British Journal of Industrial Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Mortality due to pancreatic and lymphopoietic cancers in chlorohydrin production workers.","authors":"L O Benson,&nbsp;M J Teta","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.8.710","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.8.710","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Men assigned to the chlorohydrin unit of Union Carbide's South Charleston plant in the Kanawha Valley of West Virginia were followed up for mortality from 1940 to the end of 1988. This 10 year update was conducted to verify previous findings of excesses of cancer among the 278 men assigned to the chlorohydrin unit, which primarily produced ethylene chlorohydrin from 1925 to 1957. This process produced ethylene dichloride and bischloroethyl ether as byproducts. Mean duration of assignment was 5.9 years and mean duration of follow up was 36.5 years. Standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated based on comparisons with the United States white male population. Duration-response trends were assessed by internal comparisons with two different groups of unexposed chemical workers in the Kanawha Valley. The evidence that the earlier finding of an excess of pancreatic cancer was work related is strengthened by the occurrence of two additional cases (0.9 expected). The SMR for pancreatic cancer was 492 (95% CI 158-1140), based on eight observed v 1.6 expected deaths. There were no additional deaths due to leukaemia, but the three to four-fold excess risk for lymphopoietic cancers persisted due to new cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and a death from multiple myeloma. The SMR for lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers was 294 (eight observed v 2.7 expected; 95% CI 127-580). Pronounced increases in risk were seen for total cancer, pancreatic cancer, all lymphatic and haematopoietic cancers, and leukaemia with increasing durations of assignment to the chlorohydrin unit. Most of the cases were first assigned to the unit in the 1930s when chemical manufacturing was in its infancy and exposures were less controlled. These data are insufficient to identify conclusively the causative agent or agents. The weight of evidence, however, based on probable exposure, known toxicity of the chemicals, and animal responses suggest that high exposures to ethylene dichloride, perhaps in combination with other chlorinated hydrocarbons, is the most likely explanation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 8","pages":"710-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.8.710","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19383653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of cancer in persons with occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields in Denmark.","authors":"P Guénel,&nbsp;P Raskmark,&nbsp;J B Andersen,&nbsp;E Lynge","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.8.758","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.8.758","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several studies suggest that work in electrical occupations is associated with an increased risk of cancer, mainly leukaemia and brain tumours. These studies may, however, not be representative if there is a publication bias where mainly positive results are reported. To study an unselected population the incidence of cancer was followed up over a 17 year period (1970-87) in a cohort of 2.8 million Danes aged 20-64 years in 1970. Each person was classified by his or her industry and occupation in 1970. Before tabulation of the data on incidence of cancer, each industry-occupation group was coded for potential exposure to magnetic fields above the threshold 0.3 microT. Some 154,000 men were considered intermittently exposed and 18,000 continuously exposed. The numbers for women were 79,000 and 4000 respectively. Intermittent exposure was not associated with an increased risk of leukaemia, brain tumours, or melanoma. Men with continuous exposure, however, had an excess risk of leukaemia (observed (obs) 39, expected (exp) 23.80, obs/exp 1.64, 95% CI 1.20-2.24) with equal contributions from acute and other leukaemias. These men had no excess risk of brain tumours or melanoma. A risk for breast cancer was suggested in exposed men but not in women. The risk for leukaemia in continuously exposed men was mainly in electricians in installation works and iron foundry workers. Besides electromagnetic fields other exposures should be considered as possible aetiological agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 8","pages":"758-64"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.8.758","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19384730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of lung cancer by histological type among asbestos cement workers in Denmark.","authors":"Bengt Jarrholm","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.8.767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.8.767","url":null,"abstract":"are arguments for using both. In prevention, the absolute risk is a better measure as it gives a direct measure of the number of cases that will be prevented. The relative risk may be a better measure in clinical practice as it can easily be transformed to the aetiological fraction (EF = (RR-I)/ RR) and thus gives a measure of the chance that the cancer of a certain patient is caused by asbestos. From a more theoretical epidemiological standpoint the best measure depends on whether the risk due to asbestos is multiplicative or additive compared with the background risk. For a multiplicative risk the incidence rate (IR) is IR = IRo* f(exposure), where f is a function not dependent on the background incidence (IR0). If the risk is additive an absolute risk is more appropriate as IR = IRO + IRasb, where IRsb is the incidence rate caused by exposure. A relative risk may at a first glance be preferred as the risk for lung cancer caused by asbestos is usually expressed as: SMR = 1 + a* dose where a is a constant. This relation does not seem to fit the data of Raffin et al, however, and the only measure of \"dose\" in their paper is employment time. The relative risk is certainly not related in linear fashion to employment time if all lung cancers are considered (1 9, 1-4, and 19 for <1, 1-4, and > 5 years respectively). The group with 1-4 years employment time is small and there are large confidence intervals for the risks especially when stratified according to histological type. Thus there seems to be little justification to restrict the analyses to a multiplicative model. There is an increased risk in the group with <1 year employment time. This raises the question about comparability between the exposed and reference groups. A dose-response model may also consider time since last exposure as some data indicate that the risk of lung cancer decreases some years after the exposure of asbestos has ceased.' A different risk according to time from onset of exposure may depend on the different growing rates of the tumours. Anaplastic carcinoma grows faster than squamous cell carcinoma, which grows faster than adenocarcinoma.2 The importance of the finding of a higher RR for adenocarcinoma in persons with a long time since onset of exposure compared with persons with other histological types of tumour does not necessarily mean that only adenocarcinoma are caused by exposure to asbestos. My conclusion is that the","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"10 1","pages":"767 - 767"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87569802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air pollution in a city street. 1965.","authors":"R. Waller, B. Commins, P. J. Lawther","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.8.128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.8.128","url":null,"abstract":"Measurements of the concentrations of smoke, lead, and five polycyclic hydrocarbons in the air have been made in the City of London in the middle of a busy street and at two control sites. Samples were taken only throughout the daytime hours on weekdays to enable us to assess the maximum contribution made by traffic to the pollution in the street. The results showed that during these periods the air in the middle of the street contained three times as much smoke, four times as much lead, and 1.7 times as much 3:4-benzpyrene as were present in the general atmosphere as the City of London as estimated from samples taken at the control sites. One of these sites was chosen because it was only 150 feet away from the street; analyses yielded no evidence that the traffic contributed to the pollution sampled there. Sulphur dioxide concentrations were determined in the early part of the study and the results showed that traffic appeared to add little to the background level. The concentrations of lead found were below those held to be safe by many authorities. Carbon monoxide concentrations, reported in greater detail elsewhere, sometimes reached the accepted industrial maximum allowable concentration of 100 p.p.m.","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"136 1","pages":"128 - 138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89147570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Air pollution in a city street","authors":"R. Waller, B. Commins, P. J. Lawther","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.8.677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.8.677","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is included in the series to exemplify the excellent work carried out by Pat Lawther and his colleagues at the MRC Air Pollution Research Unit at St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College. (It may not have escaped the notice of readers how many of these papers have emanated from units now sadly closed.) Lawther made a remarkable contribution to the understanding of the effects of air pollution by sulphur dioxide and the symptoms of chronic bronchitis and showed how much things improved after the burning of coal in domestic fires had been prohibited. Lawther is one of the nicest men it has been my pleasure to be associated with; he is fair and openminded, extremely kind, cultured and a delightful companion, especially over a pint of beer. His lec-","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":"677 - 677"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80803555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Death rates of miners and ex-miners with and without coalworkers' pneumoconiosis in south Wales. 1955.","authors":"R G Carpenter,&nbsp;A L Cochrane,&nbsp;W G Clarke,&nbsp;G Jonathan,&nbsp;F Moore","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.7.578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.7.578","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 7","pages":"578-85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.7.578","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19329079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hexachlorophene exposure in a young patient with soft tissue sarcoma.","authors":"M J Reasor,&nbsp;M R Montgomery","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.7.670","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.7.670","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 7","pages":"670"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.7.670","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19330270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of cancer among workers in a Norwegian nitrate fertiliser plant.","authors":"S I Fandrem,&nbsp;H Kjuus,&nbsp;A Andersen,&nbsp;E Amlie","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.7.647","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.7.647","url":null,"abstract":"The incidence of cancer among 2023 male fertiliser workers has been investigated in a historical cohort study. Workers who had been employed for more than one year in work with possible exposure to dust containing nitrate between 1945 and 1979 were included. An individual cumulated exposure to dust expressed in level-years was calculated for each participant. The cohort was followed up from 1953 to the end of 1988, and the incidence of cancer was compared with the national rates. There were 467 deaths v 504.8 expected (standardised mortality ratio (SMR) = 0.93), and 185 cases of cancer v 195.5 expected (standardised incidence ratio (SIR) = 0.95). Thirty cases of lung cancer were found v 27.5 expected (SIR = 1.09). No overall excess of gastric cancer was found (15 cases v 17.0 expected; SIR = 0.89). No association was found between cumulated exposure to nitrate and gastric cancer, and there was no association between duration of employment or time since first employment and incidence of gastric cancer.","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 7","pages":"647-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.7.647","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19379218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Death rates of miners and ex-miners with and without coalworkers' pneumoconiosis in South Wales","authors":"R. Carpenter, A. Cochrane, W. G. Clarke, G. Jonathan, F. Moore, Hugh-Jones Gilson, Gilson, Higgins","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.7.577","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.7.577","url":null,"abstract":"At present the only practical method by which a diagnosis of coalworkers' pneumoconiosis can be made in life is by means of chest radiographs. Such a diagnosis, however, merely signifies the presence of radiological abnormalities due to exposure to coal dust. Of itself, it can tell us little about pulmonary disability or future loss of expectation of life. It is thus unfortunate that the radiograph has become practically of such importance, both in relation to dust suppression and to industrial compensation, before the necessary correlations have been established, i.e., between dust concentration , time of exposure, and rate of appearance of radiological abnormality on the one hand, and the radiological category of coalworkers' pneumo-coniosis, age, pulmonary disability, and loss of expectation of life on the other. Roach (1953) has shown that a relationship exists between dust concentration, time, and the appearance of the first radiological abnormalities. and Carpenter (1956) discuss the relationship between age, radiological category, and pulmonary disability. This paper attempts the third of these correlations-the relationship between age, radiological category, and expectation of life. The problermi has been much misunderstood in the past amongst both doctors and laymen. The radiological changes in coalworkers' pneumoconiosis are particularly striking, and some doctors who tend to judge these changes by comparing them with tuberculosis, with which they are better acquainted, have sometimes given too gloomy a prognosis. Moreover, people have an understandable difficulty in differentiating between figures relating to those suffering from coalworkers' pneumoconiosis who die and figures relating to those who die from pneumoconiosis. The publicity given to the former figures and the lack of information about the latter have probably given an exaggerated picture of the seriousness of the disease from the point of view of mortality. The literature on the effect of pneumoconiosis on mortality is somewhat limited. Fletcher (1948) pointed out that the standardized death rates of coal-miners in England and Wales for all respiratory diseases except tuberculosis, when compared with those rates for all occupied and retired males, showed a marked excess for the four periods He also pointed out that it was the coal-miners over the age of 55 in whom this excess of deaths was seen and suggested that this excess of deaths might be due to deaths from coalworkers' pneumoconiosis. The only detailed study of death rates associated with coalworkers' pneumoconiosis is that of Stewart, Davies, Dowsett, Morrell, and Pierce (1948). They followed …","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"1 1","pages":"577 - 577"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79802527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Asbestos and cancer: history and public policy.","authors":"M P Weller","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.7.671","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.7.671","url":null,"abstract":"so replete with error that it seems to me it would be appropriate to designate him as a negative correspondent -namely, somebody who is wrong more often that chance alone allows him to be. Weller writes that \"it is reasonable to expect that those concerned with mining and processing asbestos should have been alert to the growing body of medical opinion ... to the established links between asbestos inhalation and serious diseases.\" One might ask, should they (the asbestos producers and if it comes to that the medical and scientific communities) have known in 1950 on the basis of 30 to 40 published cases of concomitant asbestosis and lung cancer, that there was a cause and effect relation? This was five or more years before Doll published his classic paper.' As for mesothelioma, the association between exposure to crocidolite and mesothelioma did not come to light until the paper by Wagner et al in 1960.2 It was uncertain whether amosite was similarly carcinogenic, and this is what prompted Selikoff to carry out his study, which was subsequently published in 1972.' Weller tells us that \"Johns Manderville\" (Johns Mansville?) and other companies should have read Gloyne's pertinent abstract! Gloyne certainly did not write the abstract! Weller does not reference Gloyne's paper, but I assume he refers to the description of","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 7","pages":"671"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.7.671","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19330271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}