Botanical Studies最新文献

{"title":"New acorane-sesequiterpenes and anti-retinoblastoma constituents from the marine algicolous fungus Trichoderma harzianum NTU2180 guided by molecular networking strategy.","authors":"Andrea Gu, Fan-Li Lin, Chung-Kuang Lu, Tz-Wei Yeh, Yih-Fung Chen, Ho-Cheng Wu, Tzong-Huei Lee","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00449-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00449-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Trichoderma species, known as biocontrol agents against plant diseases, contain diverse compounds, especially terpenoids, with various bioactivities. To facilitate the exploration of bioactive secondary metabolites of Trichoderma harzianum NTU2180, the OSMAC approach MS/MS molecular networking was applied in the current study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) analysis showed that T. harzianum NTU2180 fermented on germinated brown rice (GBR) produced more terpenoids. Here, two new acorane-sesequiterpenes, trichospirols A (1) and B (2), and 12 known compounds (3 - 14) were isolated from the EtOAc layer of T. harzianum NTU2180 fermentation on GBR. Structures of these compounds were determined through NMR, UV, IR, and MS analyses. The absolute configuration of trichospirols A (1) was also elucidated by x-ray with Cu K-α radiation. Among them, six compounds (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 11) were annotated as terpenoids by the NPClassifier on FBMN. 5-Hydroxy-3-hydroxmethyl-2-methyl-7-methoxychromone (7) and ergosterol peroxide (11) showed significant anti-angiogenic activity in ex vivo experiments with respective 0.57 ± 0.12- and 0.20 ± 0.12-fold changes. In addition, compound 11 displayed cytotoxicity against Y79 retinoblastoma cells with IC₅₀ value of 35.3 ± 6.9 µM.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The current study utilizes FBMN concept with OSMAC approach to accelerate the exploration of potential metabolites of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum NTU2180. Through a series of FBMN-guided isolation and purification, two new acorane-sesequiterpenes and 12 known compounds were obtained. The ex vivo and in vitro experiments were evaluated to assess anticancer isolates. It is worth noting that compound 11 was identified as a dual inhibitor targeting both angiogenesis and proliferation of retinoblastomas. Altogether, the results revealed the novel potential of T. harzianum for developing natural therapeutics against retinoblastomas.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"66 1","pages":"2"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11732828/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142977732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new species of Astragalus (Fabaceae) from the Irano-Turanian biodiversity hotspot: an integrative approach.","authors":"Zahra Karbalaei, Ali Bagheri, Ali Asghar Maassoumi, Twan Rutten, Frank R Blattner","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00448-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00448-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The genus Astragalus is the largest and one of the most diverse genera of flowering plants, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere, with a significant concentration of species in the Irano-Turanian region. Within this genus, section Hymenostegis is notable for its complexity and high levels of endemism, especially in northwestern Iran. During recent field explorations in West Azarbaijan province, a distinct population of Astragalus was identified, differing from known species within section Hymenostegis. This study aimes to describe and analyze this new species and clarify its relationship with closely related taxa using an integrative approach.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Astragalus kuzehrashensis sp. nov. is described following detailed morphological comparisons with its closest relatives, A. chehreganii and A. hakkianus. The new species is distinguished by unique stipule characteristics, leaflet shape, inflorescence structure, and seed micromorphology. Molecular phylogenetic analysis using ITS and ycf1 sequences reveals that A. kuzehrashensis forms a clade with A. chehreganii and A. hakkianus, although it exhibits genetic differences. Genome size estimation confirms that A. kuzehrashensis is hexaploid (2n = 6x = 48), aligning it more closely with A. hakkianus than with the tetraploid A. chehreganii. The distinct morphological characters and genomic data support recognizing A. kuzehrashensis as a new species within section Hymenostegis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The identification of A. kuzehrashensis underscores the importance of an integrative taxonomic approach, combining morphological, molecular, and cytogenetic data to resolve species boundaries within complex groups like Astragalus section Hymenostegis. This study highlights the rich biodiversity of the Irano-Turanian floristic region, emphasizing the need for ongoing exploration and conservation efforts, particularly in areas of high endemism. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the taxonomy and evolutionary relationships within the genus Astragalus.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"66 1","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11711607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142944811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New estimates and synthesis of chromosome numbers, ploidy levels and genome size variation in Allium sect. Codonoprasum: advancing our understanding of the unresolved diversification and evolution of this section.","authors":"Lucie Kobrlová, Michaela Jandová, Kateřina Vojtěchová, Lenka Šafářová, Martin Duchoslav","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00446-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00446-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The genus Allium is known for its high chromosomal variability, but most chromosome counts are based on a few individuals and genome size (GS) reports are limited in certain taxonomic groups. This is evident in the Allium sect. Codonoprasum, a species-rich (> 150 species) and taxonomically complex section with weak morphological differences between taxa, the presence of polyploidy and frequent misidentification of taxa. Consequently, a significant proportion of older karyological reports may be unreliable and GS data are lacking for the majority of species within the section. This study, using chromosome counting and flow cytometry (FCM), provides the first comprehensive and detailed insight into variation in chromosome number, polyploid frequency and distribution, and GS in section members, marking a step towards understanding the unresolved diversification and evolution of this group.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We analysed 1578 individuals from 316 populations of 25 taxa and reported DNA ploidy levels and their GS, with calibration from chromosome counts in 22 taxa. Five taxa had multiple ploidy levels. First estimates of GS were obtained for 16 taxa. A comprehensive review of chromosome number and DNA-ploidy levels in 129 taxa of the section revealed that all taxa have x = 8, except A. rupestre with two polyploid series (x = 8, descending dysploidy x = 7), unique for this section. Diploid taxa dominated (72.1%), while di- & polyploid (12.4%) and exclusively polyploid (15.5%) taxa were less common. Ploidy diversity showed that diploid taxa dominated in the eastern Mediterranean and decreased towards the west and north, whereas only polyploid cytotypes of di- & polyploid taxa or exclusively polyploid taxa dominated in northern and northwestern Europe. A 4.1-fold variation in GS was observed across 33 taxa analysed so far (2C = 22.3-92.1 pg), mainly due to polyploidy, with GS downsizing observed in taxa with multiple ploidy levels. Intra-sectional GS variation suggests evolutionary relationships, and intraspecific GS variation within some taxa may indicate taxonomic heterogeneity and/or historical migration patterns.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Our study showed advantages of FCM as an effective tool for detecting ploidy levels and determining GS within the section. GS could be an additional character in understanding evolution and phylogenetic relationships within the section.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"40"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11668721/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142881214","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utilising artificial intelligence for cultivating decorative plants.","authors":"Nurdana Salybekova, Gani Issayev, Aikerim Serzhanova, Valery Mikhailov","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00445-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00445-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The research aims to assess the effectiveness of artificial intelligence models in predicting the risk level in tulip greenhouses using different varieties. The study was conducted in 2022 in the Almaty region, Panfilov village.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Two groups of 10 greenhouses each (area 200 m2) were compared: the control group used standard monitoring methods, while the experimental group employed AI-based monitoring. We applied ANOVA, regression analysis, Bootstrap, and correlation analysis to evaluate the impact of factors on the risk level. The results demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in the risk level in the experimental group, where artificial intelligence models were employed, especially the recurrent neural network \"Expert-Pro.\" A comparison of different tulip varieties revealed differences in their susceptibility to risks. The results provide an opportunity for more effective risk management in greenhouse cultivation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The high accuracy and sensitivity exhibited by the \"Expert-Pro\" model underscore its potential to enhance the productivity and resilience of crops. The research findings justify the theoretical significance of applying artificial intelligence in agriculture and its practical applicability for improving risk management efficiency in greenhouse cultivation conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"39"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655720/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142852846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PtrA, Piz-t, and a novel minor-effect QTL (qBR12_3.3-4.4) collectively contribute to the durable blast-resistance of rice cultivar Tainung 84.","authors":"Sheng-Shan Wang, Wei-Bin Chang, Ming-Chien Hsieh, Szu-Yu Chen, Dah-Jing Liao, Ching-Ying Liao, Wei-Chiang Shen, Hong-Hua Chen, Chieh-Yi Chen, Yi-Chia Chen, Yueh-Lin Lin, Chih-Wei Tung, Ruey-Shyang Chen, Chia-Lin Chung","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00444-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00444-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Rice blast caused by Pyricularia oryzae is a major threat to rice production worldwide. Tainung 84 (TNG84) is an elite japonica rice cultivar developed through the traditional pedigree method. It has maintained superior blast resistance since its release in 2010. This study aimed to investigate the genetic factors underlying the durable resistance of TNG84 in Taiwan.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was conducted using 122 F₂ individuals and F_2:3 families derived from the cross of TNG84 and a susceptible japonica cultivar Tainan 11 (TN11). Using 733 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) obtained through genotyping-by-sequencing and three P. oryzae isolates (D41-2, 12CY-MS1-2, and 12YL-TT4-1) belonging to different physiological races and Pot2 lineages, a major QTL was identified in the region of 52-54 cM (9.54-15.16 Mb) on chromosome 12. Fine-mapping using 21 F_5:6 recombinants delimited the QTL to a 140.4-kb region (10.78 to 10.93 Mb) containing the known resistance gene Ptr. Sequencing analysis indicated that TNG84 carries the resistant PtrA allele and TN11 carries the susceptible PtrD allele. Investigation of the Ptr haplotypes in 41 local japonica rice cultivars revealed that eight PtrA-containing cultivars (19.5%) consistently exhibited good field resistance in Taiwan from 2008 to 2024. Subsequently, a few F_5:6 lines (P026, P044, P092, and P167) lacking the resistant Ptr allele were observed to exhibit a resistant phenotype against P. oryzae 12YL-TT4-1-lab. Trait-marker association analyses using eight F_6:7 homozygous recombinants, 378 BC₁F₂ from P044 backcrossed to TN11, and 180 BC₁F₂ from P092 backcrossed to TN11, identified Piz-t on chromosome 6 and a new QTL located between 3.3 Mb and 4.4 Mb on chromosome 12 (designated as qBR12_3.3-4.4). Analysis of 12 selected BC₁F_2:3 lines derived from P044 demonstrated that in the absence of Ptr and Piz-t, qBR12_3.3-4.4 alone reduced the disease severity index from approximately 6.3 to 3.9.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>PtrA is likely the primary gene responsible for the broad-spectrum and durable resistance of TNG84. Piz-t confers narrow-spectrum resistance, while qBR12_3.3-4.4 contributes partial resistance. The discovery of qBR12_3.3-4.4 has provided a new source of blast resistance, and the markers developed in this study can be utilized in future breeding programs.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"37"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655991/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase, and anti-amyloid-β peptide aggregations of hispolon and its analogs in vitro and improved learning and memory functions in scopolamine-induced ICR mice.","authors":"Chang-Hang Yang, Cai-Wei Li, Yi-Yan Sie, Liang-Chieh Chen, Yu-Hsiang Yuan, Wen-Chi Hou","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00443-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00443-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Hispolon, one of bioactive phenolic compounds from a medicinal mushroom of sang-huang (Phellinus linteus) has been reported to exhibit anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. The Alzheimer's disease (AD) is ranked one of the top ten leading causes of death worldwide. Little is known about the effects of hispolon on delaying AD progression.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The hispolon (No.1) and its six structural analogs (No.2 to No.7) were assayed by antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase activities and anti-amyloid-β_1-42-peptide aggregations. The No.1, No.6, and No.7 were selected for further molecular docking with acetylcholinesterase and core fragments of amyloid-β-peptide, and also showed capacities to recover cell viabilities in methylglyoxal-treated SH-SY5Y cells and also to enhance neurite outgrowths in PC12 cells. The daily pre-treatments of No.1, No.6, and No.7 for 10-days (40 mg/kg/day) showed to improve learning dysfunctions in scopolamine-induced ICR mice by passive avoidance tests.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The hispolon in the fungus sang-huang might be beneficial to develop functional foods or as lead compounds for treating degenerative disorders.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"38"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11655744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142845752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the ecological dominance of button mangrove (Conocarpus erectus L.) through microstructural and functional traits modifications across heterogenic environmental conditions.","authors":"Ummar Iqbal, Akkasha Azam, Khawaja Shafique Ahmad, Sahar Mumtaz, Ansar Mehmood, Nargis Naz, Zartasha Usman, Hina Abbas, Muhammad Akram","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00440-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00440-0","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background: &lt;/strong&gt;The button mangrove (Conocarpus erectus L.) is regarded as a peripheral species within mangrove communities. This particular species has the ability to thrive in regions that are arid or semiarid, where there is limited availability of nutrients. This study provides evidence of the ecological dominance of Conocarpus erectus across various habitats, highlighting its adaptability and success throughout the country of Pakistan. We collected twelve populations from four distinct ecological regions, including artificial forest plantations, agricultural fields, roadsides, and wastelands, offering a comprehensive assessment of C. erectus adaptability across diverse environmental contexts.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results: &lt;/strong&gt;Forest plantation populations exhibited impressive shoot growth and moderate root lengths, with plants generally tall and well-weighted. Physiologically, they had moderate chlorophyll content and low carotenoid levels, with a balanced chlorophyll a/b ratio, indicating stable photosynthetic activity. Anatomically, these populations had thicker epidermal and cortical root layers but smaller vascular bundles and phloem regions. Stem and leaf structures were generally moderate in size, with thicker midribs and cortical layers in the leaves. Agricultural field populations showed robust shoot and root systems with balanced fresh and dry biomass. They exhibited high chlorophyll and carotenoid levels, indicating strong photosynthetic capacity. Root and stem anatomy revealed larger root areas, thicker cortex, and wide vascular bundles, reflecting enhanced structural development. Leaves from these populations had moderate midrib and cortical thickness, with larger stomatal areas, promoting efficient gas exchange. Roadside populations displayed deeper roots and reduced biomass production. These populations adapted to environmental stress through leaf expansion, with high leaf numbers and areas. Physiologically, populations had high chlorophyll content, with a high chlorophyll a/b ratio. Root and stem anatomy showed compact structures with smaller vascular bundles, indicating adaptation to harsher conditions. Leaf anatomy was moderate, with smaller vascular bundles and reduced water transport capacity. Wasteland populations exhibited poor growth and high shoot biomass despite small leaves. Physiologically, these populations had the highest total soluble protein and proline contents, reflecting stress adaptation. Anatomically, root and stem structures were variable, with some populations showing reduced cortical cell areas and smaller vascular bundles, indicating limited resource transport. Leaf structures had thicker lamina, thinner epidermal layers, and lower stomatal densities, reflecting adaptation to nutrient-poor soils.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusion: &lt;/strong&gt;This study reveals the adaptability and thriving potential of Conocarpus erectus across varied habitats, providing key insights into its resilience and survival ","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"36"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11604896/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142749966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Population genomics of a thermophilic cyanobacterium revealed divergence at subspecies level and possible adaptation genes.","authors":"Hsin-Ying Chang, Hsi-Ching Yen, Hsiu-An Chu, Chih-Horng Kuo","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00442-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00442-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Cyanobacteria are diverse phototrophic microbes with ecological importance and potential for biotechnology applications. One species of thermophilic cyanobacteria, Thermosynechococcus taiwanensis, has been studied for biomass pyrolysis, estrogen degradation, and the production of bioethanol, monosaccharide, and phycocyanin. To better understand the diversity and evolution of this species, we sampled across different regions in Taiwan for strain isolation and genomic analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 27 novel strains were isolated from nine of the 12 hot springs sampled and subjected to whole genome sequencing. Including strains studied previously, our genomic analyses encompassed 32 strains from 11 hot springs. Genome sizes among these strains ranged from 2.64 to 2.70 Mb, with an average of 2.66 Mb. Annotation revealed between 2465 and 2576 protein-coding genes per genome, averaging 2537 genes. Core-genome phylogeny, gene flow estimates, and overall gene content divergence consistently supported the within-species divergence into two major populations. While isolation by distance partially explained the within-population divergence, the factors driving divergence between populations remain unclear. Nevertheless, this species likely has a closed pan-genome comprising approximately 3030 genes, with our sampling providing sufficient coverage of its genomic diversity. To investigate the divergence and potential adaptations, we identified genomic regions with significantly lower nucleotide diversity, indicating loci that may have undergone selective sweeps within each population. We identified 149 and 289 genes within these regions in populations A and B, respectively. Only 16 genes were common to both populations, suggesting that selective sweeps primarily targeted different genes in the two populations. Key genes related to functions such as photosynthesis, motility, and ion transport were highlighted.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work provides a population genomics perspective on a hot spring cyanobacterial species in Taiwan. Beyond advancing our understanding of microbial genomics and evolution, the strains collected and genome sequences generated in this work provide valuable materials for future development and utilization of biological resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"35"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11602899/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142738443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The levels of pattern-triggered immunity in the root and stembase of tomato cultivars positively correlate with the resistance to Ralstonia solanacearum.","authors":"Chiao-Yu Ku, Li-Ren Guo, Feng-Chi Cheng, Chun-You Kuo, Andre Fortunatus Karim, Muhammad Yusril Hardiansyah, Yu-Chuan Chang, Yi-Fan Chen, Ya-Yi Chung, Chiu-Ping Cheng","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00441-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00441-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Bacterial wilt (BW), caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs), is one of the most destructive diseases impacting a wide range of crops globally. The infection process is complex involving intricate interactions between the plant and Rs. Managing BW is challenging, and crop breeding remains the most effective strategy for disease control. Resistance to BW in crops is primarily associated with quantitative trait loci (QTLs), which are believed to correlate with the simultaneous activation of multiple defense mechanisms against pathogens. This study aimed to clarify the nature of BW resistance and determine whether pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) plays a role in this resistance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>PTI can be triggered in tomato roots and stembases by an Rs hrpG^- mutant and by the cell wall extract (PiCWE) from the root-infected beneficial fungus Piriformospora indica (Pi). Among tomato plants with varying resistance levels to Rs, BW-resistant (BW^R) and moderate-resistant (BW^MR) cultivars exhibited higher levels of root and stembase PTI in response to Rs hrpG^- inoculation and PiCWE treatment than in BW-susceptible (BW^S) cultivars. Additionally, BW^R and BW^MR cultivars showed enhanced leaf PTI after inoculation with a Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) hrcC^- mutant. The BW^R cultivar Hawaii 7996 (H7996) also demonstrated high tolerance to several leaf pathogens.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Efficient systems for the analyses of PTI responses in tomato roots, stembases and leaves in response to patterns derived from root-infected pathogenic and beneficial microorganisms have been established. The levels of PTI in roots, stembases, and leaves are positively correlated with BW resistance in tomato plants. The BW^R cultivar H7996 also shows tolerance to various leaf pathogens. This study reveals a significant correlation between tomato PTI and resistance to Rs, provides valuable insights into the nature of BW resistance, and offers critical information for tomato breeding.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"34"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11599649/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142715418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proximal aperture in Cephalanthera longifolia (L.) Fritsch (Orchidaceae) pollen: a rare germination site for angiosperms.","authors":"Carola Purgina, Friðgeir Grímsson, Silvia Ulrich","doi":"10.1186/s40529-024-00439-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s40529-024-00439-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The pollen dispersal unit of the epidendroid species, Cephalanthera longifolia, is a soft pollinium consisting of loosely connected tetrads that are agglutinated by elastoviscin. With scanning electron microscopy, the reticulate exine is visible on the outer pollen grains of outer tetrads of a pollinium. The pollen grains are mostly arranged in planar-tetragonal tetrads or decussate tetrads and easily disintegrate into monads. Contrary to the inaperturate pollen in members of subfamily Epidendroideae known so far, C. longifolia exhibits ulcerate pollen. When pollen grains are attached in tetrads within a pollinium the apertures are obscured, as they are located on the proximal side of the pollen grains. The ulcus can only be observed when tetrads disintegrate, freeing the monads and exposing the proximal side of pollen grains for investigation by light and scanning electron microscopy. Proximal aperture configurations are rare among angiosperms and currently known only from few other species of flowering plants. This is the first report of an ulcerate proximal aperture within Orchidaceae.</p>","PeriodicalId":9185,"journal":{"name":"Botanical Studies","volume":"65 1","pages":"33"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11564583/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142615016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}