study was conducted at The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The primary outcome was quality of life, measured using the 22-item inflammatory bowel disease quality-of-life questionnaire (IBDQOL-22) at the end of the intervention. Secondary outcomes included nutritional status and disease-related characteristics. Among 115 screened patients, forty-six were randomised to either the EEN group (<i>n</i> 24) or the MMD supplemented with PEN group (<i>n</i> 22). Twenty-three patients in the EEN group and twenty-two in the MMD supplemented with PEN group completed the study and were included for analysis. At the end of the intervention, both groups achieved similar 22-item inflammatory bowel disease quality-of-life questionnaire (IBDQOL-22) scores (EEN <i>v</i>. MMD supplemented with PEN: 88·43 (sd 9·17) <i>v</i>. 87·57 (sd 7·38), <i>P</i> = 0·734). In addition, both groups exhibited comparable nutritional status and disease-related characteristics (all <i>P</i> > 0·05). These results suggest that MMD supplemented with PEN provides comparable clinical benefits to EEN in post-surgical CD patients and may serve as an alternative nutritional strategy.</p>","PeriodicalId":9257,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1315-1325"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13423520/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147302677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"<i>n</i>-3 Fatty acid intake and circadian syndrome in US adults: evidence from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018.","authors":"Dan Zhang, Dandan Sun, Bizhong Che, Bin Zhang, Lei Zhao, Youfa Wang, Zumin Shi, Wen Peng","doi":"10.1017/S0007114526106679","DOIUrl":"10.1017/S0007114526106679","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Circadian syndrome (CircS) appears to be a better predictor for CVD than metabolic syndrome, and <i>n</i>-3 fatty acids are generally suggested to alleviate negative health outcomes. This study aims to investigate the association between <i>n</i>-3 intake and CircS and examine the effect modification by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. In this cross-sectional study, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2018 were analysed (<i>n</i> 12 028). Survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression was applied to analyse the associations of <i>n</i>-3 intake with CircS and its components. Subgroup analyses examining the effect modification by sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were followed by a restricted cubic spline investigating the non-linear associations between <i>n</i>-3 intake and CircS by race. The weighted prevalence of metabolic syndrome and CircS was 45·8 and 37·3 %, respectively. Overall, no significant associations were found between the intake of total <i>n</i>-3, EPA or DHA and CircS. However, <i>n</i>-3 intake was associated with a lower risk of depression - a component of CircS. Comparing extreme quartiles of <i>n</i>-3 intake (highest <i>v</i>. lowest), the OR (95 % CI) for depressive symptoms was 0·77 (0·64, 0·90). Among the Black, those in the highest quartile of <i>n</i>-3 intake were more likely to have CircS, with the OR (95 % CI) of 1·36 (1·02, 1·82). No association between <i>n</i>-3 intake and CircS in the total study population was observed. However, <i>n</i>-3 intake was inversely associated with depressive symptoms in American adults. Interactions between race and <i>n</i>-3 intake in relation to CircS were also identified.</p>","PeriodicalId":9257,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Nutrition","volume":" ","pages":"1351-1363"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13423522/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147343673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}