Cardiology research and cardiovascular medicine最新文献

{"title":"Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in Patients with Cor Pulmonale: Strain Imaging Study","authors":"M. Elnoamany, T. Khalil, G. soltan, Naglaa Fahim, Mohamed Omran","doi":"10.11648/J.CCR.20210503.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.CCR.20210503.14","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Cor pulmonale is one of the leading causes of heart failure. Speckle tracking echocardiography is a potential modality for evaluation of systolic and diastolic functions, myocardial mechanics and other cardiac pathophysiological processes. Objective: This study aims to assess the right ventricular (RV) function in patients with cor pulmonale using Strain Imaging and conventional echocardiography. Methods: Fifty patients with cor pulmonale compared to twenty age and sex matched controls selected for echocardiographic examination for assessment of RV indices; Pulmonary Artery Systolic Pressure (PASP), Tricuspid Annular systolic Excursion (TAPSE), Fractional Area Change (FAC), Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI), Strain and Strain rate of RV free wall in addition to conventional left ventricular data. Results: TAPSE (1.4±0.16 vs 2.3±0.31 cm), RV FAC (30.5±4.3% vs 47.2±4.5%), PASP (60.98±15.6 vs 18.9±5.41 mmHg) and Systolic velocity of tricuspid annulus S' (8.9±1.4 vs 13.4±1.9 cm/sec) were significantly impaired in patients vs controls respectively with p<0.001 for all. Also, The global RV free wall peak systolic longitudinal strain (e sys) for patients was 16.9±3.4% vs 25.2±2.9%, The RV free wall systolic strain rate (S-1 s) was 0.98±0.18 vs 1.7±0.18, RV free wall early diastolic strain rate (S-1 e) was 1.2±0.25 vs 1.92±0.28 and RV free wall late diastolic strain rate (S-1 a) was 1.11±0.27 vs 1.8±0.21 with (p<0.001 for all). The RV free wall systolic Longitudinal Strain (e sys) was negatively correlated with PASP (r=-0.950, p<0.001) and positively correlated with TAPSE, RV FAC and Systolic velocity of tricuspid annulus S' (r=0.635, r=0.919, r=0.890 respectively with p<0.001 for all). Conclusion: Strain and Strain Rate are reliable tools to assess systolic and diastolic functions of the RV in patients with cor pulmonale even at early disease stages and correlate well with other conventional echo parameters for RV assessment.","PeriodicalId":92185,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology research and cardiovascular medicine","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87639081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel Animal Model for Ventricular Ejection Fraction Measured by MRI","authors":"J. Tunac, F. Valeriote, J. Media, R. Knight","doi":"10.11648/J.CCR.20210503.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.CCR.20210503.13","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The objective of this study is to evaluate an animal model, herein called the Tunac Arterial Plaque (TAP) mouse as a model for reduced left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF). Traditional mouse models involve genetically modified or surgically altered animals, whereas the TAP model is a wild mouse (C57Bl/6 strain) fed with a high fat diet and treated with an environmental chemical pollutant 3,3',4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB) to mimic human lifestyle. Thus, the LVEF volume of treated and untreated mice will be measured per MRI, as well as an assessment for the presence of arterial plaque. Methods and results: Ten-week-old male C57/Bl6 mice were fed with either normal or high fat diet, acclimated for 1 week and then PCB was administered by gavage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed using a 7-Tesla Varian magnet. Briefly, the heart was aligned to the proper orientation, then an intragate scan was carried out for a CINE presentation (motion sensitive MRI in which a series of static images are obtained at various stages of the cardiac cycle and then played back as a movie). A black blood method was used that caused the blood to appear darker than the adjacent tissue and a CINE sequence to sort images, from which another program a (Medviso Segment) calculated percent ejection fraction (EF), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR). For the aorta and carotid artery imaging, cross-sectional images of the aortic arch were obtained, which produced multiple contrast weightings. Mice fed with normal diet showed normal ejection fraction volume (75.1%). The high fat diet alone without PCB also effectively reduced EF% (67.7%), and the lowest reduction in EF were for mice fed with high fat and PCB (57.2%). In the high fat-PCB-treated group, there was a gradual reduction in % EF starting at 2 weeks with 65.2% EF and 52.5% at the 8-wk time point. MRI scan of the aortal arch showed plaques in mice fed with high fat diet and PCB treatment. Conclusions: First to demonstrate LVEF per cine MRI in a wild non-surgical or non-genetically modified mouse model. Plaque formation in aortal arch was confirmed by MRI.","PeriodicalId":92185,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology research and cardiovascular medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77619914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship Between Geometry and Ventricular Filling Pressures in Non-Diabetic Hypertensive Patients","authors":"A. Suárez","doi":"10.11648/J.CCR.20210503.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.CCR.20210503.12","url":null,"abstract":"Hypertension and obesity make changes in the heart that are known as remodeling and diastolic dysfunction. These changes are the beginning of a later sistolic heart failure. Objectives Searching for the relation between geometry and ventricular function in hypertensive non diabetic and obese patients. 68 women and 20 men were evaluated by doppler- echocardiography. All patients had a normal ejection fraction. Results Ventricular geometry was altered in 53.4% of the subjects and diastolic function in 73.8% respectively. As body weight increased the ventricular mass, relative wall thickness, left atrial dimension and end diastolic volumes increased too. Overweight and obesity were found in 62.5% of the sample. A concentric left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 27.2% of the patients. An excentric left ventricular hypertrophy was found in 14.7% of them and 46.6% had a normal geometry. Eyection fraction values were lesser in the group with bigger ventricular mass and altered filling patterns. P=0.05, 0.1. Conclusion Arterial hypertension and obesity are risk factors for the development of cardiac abnormalities that lower systolic cardiac function in case of hypertrophy and dilatation are not resolved.","PeriodicalId":92185,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology research and cardiovascular medicine","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77144218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantification of Coronary Inflammation Using Fat Attenuation Index (FAI) in Indians: A Retrospective Study","authors":"A. Kapoor, Aprajita Kapoor, G. Mahajan","doi":"10.11648/J.CCR.20210503.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/J.CCR.20210503.11","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Asian Indians have the highest prevalence (11%) of coronary artery risk worldwide compared to all other races. So far no quantifiable risk factor has been shown to explain such a high prevalence. Fat attenuation index (FAI) using CT coronary angiography (CTCA) has been recently used to demonstrate coronary perivascular inflammation and to confirm that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process. Hence this study was conducted to determine FAI using CTCA in 200 adult Indians as a retrospective study to determine if it can be the answer to establish the cause for high prevalence of CAD in Indians and whether there are differences in FAI in normal adults and those with significant CAD and to determine if it could be used as imaging biomarker for diagnosis and follow up of such patients. Material and Methods: Retrospective study of 200 patients who underwent CTCA was done. Patients were divided into two groups based on no coronary disease (NOCAD) and those with significant coronary artery disease (CAD). Patient demographics were recorded for both groups. FAI estimation was done along with Plaque volume index (PVI), pericardial volume estimation and the differences between the two groups were statistically analysed. Results: Mean patient age in both groups was 52 years with male predominance (75-80%). Mean FAI,s for left anterior descending and right coronary arteries was 45.4 and -44.7 HU and of -38.0 and -39.2 HU for NOCAD and CAD groups respectively (p -38HU was 73% and 80% respectively with LR of 3.6. Conclusion: Normal adult Indians with NOCAD showed a high FAI compared to all other races which could be reason for highest prevalence of CAD amongst Indians. FAI can be used as imaging biomarker to differentiate CAD from NOCAD with sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 80% respectively.","PeriodicalId":92185,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology research and cardiovascular medicine","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86535723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Myocardial Infarction in an Adolescent Fontan Patient Who Consumed Energy Drinks on a Daily Basis and Stopped Thromboprophylaxis: A Case Report","authors":"C. Bauer, Natascha Pramhofer, Mouhamad El Haj-Moustafa, G. Tulzer","doi":"10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.20","url":null,"abstract":"Patients with single ventricle type congenital heart disease show a variety of risk factors for thromboembolic complications leading to stroke, pulmonary embolism and rarely myocardial ischemia. Energy drink consumption has been associated with adverse effects on vascular function and coagulation and may increase the risk. We report a case of a 14-year-old Fontan patient who presented with new onset cyanosis, chest pain and syncope. He quitted antiplatelet therapy himself three years ago and consumed three energy drinks a day regularly. On admission cardiac enzymes were severely elevated ECG showed slightly elevated ST-segments and Echo demonstrated reduced function. Myocarditis was first suspected but was rejected after MRI depicted a large transmural scar. During cardiac catheterization a total occlusion of the entire right coronary artery leading to myocardial infarction was found. The patient was put on dual anticoagulation and scheduled for transplantation because of severe myocardial impairment but did not consent and ultimately died. Myocardial infarction is an extremely rare complication in the Fontan population that has to be considered and ruled out in a timely manner in patients who present with chest pain and elevated troponin T to preserve ventricular function. Continuous thromboprophylaxis and avoidance of additional risk factors like energy drinks is warranted to prevent thromboembolic events in this population.","PeriodicalId":92185,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology research and cardiovascular medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89114784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Stroke, Coronary Artery Disease, Arrhythmias and Heart Failure: A Community-Based Study in Northern Cameroon","authors":"O. P. Mbouemboue, Jacques Olivier Ngoufack Tsougmo, Astride Houmkoua, Daouda Alim","doi":"10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.19","url":null,"abstract":"Data on the cardiovascular disease epidemiology in Northern Cameroon remain insufficient. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of stroke, coronary artery disease (CAD), arrhythmias and heart failure among the Ngaoundere population. This was a community-based study conducted in Ngaoundere from March to June 2018. The study population consisted of adults over 20 years’ old who had been living in the city of Ngaoundere for at least one year and who had consented to participate in the study. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire included socio-demographic (gender, age, occupation, education, marital status, cardiovascular risk factors, personal and family history of CVD), and physical examination. Stroke, CAD, arrhythmias and heart failure were established by a combination of self reporting and the judgment of a cardiologist coauthor according to a physical examination. In total, 948 subjects aged 20 to 89 were included in the study. Their mean age was 39.92±14.75 years. The prevalence of stroke, CAD, arrhythmias and heart failure were 0.74%, 3.06%, 3.6%, and 12.45% respectively in the study population. In conclusion, in this area, prevalence of stroke, arrhythmias and heart failure was high among adult population. However, further studies including instrumental methods of cardiovascular diagnosis are needed to determine trends of CVD’s prevalence in Ngaoundere locality.","PeriodicalId":92185,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology research and cardiovascular medicine","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80319165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First Case Report of Transvenous Pacemaker Placement in a Patient with Congenital Absence of the Clavicles Due to Cleidocranial Dysplasia","authors":"Krista Diane Niezwaag, Benjamin James Kotur, A. Michaels","doi":"10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.17","url":null,"abstract":"Cleidocranial dysplasia is a rare, autosomal dominant disease that is associated with clavicular absence or hypoplasia. Permanent pacemakers are most commonly implanted using percutaneous subclavian venous access. The clavicle is typically used as a bony landmark to guide venous access. Transvenous pacemaker implantation in the setting of clavicular hypoplasia, resection or other anomalies has not been described in literature. This is the first case report of a patient with clavicular absence undergoing transvenous permanent pacemaker implantation. This patient has a rare condition called cleidocranial dysplasia resulting in the congenital absence of his clavicles, along with other skeletal abnormalities. Cardiac anomalies are not associated with this disorder. This patient presented for permanent pacemaker placement in the setting of trifascicular block, symptomatic intermittent second-degree Mobitz type II atrioventricular block, and syncope. Using intra-procedural subclavian venography and intraprocedural Sonosite ultrasound imaging to identify vascular anatomy and surrounding anatomic landmarks, this patient underwent successful placement of a dual chamber transvenous pacemaker. Images from the intraprocedural venogram and the post-procedure chest x-ray illustrate the anatomy in this patient with congenital absence of the clavicles. This case has important implications in subclavian access and pacemaker placement in patients with clavicular abnormalities that may include absent, deformed, or resected clavicles.","PeriodicalId":92185,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology research and cardiovascular medicine","volume":"10 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72577213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Curative and Preventive Treatment for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) Targeting Multiple Etiology","authors":"J. Tunac","doi":"10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.18","url":null,"abstract":"Gene deficient or knockout (KO) mice and rabbits are models of atherosclerosis focusing on cholesterol plaques, which do not reflect the complex etiology of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Inhibiting the 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase or the proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) reduce cholesterol levels but not the rate of CVD. Moreover, the one-drug-one-gene paradigm particularly targeting any one of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which represent the largest protein family encoded by the human genome, has at best produced palliative treatment. Vascular diseases including CVD are caused by extraneous (xeno) factors, which are of multifactorial etiology consisting of upstream and downstream phases. The upstream phase is the physical breach of the cells protective glycocalyx (GCX) shield by chemical and biological pollutants, resulting in a sequela of cell damages (plexic) that is manifested downstream in the form of diseases, herein called xenoplexic diseases. Xenoplexic disease is an etiologic description while chronic disease is symptom-centric. This study treated a natural mouse with extraneous agents, which produced plaques and plaque reduction was the end point to evaluate the curative and/or preventive treatment effect of the 3-component compound therapy. Histopathology monitored the presence of plaque, and a 4-panel biomarker, based on GCX disruption, was subsequently developed as a surrogate to monitor plaque formation. Of the several 3-NCE combos tested 4 combos were found to be preventive and curative of plaques indicating the effectiveness of a combo platform therapy. One combo is chosen as the lead candidate and hereby designated as Embotricin TM.","PeriodicalId":92185,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology research and cardiovascular medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85889100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impact of Sleep Duration and Quality on the Burden of Diabetes Among Urban and Rural Community Dwellers in Cameroon","authors":"D. Lemogoum, W. Ngatchou, P. Borne, B. Essola, Thierry Messomo, M. Dandji, J. Degaute, M. Leeman, M. Hermans","doi":"10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.16","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Sleep disorders are known to be linked with numerous cardiovascular comorbidities including type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence and impact of sleep quality and duration on diabetes in the Cameroonian population is not well established. This study evaluates the isolated and combined contribution of two aspects of sleep (duration and quality) on glucose homeostasis in an urban and rural Cameroonian population. Methods: This was a cross-sectional prospective survey conducted among 249 rural and 250 urban community dwellers in Cameroon aged ≥18 years. Self-reported sleep duration (SD) and quality were evaluated using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Poor sleep quality was considered for PSQI score>5 and short SD was considered≤ 6h. Diabetes was considered for fasting blood glucose>126mg/d Land/or use of glucose-lowering medications. Results: Mean age was 36±12 years, and men accounted for 39.1%. Frequency of poor sleep quality was 50.3% and was similar in urban and rural groups (48.2% vs 52.4% respectively, p=0.395). Short SD was present in 30.5% of subjects and was more frequent among urban dwellers (36.1% vs 24.8% in rural, p=0.006, respectively). Short SD was significantly associated with diabetes (OR 2.62, 95%CI 1.38-5.00). Although the frequency of diabetes was higher in participants with poor sleep quality compared to those with PSQI ≤5 (10% vs 6.5%, respectively), the observed difference was not significant (p>0.05). The combination of poor sleep quality and short SD was strongly associated with diabetes (OR 2.67, 95%CI 1.23-5.79). Conclusion: This survey demonstrates a significant association between short sleep duration as well as the combination of short sleep duration and poor sleep quality with type 2 diabetes prevalence. It is appropriate to consider sleep quality and duration as potentially modifiable variables associated with the presence or management of diabetes in these Cameroonian populations.","PeriodicalId":92185,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology research and cardiovascular medicine","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73108472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardio-Cerebral Infarction Syndrome (CCIS): Definition, Diagnosis, Pathophysiology and Treatment","authors":"M. Habib","doi":"10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ccr.20210502.15","url":null,"abstract":"Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) and coronary artery disease are the major causes of death in Palestine and in the world. Ischemic stroke and acute coronary syndrome have similar vascular risk factors and may evolve as a complication of the respective other disease. The prevalence of coronary artery disease has been reported in one fifth of stroke patients. high incidence rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) after recent ischemic stroke and the high risk of acute ischemic stroke after recent myocardial infarction has been reported in several clinical or observational studies. Patients are at increased risk of ischemic stroke following recent myocardial infarction, and aggressive treatment of AMI, including use of reperfusion therapy, decreases the risk of AIS. For patients presenting with AIS in the setting of a recent MI, treatment with alteplase, an intravenous tissue plasminogen activator, can be given, but may be harmful in many conditions. It is important for clinicians to recognize that troponin elevations can occur in the setting of AIS as well as other clinical scenarios and that this may have implications for short- and long-term mortality. So that acute or recent problem in the heart or brain that could result in an acute infarction of the other. In this review we describe the definition and new classification of the cardio-cerebral infarction syndrome with 3 subtypes that reflect the definition, pathophysiology and treatment options.","PeriodicalId":92185,"journal":{"name":"Cardiology research and cardiovascular medicine","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87289705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}