British Journal of Industrial Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Occupational health for all?","authors":"C. Bannister","doi":"10.7748/NS.14.51.50.S54","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.7748/NS.14.51.50.S54","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"56 1","pages":"433-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2000-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75038448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The 1891-1920 birth cohort of Quebec chrysotile miners and millers: mortality 1976-88.","authors":"J C McDonald,&nbsp;F D Liddell,&nbsp;A Dufresne,&nbsp;A D McDonald","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A cohort of some 11,000 men born 1891-1920 and employed for at least one month in the chrysotile mines and mills of Quebec, was established in 1966 and has been followed ever since. Of the 5351 men surviving into 1976, only 16 could not be traced; 2508 were still alive in 1989, and 2827 had died; by the end of 1992 a further 698 were known to have died, giving an overall mortality of almost 80%. This paper presents the results of analysis of mortality for the period 1976 to 1988 inclusive, obtained by the subject-years method, with Quebec mortality for reference. In many respects the standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) 20 years or more after first employment were similar to those for the period 1951-75--namely, all causes 1.07 (1951-75, 1.09); heart disease 1.02 (1.04); cerebrovascular disease 1.06 (1.07); external causes 1.17 (1.17). The SMR for lung cancer, however, rose from 1.25 to 1.39 and deaths from mesothelioma increased from eight (10 before review) to 25; deaths from respiratory tuberculosis fell from 57 to five. Among men whose exposure by age 55 was at least 300 million particles per cubic foot x years (mpcf.y), the SMR (all causes) was elevated in the two main mining regions, Asbestos and Thetford Mines, and for the small factory in Asbestos; so were the SMRs for lung cancer, ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and respiratory disease other than pneumoconiosis. Except for lung cancer, however, there was little convincing evidence of gradients over four classes of exposure, divided at 30, 100, and 300 mpcf.y. Over seven narrower categories of exposure up to 300 mpcf.y the SMR for lung cancer fluctuated around 1.27 with no indication of trend, but increased steeply above that level. Mortality form pneumoconiosis was strongly related to exposure, and the trend for mesothelioma was not dissimilar. Mortality generally was related systematically to cigarette smoking habit, recorded in life from 99% of survivors into 1976; smokers of 20 or more cigarettes a day had the highest SMRs not only for lung cancer but also for all causes, cancer of the stomach, pancreas, and larynx, and ischaemic heart disease. For lung cancer SMRs increased fivefold with smoking, but the increase with dust exposure was comparatively slight for non-smokers, lower again for ex-smokers, and negligible for smokers of at least 20 cigarettes a day; thus the asbestos-smoking interaction was less than multiplicative. Of the 33 deaths from mesothelioma in the cohort to date, 28 were in miners and millers and five were in employees of a small asbestos products factory where commercial amphiboles had also been used. Preliminary analysis also suggest that the risk of mesothelioma was higher in the mines and mills at Thetford Mines than in those at Asbestos. More detailed studies of these differences and of exposure-response relations for lung cancer are under way.</p>","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 12","pages":"1073-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.12.1073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19268635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory health effects of carbon black: a survey of European carbon black workers.","authors":"K Gardiner,&nbsp;N W Trethowan,&nbsp;J M Harrington,&nbsp;C E Rossiter,&nbsp;I A Calvert","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1082","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A study population of 3086 employees was identified in 18 carbon black production plants in seven European countries. Respiratory health questionnaires, spirometry, and chest radiographs were used to estimate effects on health and personal monitoring procedures were employed to measure current exposure to inspirable and respirable dust along with sulphur and carbon monoxide. The low concentrations of gaseous contaminants made the generation of their current and cumulative exposure indices impossible. Low responses from some plants restricted the final analysis to 1742 employees in 15 plants (81% response rate) for respiratory symptoms and spirometry, and 1096 chest radiographs from 10 plants (74% response rate). In total, 1298 respirable and 1317 inspirable dust samples, as well as 1301 sulphur dioxide and 1322 carbon monoxide samples were collected. This study is the first to include a comprehensive and concurrent assessment of occupational exposure to carbon black dust and its associated gaseous contaminants. Cough, sputum, and the symptoms of chronic bronchitis were found to be associated with increasing indices of current exposure. Lung function tests also showed small decreases in relation to increasing dust exposure in both smokers and non-smokers. Nearly 25% of the chest radiographs showed small opacities of category 0/1 or greater. These were strongly associated with indices of cumulative dust exposure. The findings are consistent with a non-irritant effect of carbon black dust on the airways combined with dust retention in the lungs. Further cross sectional studies are planned to investigate whether long term exposure to carbon black dust causes damage to the lung parenchyma.</p>","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 12","pages":"1082-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.12.1082","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19268636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Plumboporphyria (ALAD deficiency) in a lead worker: a scenario for potential diagnostic confusion.","authors":"J Dyer,&nbsp;D P Garrick,&nbsp;A Inglis,&nbsp;I F Pye","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A lead worker developed bilateral wrist drop. At first this seemed to be a lead neuropathy but all his screening tests for blood and urine toxicity had been within the accepted safety limit during employment. Detailed investigation showed that he had plumboporphyria (ALAD deficiency) which had been symptom free until he was exposed to lead. Details of his porphyrin metabolism are presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 12","pages":"1119-21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.12.1119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19268640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dust exposure and mortality in chrysotile mining, 1910-75. 1980.","authors":"J. Mcdonald, F. Liddell, G. Gibbs, G. Eyssen, A. McDonald","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1058-a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1058-a","url":null,"abstract":"We report a further follow-up of a birth cohort of I11 379 workers exposed to chrysotile. The cohort consisted of all 10 939 men and 440 women, born 1891-1920, who had worked for at least a month in the mines and mills of Asbestos and Thetford Mines in Quebec. For all subjects, length of service and estimates of accumulated dust exposure were obtained, with a smoking history for the vast majority. Three methods of analysis, two based on the \"man-years\" method, the other a \"case-and-multiple-controls\" approach, gave results consistent with one another and with previous analyses. By the end of 1975, 4463 men and 84 women had died. Among men, the overall excess mortality, 1926-75, was 2% at Asbestos and 10% at Thetford Mines, much the dustier region. The women, mostly employed at Asbestos, had a standardised mortaiity ratio (SMR) (all causes, 1936-75) of 0 90. Analysis of deaths 20 years or more after first employment showed that in men with short service (less than five years) there was no discernible correlation with dust exposure. Among men employed at least 20 years, there were clear excesses in those exposed to the heaviest dust concentrations. Reanalysis in terms of exposure to age 45 showed definite and consistent trends for SMRs for total mortality, for lung cancer, and for pneumoconiosis to be higher the heavier the exposure. The response to increasing dose was effectivelv linear for lung cancer and for pneumoconiosis. Lung cancer deaths occurred in non-smokers, and showed a greater increase of incidence with increasing exposure than did lung cancer in smokers, but there was insufficient evidence to distinguish between multiplicative and additive risk models. There were no excess deaths from laryngeal cancer, but a clear association with smoking. Ten men and one woman died from pleural mesothelioma. If the only subjects studied had been the 1904 men with at least 20 years' employment in the lower dust concentrations, averaging 6-6 million particles per cubic foot (or about 20 fibres/cc), excess mortality would not have been considered statistically significant, except for pneumoconiosis. The inability of such a large epidemiological survey to detect increased risk at what, today, are considered unacceptable dust concentrations, and the consequent importance of exposure-response models are therefore emphasised. Mining, milling, and processing of the asbestos Thetford in 1878 and four years later some 60 miles group of fibrous minerals, long known for their away near Danville. Within 30 years the region was remarkable strength and fire resistance, began on a producing most of the world's asbestos. The procommercial scale at the end of the nineteenth portion fell as Russian, South African, and Italian century. In the Eastern Townships region of Quebec mines came into operation, but Quebec still produces deposits of chrysotile were noted in the 1847 about 25% of the world's supply, now estimated at Canadian Geological Survey. Exploitation began","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":"1058 - 1072"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85200741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Misconceptions about blood lead concentrations.","authors":"T Beritić","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 12","pages":"1123-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1061337/pdf/brjindmed00012-0067.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19268642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An epidemiological study of workers potentially exposed to ethylene oxide.","authors":"K Steenland,&nbsp;L Stayner","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1125","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 12","pages":"1125-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.12.1125","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19268643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Neuropsychological performance and solvent exposure among car body repair shop workers.","authors":"P M Eller","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1126","url":null,"abstract":"The statement by Steenland and Stayner that we have analysed the data from the study conducted by NIOSH is a gross exaggeration. Our study was based on employment records microfilmed by NIOSH, additional employment records from member companies (microfiche, hard copies, and computer tapes), vital status information from various sources (SSA, NDI, DMF, member companies), and death certificates from state health departments. All these data sources were equally important in our study, and we have properly identified and acknowledged every source in our paper. The discrepancy in cohort size between our study' and the NIOSH study2 is most likely the result of additional information we obtained from the participating companies. As stated earlier, the NIOSH microfilms contained both illegible and incomplete work history information. It was necessary for us to obtain additional information from member companies to resolve these data gaps. To our knowledge, NIOSH had never gone back to the member companies for additional information. Steenland and Stayner criticised our study for lack of detailed exposure information. Although we recognised the value of valid exposure data in epidemiological studies, that is not to say that a study is better simply because it has some exposure estimates, valid or otherwise. One of us (OW) participated in some of the walk through surveys and in reviewing the NIOSH exposure classification. Although much resources (from both NIOSH and HIMA member companies) were spent on historical exposure estimates, the validity of the estimates provided by the NIOSH model is questionable. Several member companies have expressed their concerns regarding the inaccuracy of such estimates. For example, at one facility, the NIOSH model predicted that the exposure for a steriliser/operator in 1977 was 19-3 ppm, but industrial hygiene measurements based on 17 samples indicated that the actual exposure was 45-2 ppm. We are strongly of the opinion that the NIOSH exposure estimates were inaccurate and would have been a major source of misclassification if they were incorporated in the analySiS. As we stated in our paper,' average duration of exposure was only about one year shorter than average duration of employment. Thus duration of employment was a close surrogate measure for exposure. We defined latency as time since first employment. NIOSH defined latency as time since first exposure. The difference was minor. The statement by Steenland and Stayner that we failed to observe a \"trend\" for all haematopoietic cancer by latency was inaccurate. Our data did show an \"upward trend\" for all haematopoietic cancer. As this broad International Classification of Disease (ICD) category consists of several heterogeneous diseases, however, we attached little interpretation to it. It would be far more meaningful to examine the individual cancer categories within this broad category. Such analyses were done. In particular, as noted in our paper, as there was a","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 12","pages":"1126-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.12.1126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19268644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Misconceptions about blood lead concentrations.","authors":"T. Beritić","doi":"10.1136/OEM.50.12.1123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/OEM.50.12.1123","url":null,"abstract":"1 Darwin NC. Journal of Research (1845) 2 Enterline PE. Changing attitudes and opinions regarding asbestos and cancer, 1934-1965. Am JInd Med 1991 ;20:685-700. 3 Hill AB. Principles of medical statistics, 9th ed. London: Lancet, 1973:313-23. 4 Sackett DL. Bias in analytical research, Journal of Chronic Diseases 1979;32: 51-63. 5 Epstein SS. The politics of cancer, San Franasco: Sierra Club Books, 1978:429.","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":"1123 - 1124"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90434179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of cancer among welders of mild steel and other shipyard workers.","authors":"T E Danielsen,&nbsp;S Langård,&nbsp;A Andersen,&nbsp;O Knudsen","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The incidence of cancer among 4571 shipyard workers with first employment between 1940 and 1979, including 623 welders of mild steel, was investigated in a historical cohort study. The loss to follow up was 1.1%. The total number of deaths was 1078 (974.5 expected) and there were 408 cases of cancer v 361.3 expected. Sixty five cases of lung cancer were found v 46.3 expected based on the national rates for males. Four pleural mesotheliomas had occurred (1.2 expected), none among the welders. An excess of lung cancers was found among the welders (nine cases v 3.6 expected). There were six cases of lung cancer v 1.6 expected in a high exposure group of 255 welders. A survey of the smoking habits as of 1984 indicated 10%-20% more daily smokers among the shipyard production workers than among Norwegian males. Exposure to smoking and asbestos were confounding variables in this study.</p>","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 12","pages":"1097-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.12.1097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19268637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}