Journal of thyroid disorders & therapy最新文献

{"title":"How does Alcohol Use affect Thyroid Function? Illustrative Case and Literature Review","authors":"Brooke S. McAdams, A. Rizvi","doi":"10.4172/2167-7948.1000185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7948.1000185","url":null,"abstract":"Excessive alcohol use, in the form of either chronic dependence or binge drinking, is a large economic burden on the U.S. health care system, being responsible for over $2.9 billion yearly in health-related costs [1] and an estimated 1.8 million annual hospital admissions [2]. The classic symptoms of acute alcohol withdrawal include tremors, anxiety, nausea, emesis, palpitations, and irritability; these symptoms could easily be confused with those found in thyrotoxicosis states. Further, thyroid function studies in patients who consume alcohol are often abnormal and sometimes lead to unnecessary work up on the part of clinicians. Previous reports have demonstrated a normalization of thyroid function parameters with alcohol cessation [3]. The following case study describes changes in thyroid levels in a patient with alcohol use and highlights the need for their careful interpretation.","PeriodicalId":91565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thyroid disorders & therapy","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70840853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When to Treat Borderline Hypothyroidism? Time to Listen to Your Patient!","authors":"A. Gerdes","doi":"10.4172/2167-7948.1000E121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7948.1000E121","url":null,"abstract":"A Martin Gerdes1 and Mervat Mourad2 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA 2Department of Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA *Corresponding author: Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, NY 11568-8000, USA, Tel: 516-686-4039; E-mail: agerdes@nyit.edu","PeriodicalId":91565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thyroid disorders & therapy","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2167-7948.1000E121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70842132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Quest for a Miracle Cure","authors":"A. Bhargava","doi":"10.4172/2167-7948.1000E120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7948.1000E120","url":null,"abstract":"The word goiter was first coined in the early 17th century, and derives its origin from the French word goître. Goitre, itself, comes from the Latin word guttur, meaning throat [1]. In the early 1900s, iodine deficiency was recognized to be a reversible cause of goiter formation [2]. Over the course of time, numerous interventions and iodination programs have fought worldwide to provide adequate iodine supplementation. Although there has been tremendous success on the global front, goiters are unfortunately still prevalent in the northern submontane region of the Indian sub-continent [3]. This is indeed alarming, as goiter formation secondary to iodine deficiency and the subsequent impairment of thyroid hormone production, has been associated with deafness, mutism, cretinism, and a host of other mental and physical developmental abnormalities [4]. All these, in turn, can become a source of significant morbidity and perhaps even mortality.","PeriodicalId":91565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thyroid disorders & therapy","volume":"2015 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2167-7948.1000E120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70841998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid Cancer: Molecular Characteristics of Radiation-Associated Papillary Thyroid Cancer, with a Special Reference to of Atomic Radiation Exposure","authors":"K. Hamatani","doi":"10.4172/2167-7948.1000183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7948.1000183","url":null,"abstract":"Among atomic-bomb (A-bomb) survivors of Hiroshima and , incidence of thyroid cancer significantly increased after exposure to nuclear radiation. This review will focus on the initiating gene alterations in the development of adult-onset papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) among A-bomb survivors. The effects of A-bomb radiation on chromosomal rearrangements (RET and NTRK1 rearrangements) and point mutations (BRAF and RAS mutations) after exposure were different. In contrast to PTC cases with point mutations, PTC cases with chromosomal rearrangements were observed more frequently among those exposed to high radiation doses compared to low doses, and these cases developed cancer earlier after exposure than did cases with point mutations. Interestingly, PTC cases with non-detected gene alterations were found more frequently among patients who were exposed to high radiation doses and who developed cancer earlier after radiation exposure than did the cases with BRAF point mutation. This suggests that heretofore non-detected gene alterations may also be involved in adult-onset PTC among A-bomb survivors.","PeriodicalId":91565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thyroid disorders & therapy","volume":"2015 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70840505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Thyroid Cancer â South American Experience","authors":"Vargas-Uricoechea Hernando","doi":"10.4172/2167-7948.1000182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7948.1000182","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid cancer comprises a broad spectrum of diseases with variable prognoses. The diagnosis of thyroid cancer usually follows the identification of a thyroid nodule on physical examination or as an incidental finding on diagnostic imaging performed for other reasons. It is considered the most frequent endocrine cancer, and its incidence has been growing steadily during the past three decades around the world. This trend is a constant in every continent except for Africa. Thyroid cancer is the fifth most common malignancy among women and its incidence has only declined in a few countries. The incidence of thyroid cancer may be substantially different around the world, and the potential causes are related to racial, ethnic and geographical differences or to environmental differences such as excessive or deficient iodine, in addition to radiation exposure. Thyroid cancer is the sixteenth most frequent malignancy around the world, with approximately 298,000 new cases diagnosed in 2012 (2% of the total). Thyroid cancer increase has been associated to socioeconomic status, better access to healthcare and rising use of thyroid imaging. Therefore, the rise could be apparent because of the useless identification of a large reservoir of subclinical papillary lesions that will never affect patient health (over diagnosis). Although increased detection \u0000might have played a major role, some evidences suggest that true increase in incidence have also contributed to such phenomenon. The evidence indicates that the type of thyroid cancer that has experienced a substantial increase in terms of frequency is papillary cancer, with no significant changes in the frequency of the other types of cancer and histological variants. Though the increased frequency is the same for all tumor sizes, it is more evident in <1 cm tumors (micro carcinomas). However, it is also true that the information derived from tumor histology is now more accurate and complete, reducing the number of the so-called unspecific/unknown categories. The information available for South America – except for a few countries – is limited and scattered; in countries like Brazil, Chile and Colombia the population coverage is insufficient to ensure reliable data and complete cancer records; moreover, there are no universal criteria to ensure data collection from most of the population. Though there is comprehensive information about specific populations or geographical areas, the real situation regarding thyroid cancer in the population is unknown. However, the creation of population-based cancer records has led to a more accurate vision of the problem. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the epidemiology of thyroid cancer in South America; discussing the probable causes that have led to increase in frequency in the population, for this purpose we conducted a systematic medical literature review (see “Literature search”). We find that in South America few cancer registries are based on","PeriodicalId":91565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thyroid disorders & therapy","volume":"2015 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70840869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules","authors":"A. Nar","doi":"10.4172/2167-7948.1000181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7948.1000181","url":null,"abstract":"Thyroid noduler disease is a common clinical problem. A wide variety of pathologic conditions, including neoplastic, hyperplastic, and inflammatory diseases can lead to nodular enlargement of the thyroid. The high prevalence of thyroid nodules requires evidence-based rational strategies for their differential diagnosis, risk satisfaction, treatment, and follow-up. The main point of the approach of the thyroid nodule is detection of the malignant nodules and deciding for the surgical treatment. Physical examination, laboratory investigation, thyroid imaging and cytology can be used to evaluate thyroid nodules. After detection of thyroid nodule by physical examination or ultrasonography, thyroid function tests and fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy should be implemented. Although FNA cytology is gold standard method to evaluate thyroid nodules, experience is needed. Hence, if the information gathered from history, physical examination, US and other test results (Thyroid function tests, SC, CT, etc.) were integrated withFNA cytology, decision for surgery may be more accurate.","PeriodicalId":91565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thyroid disorders & therapy","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2167-7948.1000181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70840032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metachronous Collision Tumors of the Thyroid Gland Unveiled in Real Time by a Change in the Thyroid Nodule Phenotype","authors":"M. Mujammami","doi":"10.4172/2167-7948.1000180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7948.1000180","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The term collision tumor refers to the coexistence of two histologically distinct neoplastic tumors within the same mass. Collision tumor of the thyroid (also referred to as tumor-to-tumor metastasis) with metastatic colorectal carcinoma to a preexisting thyroid adenomatoid nodule is rare. Preoperative diagnosis of this disorder is exceedingly difficult. This report highlights the rare occurrence of a tumor-to-tumor metastasis of colorectal cancer to a preexisting thyroid adenomatoid nodule unveiled in real time by serial positron emission tomography CT scans (PET/CT). Since cytological diagnosis of these lesions is often insufficient, we present a stepwise diagnostic approach with a combination of investigations in the preoperative setting. The patient management is reviewed together with a rationalized use of targeted therapy based on the genetic status of the tumor. \u0000Methods: Ultrasound (US)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of the collision tumor of thyroid were performed and analyzed for cytologic, immunologic, and molecular tumor phenotyping. KRAS gene analysis of the metastatic lesion was also performed. \u0000Results: The samples revealed adenocarcinoma of the colon (Tg-negative, TTF-1-negative, HBME-1-negative, galectin-3 negative, CEA-positive, CK-20 positive) intense glucose transporter-1(GLUT-1) expression and KRAS positivity. The patient was then brought to surgery for a left hemithyroidectomy and ipsilateral central compartment node dissection. Final histology revealed metastatic colonic carcinoma, invading the benign adenomatoid nodule. \u0000His recovery was uneventful and the post-op chemotherapeutic regimen was guided by the KRAS analysis of the tumor. \u0000Conclusion: Once a collision tumor of the thyroid gland is suspected on PET/CT, the lesion should be \u0000corroborated by sonography of the thyroid gland. FNA with combined cytological, immunocytochemical and when necessary KRAS gene analysis can lead to a timely diagnosis and a treatment plan. In the context of limited systemic malignant disease and good performance status, palliative thyroidectomy with or without combined chemotherapy may control local disease and prevent tracheal invasion.","PeriodicalId":91565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thyroid disorders & therapy","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2167-7948.1000180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70840492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two Cases-Report of Mild GravesâÂÂDisease Following Subacute Thyroiditis:More Evidence of the Role of Thyroglobulin in The Pathogenesis ofAutoimmune Thyroid Disease?","authors":"K. Markou","doi":"10.4172/2167-7948.1000184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7948.1000184","url":null,"abstract":"Two middle aged Caucasian women with no previous history of thyroid or any other disease developed typical subacute thyroiditis (SAT) with minimal thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake. A few months after restoration of euthyroidism and discontinuation of corticosteroid therapy, they developed mild hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease (GD), as judged by the increased diffuse thyroidal radioactive iodine uptake. Both of them were genetically predisposed to the above diseases since they had the certain HLA haplotypes for SAT and GD. Also they developed anti- thyroglobulin antibodies during the period of GD. We hypothesize that genetic background and the increased load of Tg or other autoantigens released from the distracted damaged thyroid gland due to SAT triggered the development of GD a few months later.","PeriodicalId":91565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thyroid disorders & therapy","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2167-7948.1000184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70840986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microarray Analysis Identifies a Unique Molecular Signature of Human ThyroidCancer Stem Cells","authors":"Reigh-Yi Lin","doi":"10.4172/2167-7948.1000179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7948.1000179","url":null,"abstract":"Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most lethal type of thyroid cancer, with a mean survival of six months from the time of diagnosis. Using patient-derived ATC cell lines, we have recently shown that ATC contains a minority population of cancer stem cells that can grow as self-renewing, non-adherent thyrospheres. Compared to bulk tumor cells raised in monolayers, these thyrospheres have increased clonogenic and tumor-initiating potential, and they robustly initiate tumors that closely resemble human ATC when orthotopically implanted into the thyroids of immunodeficient mice. Here we use the Affymetrix GeneChip analysis to identify gene expression differences between thyrospheres and monolayer cells from the human ATC cell line THJ-11T. Our microarray analysis identified a total of 1,659 differentially expressed gene transcripts, many of which have been implicated in key pathways such as those governing cell proliferation, migration, invasion, vasculogenesis, and chemoresistance. \u0000These results indicate that thyroid cancer stem cells have a distinct molecular signature. These data will be helpful for the design of future therapeutic strategies that directly target thyroid cancer stem cells.","PeriodicalId":91565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thyroid disorders & therapy","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2167-7948.1000179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70840475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Use of Low Dose in Radioiodine Ablation of Well-Differentiated ThyroidCancer","authors":"David Cheng","doi":"10.4172/2167-7948.1000178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-7948.1000178","url":null,"abstract":"Remnant thyroid ablation after thyroidectomy with radioiodine (RAI, I-131) is considered the standard of care for ow risk patients with well-differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC). The choice of activity for therapy is usually empirically determined according to the tumor characteristics and the patient’s age. Many guidelines recommend a range of 1.1 to 3.7 GBq (30 to 100 mCi), although the choice between the extremes of this range remains controversial. Many studies, including retrospective systematic reviews and randomized multicenter trials, have compared results from using low versus high RAI doses. Data demonstrated similar successful ablation and recurrence rates in these groups, although there are no randomized trials to evaluate long-term outcomes. Until this has been addressed, the choice between 1.1 and 3.7 GBq dose for remnant ablation must be made according to the risk of each patient to maximize the efficacy of treatment, while minimizing unnecessary radiation.","PeriodicalId":91565,"journal":{"name":"Journal of thyroid disorders & therapy","volume":"4 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2167-7948.1000178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70840284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}