British Journal of Industrial Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toluene diisocyanate: measurement of toluenediamine in hydrolysed urine and plasma by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.","authors":"P Persson,&nbsp;M Dalene,&nbsp;G Skarping,&nbsp;M Adamsson,&nbsp;L Hagmar","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Exposure to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) was studied during 48 hours and biological samples from nine subjects were taken in a factory producing flexible polyurethane (PUR) foam. Five PUR workers, two white collar workers, and two volunteers were studied. The concentrations of TDI in air were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with the 9-(N-methylaminomethyl)-anthracene reagent. Urine and plasma samples were collected and the TDI related amines, 2,4-toluenediamine (2,4-TDA) and 2,6-toluenediamine (2,6-TDA), were determined (after hydrolysis) as pentafluoropropionic anhydride (PFPA) derivatives by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with selected ion monitoring (SIM) in the negative chemical ionisation mode. The concentration of TDI in air was 1%-10% of the Swedish threshold limit value (TLV) of 40 micrograms/m3. The ratio between 2,4-TDI and 2,6-TDI varied in the air samples in the range of 60%:40%-5%:95%. Calibration plots for human urine spiked with 2,6-TDA and 2,4-TDA in the range of 0.2-12 micrograms/l were produced on eight different occasions during five weeks. The SDS of the calibration plot slopes (n = 8) were less than 4%. Urine and blood samples were taken on six occasions for eight of the studied subjects and on four occasions for one subject during a two day period. The five male PUR workers showed the highest average urinary elimination rate of TDA. Two PUR workers and the two white collar workers had an elimination rate of 20-70 ng on average for the sum of 2,6-TDA and 2,4-TDA per hour and three PUR workers had an average of 100-300 ng TDA per hour. The elimination rate curves for all the studied subjects had a linear relation with exposure to TDI. The concentrations of 2,4-TDA and 2,6-TDA in plasma for the PUR factory employees were virtually stable. No relation between the elimination rates of TDA in urine and plasma concentrations of TDA was found. The five PUR workers showed plasma concentrations of the sum of 2,4-TDA and 2,6-TDA in the range 1-8 ng per ml. The two white collar workers, present only on occasions in the factory, had 0.2- ng TDA per ml plasma. The two volunteers showed an increasing concentration of TDA in plasma with time. At the end of the study their plasma concentrations were 0.6 ng/ml and 0.2 ng/ml plasma. Three subjects had the same concentration of the two TDA isomers in plasma, two subjects had about double, and two subjects had 12 times higher concentrations of 2,6-TDA than 2,4-TDA. The presented study indicates that it is possible to monitor exposure to TDI by monitoring plasma concentrations of TDA.</p>","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 12","pages":"1111-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.12.1111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19268639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bias.","authors":"D C Muir","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1122","url":null,"abstract":"During his epic voyage on the Beagle in 1831, Charles Darwin visited a ranch in the neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro.I Brazil at that time was a slave state and it happened that the owner of the ranch was in financial difficulty. To resolve his problems he proposed to sell some of his slaves. This would permanently separate husbands from their wives and children. The rancher was generally thought to be a kindly and good man. Darwin concluded that the vested interest of his economic situation caused the rancher to be unaware of the enormity of his intended crime. Darwin wrote \"I do not believe the inhumanity of separating thirty families, who had lived together for many","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 12","pages":"1122-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.12.1122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19268641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dust exposure and mortality in chrysotile mining, 1910-75","authors":"'. J C McDONALD, K. Fd, Liddell, G. Gibbs, G. Eyssen, A. McDonald","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1058","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1058","url":null,"abstract":"We report a further follow-up of a birth cohort of I11 379 workers exposed to chrysotile. The cohort consisted of all 10 939 men and 440 women, born 1891-1920, who had worked for at least a month in the mines and mills of Asbestos and Thetford Mines in Quebec. For all subjects, length of service and estimates of accumulated dust exposure were obtained, with a smoking history for the vast majority. Three methods of analysis, two based on the \"man-years\" method, the other a \"case-and-multiple-controls\" approach, gave results consistent with one another and with previous analyses. By the end of 1975, 4463 men and 84 women had died. Among men, the overall excess mortality, 1926-75, was 2% at Asbestos and 10% at Thetford Mines, much the dustier region. The women, mostly employed at Asbestos, had a standardised mortaiity ratio (SMR) (all causes, 1936-75) of 0 90. Analysis of deaths 20 years or more after first employment showed that in men with short service (less than five years) there was no discernible correlation with dust exposure. Among men employed at least 20 years, there were clear excesses in those exposed to the heaviest dust con- centrations. Reanalysis in terms of exposure to age 45 showed definite and consistent trends for SMRs for total mortality, for lung cancer, and for pneumoconiosis to be higher the heavier the exposure. The response to increasing dose was effectivelv linear for lung cancer and for pneumo- coniosis. Lung cancer deaths occurred in non-smokers, and showed a greater increase of incidence with increasing exposure than did lung cancer in smokers, but there was insufficient evidence","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"77 1","pages":"1058 - 1058"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81297481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dust exposure and mortality in chrysotile mining, 1910-75. 1980.","authors":"J C McDonald, F D Liddell, G W Gibbs, G E Eyssen, A D McDonald","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 12","pages":"1058-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1061329/pdf/brjindmed00012-0003.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19268634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum laminin, hydrocarbon exposure, and glomerular damage.","authors":"P Hotz,&nbsp;N Thielemans,&nbsp;A Bernard,&nbsp;F Gutzwiller,&nbsp;R Lauwerys","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1104","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>It has been postulated that occupational exposure to hydrocarbons may damage the kidney and lead to glomerulonephritis and chronic renal failure. As laminin is a ubiquitous basement membrane component that seems to play a central part in the structure and function of basement membranes and as the normal renal filtration process is highly dependent on an intact glomerular basement membrane, the serum laminin concentration was examined in a population of workers exposed to hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon exposure was assessed by exposure surrogates (exposure duration and exposure score). An interaction between occupational exposure to hydrocarbons and hypertension increased the laminin concentration whereas the laminin concentration decreased in workers exposed for a long time probably because of a selection effect. In a subgroup of printers exposed to toluene whose hippuric acid excretion had been recorded for several years this interaction was confirmed when the hippuric acid excretion was substituted for the other exposure indices. In the exposed group, the age-related decline in creatinine clearance was accelerated. These results seem to confirm that occupational exposure to hydrocarbons is a non-specific factor that may promote a deterioration of renal function.</p>","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 12","pages":"1104-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.12.1104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19268638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Authors' reply","authors":"B. Kılıçaslan","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.12.1127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.12.1127","url":null,"abstract":"included in Method 1500 (hydrocarbons, BP 36-1260C).' Therefore, the estimates of methyl ethyl ketone concentrations made by Daniell et al are probably biased low. PETER M ELLER Quality Assurance and Statistics Activity, Division ofPhysical Sciences and Engineering, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Robert A Taft Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati, OH 45226-1998, USA","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"44 1","pages":"1127 - 1127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73745320","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Incidence of cancer and exposure to toluene diisocyanate and methylene diphenyldiisocyanate: a cohort based case-referent study in the polyurethane foam manufacturing industry.","authors":"L Hagmar,&nbsp;U Strömberg,&nbsp;H Welinder,&nbsp;Z Mikoczy","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.11.1003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.11.1003","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the association between occupational exposure to toluene diisocyanate or methylene diphenyldiisocyanate and risk of cancer.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>A cohort based case-referent study. STUDY BASE: 7023 subjects employed during the period 1958 to 1987 in nine Swedish polyurethane foam manufacturing plants.</p><p><strong>Main outcome measures: </strong>Odds ratios adjusted with respect to the matching factors (age at risk, calendar year at risk, sex, and plant), calculated from the conditional logistic regression model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A non-significant association was found between high exposure to isocyanates and prostate cancer (OR 2.66, 90% confidence interval (90% CI) 0.39-18.1), which was not enhanced when an induction latency period of 10 years was applied. An association between isocyanate exposure and colon cancer was even weaker. No associations were seen for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rectal cancer.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The tentative associations, derived from a previous cohort study, between isocyanate exposure and excess risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and rectal cancer were not supported. Instead, non-significant associations with prostate cancer, and possibly colon cancer, were seen.</p>","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 11","pages":"1003-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.11.1003","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19267941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortality and incidence of cancer among a cohort of self employed butchers from Geneva and their wives.","authors":"E Gubéran,&nbsp;M Usel,&nbsp;L Raymond,&nbsp;G Fioretta","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.11.1008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.11.1008","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To investigate whether specific cancers are associated with the occupation of butcher, as has been reported from other countries, a historical prospective cohort study was undertaken. The cohort consisted of all self employed butchers (n = 552) and pork butchers (n = 310) born since 1880 who set up a shop in the canton of Geneva from 1901 to 1969, and of their wives (n = 887). The study group was followed up from 1901 to 1990 for general mortality, from 1942 to 1990 for cause specific mortality, and from 1970 to 1989 for incidence of cancer. There was no trace of 45 men (5%) and 52 women (6%). Compared with the general population of the canton of Geneva, butchers and pork butchers experienced a significant increase, taking into account 15 years of latency, in mortality from all causes (observed deaths (Obs) 540, expected deaths (Exp) 445.5, standardised mortality ratio (SMR) 121, 90% confidence interval (90% Cl) 113-130). There were significant excesses in incidence and mortality from colorectal cancer, cancer of the prostate, and all malignant neoplasms, and in incidence of cancer of the liver. The risk of lung cancer was significantly increased among pork butchers (SMR 176, 90% Cl 114-262; standardised incidence ratio (SIR) 231, 90% Cl 137-368) but not among butchers (SMR 92, 90% Cl 59-138; SIR 113, 90% Cl 67-179). There was also a significant increase in mortality from cancer of the larynx among butchers. For non-malignant causes of death significant excesses were found among all men for ischaemic heart disease, motor vehicle accidents, and cirrhosis of the liver. Analysis of subgroups showed a cluster of deaths from leukaemia among older butchers born between 1880 and 1899 (Obs 5, Exp 0.6, p < 0.0001). Exposure of pork butchers to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons during meat smoking, which was assessed in a contemporary study, might have contributed to their increased risk of lung cancer. The possible role of other factors, especially cigarette smoking, nitrosamines, and oncogenic viruses was discussed. Moreover, there was evidence from another contemporary study that butchers and pork butchers ate more animal fat, and probably more animal protein, than the average male population of Geneva. These results suggest that dietary factors could be implicated in the excesses of colorectal cancer, cancer of the prostate, and ischaemic heart disease. An increased risk for alcohol abuse might explain the excesses of liver cirrhosis, cancer of the liver, cancer of the larynx and motor vehicle accidents. Among all wives overall mortality was similar to that expected (SMR 100, 90% Cl 93-108) and there was no significant excess risk for any specific cancer nor for any non-malignant cause of death. Results for cancer of the cervix uteri, especially among subgroups, suggest an increased risk consistent with previous findings from other countries.</p>","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 11","pages":"1008-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.11.1008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19267942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mortality study of workers employed at a plant manufacturing chemicals for the rubber industry: 1955-86.","authors":"T Sorahan,&nbsp;D Pope","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.11.998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.11.998","url":null,"abstract":"ion had been thorough, but a review of all original records was necessary to obtain further identifying particulars for tracing the study popula tion (full names rather than initials, and addresses that were not available in the computerised data). Several sources were used for tracing and vital sta tus for some 98% of the cohort was determined (see table 1). Cause of death was ascertained for some 98% of the identified deaths. Job histories were available in terms of some 300 job and department titles. A former occupational hygienist from the plant provided assessments of eight hour time weighted average exposures to both MBT and MBT derivatives for different years and for each job and department title. Jobs attracted either zero exposure, very low (0-1 mg/m3), low This content downloaded from 157.55.39.238 on Sat, 02 Jul 2016 05:25:12 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Mortality study of workers employed at a plant manufacturing chemicals for the rubber industry: 1955-86 999 Table 1 Vital status at closing date of study (31 December 1986)","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 11","pages":"998-1002"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.11.998","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19267951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Toluene diisocyanate induced asthma: outcome according to persistence or cessation of exposure.","authors":"G M Liss,&nbsp;S M Tarlo","doi":"10.1136/oem.50.11.1055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.50.11.1055","url":null,"abstract":"Sir,-We read with interest the article by Pisati et al (1993;50:60-4) regarding outcome according to persistence or cessation of exposure to toluene diisocyanate. In a recent analysis of asthma compensation claims in Ontario, we have also found (data submitted for publication), as have some of the other reports referenced by Pisati et al, that duration of symptoms before leaving exposure and initial pulmonary function measures were important predictors of outcome. In explaining the poor state of group A who were still exposed, is it possible that Pisati et al could further sort out the role of continued exposure to toluene diisocyanate v the initial circumstances such as long duration of exposure and long duration of symptoms before diagnosis? In particular, among the nonimproved subjects within group B (subgroup III) who were no longer exposed, the baseline PDI5 of 424 was similar to that among group A who were still exposed (425). Moreover, as the authors point out, subgroup III had a long mean duration of exposure (15-9 years), and mean duration of symptoms before diagnosis (5 4 years), again similar to those among group A (25 and 6-3 years, respectively). The baseline FEV, was somewhat lower, however, among group A than subgroup III (86-8% v 94%). The authors indicated that it was not possible to analyse group A in this way (because no subjects recovered). Whereas removal from exposure is probably the only effective way of preventing deterioration, it would be of interest if the authors could look at subgroups or examine the relative importance of duration of exposure and symptoms before diagnosis v persistent exposure as predictors of outcome in comparing group A and subgroup III, as they were similar at baseline. GARY M LISS Ontanro Ministry of Labour SUSAN M TARLO The Gage Research Institute, Toronto, Ontanro, Canada","PeriodicalId":9254,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Industrial Medicine","volume":"50 11","pages":"1055"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1993-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1136/oem.50.11.1055","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"19127324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}