Biosystems Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Smoothing of headland path edges and headland-to-mainfield lane transitions based on a spatial domain transformation and linear programming","authors":"Mogens Plessen","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104229","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104229","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within the context of in-field path planning, and under the assumption of nonholonomic vehicle models, this paper addresses two tasks: smoothing of headland path edges and smoothing of headland-to-mainfield lane transitions. Both tasks are solved by a two-step hierarchical algorithm. The first step differs for the two tasks generating either a piecewise-affine or a Dubins reference path. The second step leverages a transformation of vehicle dynamics from the time domain into the spatial domain and linear programming. Benefits, such as a hyperparameter-free objective function and spatial constraints useful for area coverage gaps avoidance and precision path planning, are discussed. The method, which is a deterministic optimisation-based method, is evaluated on 5 real-world fields solving 19 instances of the first task and 84 instances of the second task.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104229"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrify agriculture: Developing an economically viable electric tractor concept for smallholder farming in Germany and Sub-Saharan Africa","authors":"Korbinian Götz ,&nbsp;Lucien Müller ,&nbsp;Simon Mailhammer ,&nbsp;Peter Pickel ,&nbsp;Markus Lienkamp","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104221","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104221","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Agriculture is responsible for up to a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions, and tractors play a significant role in this through the combustion of fossil fuels, as they are the central component of the global mechanisation process. Hence, the transition to electric tractors (ETs) presents a significant opportunity for reducing fossil-driven emissions and switching to renewable sources. However, the electrification of tractors initially leads to higher costs, preventing widespread adoption of the new technology. Therefore, this study proposes a holistic view of the whole life cycle of electric tractors: We investigate the economic viability of electric tractors with a comparative analysis to equivalent diesel tractors. The paper presents a purpose-designed concept that involves a comprehensive bottom-up assessment of the total cost of ownership (TCO), providing a scalable component inventory and leveraging real-world agricultural data. Case studies are presented for different farming scenarios in Germany, Ethiopia, and Rwanda, revealing that while the initial acquisition costs of ETs are higher, the proposed purpose-driven design can lead to a substantial reduction in operational costs, and favourable electricity prices from renewable sources can lead to significant long-term savings. The model results demonstrate that with policy and design, electric tractors (ETs) can be a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to conventional diesel tractors in a smallholder farming context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104221"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the gas-solid two-phase motion in the cleaning device with imitating the pigeon feather sieve based on the CFD-DEM method","authors":"Xin Feng ,&nbsp;Yunpeng Gao ,&nbsp;Lijun Wang ,&nbsp;Chunzhe Jiang ,&nbsp;Wenyao Huang ,&nbsp;Shuheng Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104233","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104233","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Screening is crucial in combine harvesters. To clean maize mixture at a high feed rate, a bionic sieve inspired by pigeon feather microstructure was designed. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD)-discrete element method (DEM), results revealed the airflow above the bionic sieve increased, then decreased, then increased from front to rear, and was enhanced by 0.07, 0.06, and 0.1 m s⁻¹ at the front, middle, and tail compared to the plane sieve. Single-factor tests evaluated the influence of height of sieve shaft, velocity of inlet airflow, and angle of inlet airflow on process indices of stratification degree and separation degree of maize grains and impurities, and final indices of cleaning percentage of maize grains (CPMG), loss percentage of maize grains (LPMG) and velocity ratio of grains penetrating sieve holes (VRGPSH). Results showed parameters of sieve structure and inlet airflow significantly affected final indices (P &lt; 0.05), except angle of inlet airflow on VRGPSH (P = 0.06179). The separation degree of maize grains and impurities showed strong positive correlations with CPMG and LPMG, but only showed medium positive correlations with VRGPSH. The stratification degree of maize grains and impurities showed weak positive correlations with CPMG, weak negative correlations with LPMG, and medium positive correlations with VRGPSH. At a high maize mixture feed rate of 7 kg s⁻¹, the bionic sieve improved CPMG by 2.02 % and reduced LPMG by 0.53 % compared to the plane sieve. This study proved the feasibility of using the bionic structure to optimise the cleaning device of separating large-fed mixtures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104233"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144670847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of pH modification on ammonia emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, and sanitisation of pig slurry during short-term storage","authors":"Stamatis Chrysanthopoulos ,&nbsp;Salomé Pocheville ,&nbsp;João Coutinho ,&nbsp;Luisa Brito ,&nbsp;David Fangueiro","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104228","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104228","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Storage is an important part of the manure management chain where considerable losses of ammonia (NH₃) and greenhouse gases (GHG) can occur. Modification of the pH value is a promising approach to achieve slurry sanitisation and provide a safe organic fertiliser to farmers. Furthermore, such treatment should ideally induce a decrease of NH₃ or GHG emissions during storage. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to assess the effect of pH modification on NH₃ and GHG emissions during short-term storage of pig slurry. Three treatment strategies were considered: mineral acidification (pH 5), biological acidification (bio-acidification; pH 5) and alkalinisation (9.5). By-products from the paper-industry or carbon-rich substrates were used as alternative additives to mineral acidification. Results showed that all treatment strategies reduced <em>E. coli</em> numbers. However, complete slurry sanitisation (&lt;1000 colony forming units (CFU) g⁻¹ slurry) was evident only with mineral acidification. A reduction of &gt;85 % NH₃ emissions compared to raw slurry was obtained with slurry (bio)-acidification whereas alkalinisation led to NH₃ volatilisation similar to raw slurry. Sugar addition stimulated methane (CH₄) emissions during storage while alkalinisation led to minimal CH₄ emissions. The acid by-product used for slurry acidification significantly reduced carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions. Slurry alkalinisation presented the lowest total GHG emissions, even when indirect nitrous oxide emissions were considered from volatilised NH₃. Results suggest that strategies used to sanitise pig slurry through pH modification can also be beneficial to mitigate NH₃ and/or GHG emissions during storage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104228"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A non-contact intra-row weeding device for rice based on high-speed gas jet: Design and experiment","authors":"Meiyu Zhang ,&nbsp;Di Liu ,&nbsp;Jing Xu ,&nbsp;Xinyue Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuxing Wang ,&nbsp;Shijie Gao ,&nbsp;Xiaoyan Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104227","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104227","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mechanical intra-row weeding is essential for promoting green production of rice and enhancing yield. However, conventional weeding devices are hindered by low weeding rate and high seedling damage rate. This study aimed to design and optimise a non-contact intra-row weeding device utilising high-speed gas jet to improve weed control and reduce seedling damage. A comprehensive investigation was conducted, integrating gas jet dynamics with the non-Newtonian properties of mud. Theoretical analyses determined the necessary conditions for sonic gas jets and derived a criterion for determining whether the airflow can disturb the mud. Factors influencing jet penetration length and optimal jet parameters were explored through theoretical analysis and practical experiments. A three-factor, five-level quadratic rotated orthogonal experiment was conducted, using nozzle-to-seedling distance, front-to-rear nozzle distance, and machine forward speed as experimental factors, and weeding rate and seedling damage rate as the response variables. Parameter optimisation achieved a weeding rate of 88.07 % and a seedling damage rate of 1.71 %, satisfying agronomic and technological requirements for paddy field weeding. The optimal parameters were a nozzle-to-seedling distance of 0.110 m, a front-to-rear nozzle distance of 0.080 m, and a machine forward speed of 0.25 m s⁻¹. The results demonstrated that the non-contact weeding device had a low seedling damage rate while maintaining a high weeding rate. This study presents an innovative solution to address the limitations of traditional mechanical weeding, which contributes to the innovation of mechanical inter-plant weed control technology in rice and thus promotes its green production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104227"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144563187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamic simulation method for rollover protective structures in engineering vehicles and human injury assessment","authors":"Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Wei Guan ,&nbsp;Yiwei Mao ,&nbsp;Huimin Wang ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104224","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104224","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Due to the high centre of gravity and complex working environments of engineering vehicles, it is challenging to avoid rollover accidents. Reducing driver injuries caused by rollover accidents remains a focus of engineering vehicle design. This paper proposes a dynamic simulation method for evaluating the performance of rollover protection structures (ROPS) in engineering vehicles and incorporating human injury as an evaluation indicator. A virtual prototype model of a human–vehicle–ground system was established and dynamic simulations used to examine the deformation of ROPS and the degree of occupant injury during rollover events. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method were confirmed through experiments and simulations that included a scaled-down model of a wheel loader and a standard test dummy. This method was used to investigate the changes in overall vehicle motion, ROPS deformation, and the probability of injury to various body parts of a human occupant during rollover accidents involving loaders equipped with ROPS with different lateral stiffness coefficients. The method proposed in this study could provide valuable guidance for the design and improvement of ROPS systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104224"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Inhibiting urease activity to reduce ammonia emissions from dairy houses through application of disinfectants on different floor types","authors":"Jinrui Zhang ,&nbsp;Daniel Puente-Rodríguez ,&nbsp;Bram Bos ,&nbsp;Nico Ogink ,&nbsp;André Aarnink","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104217","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104217","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Limiting urease activity on barn floors offers a source-oriented approach to reduce ammonia (NH₃) emissions from dairy houses. This study aimed to find promising disinfectants and test the optimal application frequency to reduce urease activity. First, we investigated the short-term and long-term impact of spraying disinfectants (neutral electrolysed oxidising water (N-EOW), peracetic acid (PAA), hydrochloric acid and formaldehyde) on the urease activity of a standard concrete slatted (SCS) floor, plastic-coated slatted (PSL) floor, and grooved solid (GSO) floor. The promising disinfectants were tested for optimal spraying frequencies. Finally, we tested the impact of N-EOW and PAA on NH₃ emissions. The urease activity of PSL floors was significantly lower than that of SCS and GSO floors, 52, 254 and 2004mg (NH₄⁺ –N) m⁻² h⁻¹, respectively (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.001). PAA and N-EOW were effective in reducing urease activity compared with water and other disinfectants. Long-term reduction of urease activity (for 120 h) was 76 % and 50 % for PAA and N-EOW. During weekly spraying, average urease reduction efficiencies for GSO floors were 76 % for N-EOW and 78 % for PAA immediately after application, but these decreased to 29 % and 34 % a week later. Although PAA is a well-known oxidising agent, N-EOW, may be a safer solution for animals and the environment. This study offers insight into the potential of disinfectant spraying (e.g., spraying N-EOW every 1–2 days) in combination with frequent manure removal to reduce NH₃ emissions. When transferring the results into practice, a comprehensive evaluation, however, is still required.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104217"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534155","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Similarity analysis and verification of the relationship between resistance coefficients in porous media of different scales: Focusing on slatted floor","authors":"Qizhi Yang ,&nbsp;Li Rong ,&nbsp;Yao Tao ,&nbsp;Jiyuan Tu ,&nbsp;Jinyong Wang ,&nbsp;Xi Bai ,&nbsp;Zhiru Hu ,&nbsp;Jie Chai ,&nbsp;Yong Wang ,&nbsp;Guoqiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104223","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104223","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>livestock houses, the slatted floor is one of the challenges to be modelled in CFD due to its small sizes of slots and large number of solid surfaces. Porous media modelling, with resistance coefficients derived from scaled experimental tests and full-scale CFD simulations, offers a practical approach to addressing these challenges. Clarifying the relationship between the resistance coefficients of slatted floors at different scales is crucial for optimising computational resource consumption and simplifying the research process. This paper, using similarity theory, explores the relationship of resistance coefficients of porous media modelling at different geometric scales. The similarity analysis revealed that the viscous resistance coefficient similarity constant is inversely proportional to the square of the geometric similarity constant (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>D</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msup><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi></msub><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></math></span>), while the inertial resistance coefficient similarity constant is inverselIn %y proportional to the geometric similarity constant (<span><math><mrow><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>C</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><msub><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi></msub></mrow></math></span>). And, CFD simulations of slatted floors at three different geometric similarity scales (1:1, 1:2.5, and 1:5) confirmed the validity of these relationships. The predictions of similarity theory showed strong agreement with the simulation results, with an average error of 2.1 % for the 1:1 scale (prototype) and 1.6 % for the 1:5 scale. Furthermore, a detailed CFD validation was conducted using a 1:2.5 scaled pig pen model by incorporating the resistance coefficients derived from direct geometric modelling into a porous media model. Comparison with experimental data demonstrated good agreement in both air velocity and temperature, with a maximum air velocity error of 0.34 m/s and an overall relative air temperature error of 1.98 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104223"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144534158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of Smart Irrigation","authors":"Ramide Augusto Sales Dantas ,&nbsp;Rodrigo Marotti Togneri ,&nbsp;Ronaldo Cristiano Prati ,&nbsp;Carlos Alberto Kamienski","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104220","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104220","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Providing reliable access to water is one of the critical challenges of this century. Applying the exact amount of water over the crops may substantially increase yields using fewer resources and reduce the environmental footprint. Current mechanistic models guide the irrigation process by describing how water transitions between soil, plants, and the atmosphere. New approaches take advantage of the recent convergence of technologies (Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, optimisation methods) to transform agricultural measurements into accurate estimations of the crop's water needs while considering practical constraints. For global agriculture, scientific and technological advances are converging toward fully automated irrigation management. However, there are still complex challenges to overcome before this prospect comes true, starting by persuading farmers of its effectiveness. This paper provides an overview of past and current irrigation practices and future directions toward Smart Irrigation. It aims to offer a reference for state-of-the-art Smart Irrigation and outline future possibilities. Starting with a staged view of the irrigation evolution, the existing literature is reviewed in terms of problem and solution aspects, including a discussion on prominent issues to overcome. This review identifies data-driven and machine learning models as key enablers for farmer-friendly – and eventually farmerless – irrigation, while highlighting ongoing challenges in sensor deployment, farmer adoption, and system interoperability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104220"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144491812","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design and experiment of a transverse row-follow system for agricultural implements based on seedling strip deviation","authors":"Xiaoqiang Du ,&nbsp;Fangwei Hong ,&nbsp;Hailin Lai ,&nbsp;Chengjie Zhang ,&nbsp;Hongbin Yuan ,&nbsp;Zenghong Ma ,&nbsp;Bin Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104219","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2025.104219","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To achieve precise alignment of the working implement with the centreline of the seedling strip during agricultural operations, a transverse row-follow system is proposed, comprising a row-follow deviation acquisition system, a hydraulic-driven transverse actuator, and a controller. A PID control method based on seedling strip deviation is developed. Deviation is determined by capturing real-time crop images and using the weighted least squares method to identify crop row centrelines, which are fused to extract the seedling strip centreline. Simulation and PID parameter tuning were performed using AMESim and AMESim-MATLAB co-simulation. The optimal hydraulic cylinder response was achieved with <em>K</em>_<em>p</em> = 2.508, <em>K</em>_<em>i</em> = 0.08, and <em>K</em>_<em>d</em> = 0.0045. A response experiment showed an average deviation of 2.32 mm and a maximum of 5.22 mm. Field experiments demonstrated improved performance: average deviation decreased from 48.98 mm to 31.65 mm, variance from 250.67 mm to 55.88 mm, and straightness accuracy from 65.47 mm to 24.37 mm. Results confirm the system's effectiveness in enhancing alignment precision.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9173,"journal":{"name":"Biosystems Engineering","volume":"257 ","pages":"Article 104219"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144472209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}