BMC Endocrine Disorders最新文献

{"title":"Trends of metabolic syndrome among Iranian patients with diabetes and its association with cardiovascular disease and diabetes complications: a nationwide study of the National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes.","authors":"Fatemeh Ghaemi, Fatemeh Hedayati, Alireza Esteghamati, Roxana Peysepar, Niloofar Deravi, Alipasha Meysamie","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02050-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12902-025-02050-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is highly prevalent among individuals with type 2 diabetes and is characterized by a combination of specific clinical parameters including abnormal blood lipid levels, impaired fasting glucose, elevated blood pressure, and excessive abdominal fat. This study aimed to investigate the trends in MetS prevalence and its components among patients with diabetes in Iran from 2015 to 2021 and explore its association with cardiovascular disease and diabetes complications.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a nationwide trend analysis using data from 313,939 patients with diabetes enrolled in the National Program for Prevention and Control of Diabetes (NPPCD). Annual trends of Mets according to age and gender, annual trends of MetS components and the association between MetS and CVD, diabetic foot, neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy were analyzed using SPSS version 26.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Overall, the prevalence of MetS in patients with diabetes increased from 60.3% in 2015 to 66.9% in 2021, with a total prevalence of 63.2%. Women (67.4%) and the 50-60 age group (66.0%) exhibited the highest rates. Among MetS components, fasting blood glucose > 100 mg/dL had the highest prevalence (89.5%), followed by low HDL (61.8%) and obesity (49.8%). AORs of association between MetS and cardiovascular disorder, diabetic foot, retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy were 1.826 (1.670-1.998), 1.343 (1.145-1.576), 1.376 (1.263-1.500), 1.587 (1.434-1.757), 1.613 (1.499-1.736), respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Prevalent cases of MetS among patients with diabetes in Iran and positive associations between MetS and cardiovascular disorder and diabetes complications highlights the need for targeted interventions focusing on glycemic control, obesity management, screening, health education, and better diabetic management, especially in high-risk groups. Future research should explore the impact of lifestyle modifications and policy-driven interventions in reducing MetS-related complications.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>Not applicable.</p>","PeriodicalId":9152,"journal":{"name":"BMC Endocrine Disorders","volume":"25 1","pages":"230"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12523082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145298301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of urinary prolactin and serum/urine prolactin ratio in hyperprolactinemic and macroprolactinemic patients.","authors":"Behnam Ein-Mozaffari, Akbar Aliasgharzadeh, Farzad Najafipour, Azam Moslemi, Mitra Niafar, Vahideh Sadra, Nasser Aghamohammadzadeh, Jalil Houshyar, Halimeh Amirazad","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02052-6","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12902-025-02052-6","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9152,"journal":{"name":"BMC Endocrine Disorders","volume":"25 1","pages":"229"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12522544/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145291096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between endothelial activation and stress index and diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetic kidney disease: a cross-sectional study based on NHANES database.","authors":"Jinping Liu, Di'en Yan, Xiaohui Wang, Yinhua Yao, Ling Wang","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02054-4","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12902-025-02054-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the association between Endothelial Activation and Stress Index (EASIX) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) among patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. Participants were divided into quartiles according to EASIX scores. Survey-weighted generalized linear models (SWGLMs) were used to evaluate the association between EASIX and DR, with restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis to examine non-linear relationships. Stratified analyses were performed by gender, race, age, Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking status, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, and renal function.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After multivariate adjustment, each unit increase in EASIX was associated with a 32% higher risk of DR (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.04-1.69, P = 0.024). In quartile analysis, compared with the first quartile, the fourth quartile showed a trend toward increased DR risk (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 0.99-2.59, P = 0.054), with a significant dose-response trend (P for trend = 0.040). RCS analysis revealed a significant overall association between EASIX and DR (P for overall < 0.001), while the non-linear association was not significant (P for nonlinear = 0.075). Stratified analyses demonstrated that this association remained consistent across different population characteristics.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>EASIX is significantly associated with DR in DKD patients and may serve as a potential marker for DR risk assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9152,"journal":{"name":"BMC Endocrine Disorders","volume":"25 1","pages":"228"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12522907/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145291084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Right thyroid hemiagenesis presenting with a contralateral simple diffuse goiter: case report.","authors":"Getahun Jiru Bedada, Solomon Kebede Adugna, Ayana Guto Bone, Bikila Megersa Debele","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02047-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12902-025-02047-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Thyroid hemiagenesis (THA) is a rare congenital disorder in which one thyroid lobe fails to develop. A variety of pathological conditions can occur in the remaining thyroid tissue in association with this rare anomaly such as subacute thyroiditis, colloid nodules, Graves' disease, simple goiter, Hashimoto thyroiditis, adenoma and thyroid carcinoma. The association of thyroid hemiagenesis with simple diffuse goiter is rare, and very few cases have been reported in the literature. A 30-year-old female patient presented at the thyroid clinic because of anterior neck swelling for approximately 2 years, thus raising the suspicion of a thyroid disorder. Physical examination revealed an approximately 5 × 5 cm anterior neck mass consistent with a goiter. The thyroid function test results were within normal limits. Ultrasonography of the anterior neck (thyroid gland) revealed thyroid hemiagenesis of the right lobe and a contralateral (left) diffusely enlarged thyroid gland, which had areas of tiny cystic components with a spongy appearance. Fine needle aspiration cytology demonstrated that the lesion was a colloid goiter and the patient was on regular follow up with thyroid function tests and ultrasound as the patient was without symptoms. Finally, the diagnosis of right thyroid hemiagenesis with a contralateral simple diffuse goiter was made which was a very rare association. Right sided thyroid hemiagenesis was also a very rare finding compared to left sided.</p>","PeriodicalId":9152,"journal":{"name":"BMC Endocrine Disorders","volume":"25 1","pages":"227"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12519604/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145285552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Selenium supplementation for management of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.","authors":"Juan Sun, Lei Liu, Juxiang Shen, Juan Du","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02045-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12902-025-02045-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Selenium is thought to improve glucose and lipid metabolism in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus. However, this finding is somewhat controversial. In this paper, we evaluated the effects of selenium supplementation on glucose and lipid metabolism in patients with GDM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Searches were carried out in PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, CBM, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wan Fang, and VIP from their inception until May 2025. Two reviewers independently extracted data. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was applied to assess the methodological quality of every study and Meta-analysis was carried out with a random effects model or a fixed effects model. Publication bias was evaluated by the Begg and Egger tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Four randomized controlled trials, with 230 participants in total, were included. Participants were between 18 and 45 years old. The time span of these studies ranged from 2015 to 2022. The daily dose of selenium supplementation was from 100 µg/d to 200 µg/d and the duration of intervention was 6 weeks to 12 weeks. Compared with placebo group, the selenium group did not significantly reduce the level of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(P = 0.20, MD = -0.71, 95%CI: -1.80, 0.37). Selenium supplementation at 200 µg/d significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose(P = 0.0002, MD = -5.03, 95% CI: -7.70, -2.37) and the incidence of newborn's hyperbilirubinemia((P = 0.0003, MD = 0.09, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.33). However, there was no obvious differences in improving total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>For pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus, daily supplementation with 200 µg of selenium may help lower fasting blood glucose levels and the risk of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn, but it does not significantly affect total cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, or high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Given the limitations of this study, these conclusions require further validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9152,"journal":{"name":"BMC Endocrine Disorders","volume":"25 1","pages":"226"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12513009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145273749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classification of and risk factors for sodium imbalance developing after transsphenoidal surgery for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors.","authors":"Youtu Wu, Dawei Wang, Yi Guo, Xuejun Yang, Chuzhong Li","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02039-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12902-025-02039-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Sodium imbalance are common complications after transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) for pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs). We characterized the types of sodium imbalance, identified risk factors for these disorders, and provided corresponding treatment advice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We screened patients who had undergone TSS for PitNETs at a single center to identify those who did and did not (control) develop sodium imbalance. Disorders were classified using three groups, based mainly on the serum sodium level and degree of daily increase or decrease therein. We performed multivariable logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors among numerous variables (patient characteristics, third ventricle deformation, tumor volume, maximum tumor diameter, hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, and pituitary target gland axes).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The sample comprised 105 patients with and 129 patients without sodium imbalance. Logistic regression analysis showed that hydrocephalus [P = 0.0015, odds ratio (OR) = 7.112, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.475-34.3], cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea (P < 0.001, OR = 4.62, 95% CI 2.372-9), and preoperative hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis hypofunction (P = 0.009, OR = 3.211, 95% CI 1.341-7.691) were independent risk factors sodium imbalance development after TSS. Compared with the control, risk factors differed among disorder groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study showed that cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea, hydrocephalus, and preoperative HPG axis hypofunction are risk factors for sodium imbalance development after TSS for PitNETs. We divided sodium imbalances into three groups to guide treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":9152,"journal":{"name":"BMC Endocrine Disorders","volume":"25 1","pages":"225"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12512562/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145257451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy and safety of variable-dose metformin as adjunctive therapy to insulin in adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.","authors":"Cheng Li, Lingyan Qiao, Tang Li","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02043-7","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12902-025-02043-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Adolescent Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is complicated by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and heightened cardiovascular risk. As adjunctive metformin therapy lacks optimized dosing, we conducted a network meta-analysis (NMA) to rigorously assess the dose-dependent efficacy and safety of metformin combined with insulin in this population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Totally 764 adolescents (aged 10-19 years) met inclusion criteria were involved. We assessed five metformin regimens: 1.0 g/day, 1.7 g/day, 2.0 g/day, weight-based (≤ 60 kg:1.0 g/day;≥60 kg:2.0 g/day), and multi-tiered weight-based (< 50 kg:1.0 g;50-75 kg:1.5 g;≥75 kg:2.0 g). Outcomes included HbA1c, BMI/BMI-Z, insulin dose, lipid profile, and adverse events. A Bayesian NMA was performed using R 4.4.1, with effect sizes reported as mean differences (MD) or relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values ranked interventions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Consequently, metformin 2.0 g/day significantly reduced BMI (MD=-0.6 kg/m², 95%CI:-0.68, -0.52) and LDL-C (MD=-12.78 mg/dL, 95%CI:-21.17, -0.49) versus placebo. Doses of 1.0 g/day, 2.0 g/day, and the 60 kg weight-based regimen significantly reduced daily insulin requirements. Metformin 2.0 g/day and the 50 kg weight-based regimen reduced total cholesterol. No regimen significantly lowered HbA1c or triglycerides versus placebo. All doses demonstrated safety profiles comparable to placebo regarding gastrointestinal events, hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), and transaminase elevations (RRs not significant).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To sum up, adjunctive metformin at 2.0 g/day offers significant benefits in weight management, insulin dose reduction, and lipid improvement (LDL-C, total cholesterol) for adolescents with T1D, with a favorable safety profile across all doses, which will represent a viable therapeutic option.</p>","PeriodicalId":9152,"journal":{"name":"BMC Endocrine Disorders","volume":"25 1","pages":"224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12495877/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145224926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors of diabetic ketoacidosis among patients with diabetes attending at public hospitals of East Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: an unmatched case - control study.","authors":"Yonas Wondie, Awoke Minwuyelet, Alemwork Dessalegn Bogale, Getachew Hailu, Emiru Ayalew Mengstie","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02023-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12902-025-02023-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) is a critical and potentially fatal complication predominantly seen in individuals diagnosed with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), though it may also arise in those with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) under specific circumstances. Although DKA is preventable through effective diabetes management strategies, the consequences can be severe if the condition is not addressed promptly. The timely recognition of DKA, coupled with suitable medical treatment, is essential to enhance patient outcomes and mitigate the risk of enduring complications related to this condition. The objective of this research was to identify the risk factors of DKA in diabetic patients receiving care at public hospitals in the East Gojjam Zone of Northwestern Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>An unmatched case-control study was carried out in selected public hospitals located in the East Gojjam Zone between April 10 and July 30, 2023. Five public hospitals were randomly selected, and a systematic random sampling technique was employed to recruit 408 study participants. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify variables significantly associated with the outcomes, using a significance level of P < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study included 102 cases and 306 controls. Several key risk factors for DKA were identified, including the absence of regular follow-up [AOR = 2.21, 95% CI (1.31-3.71)], not being a member of health insurance [AOR = 3.30, 95% CI (1.75-6.24)], distance from a health facility greater than 5 km [AOR = 1.85, 95% CI (1.09-3.14)], infection [AOR = 2.15, 95% CI (1.12-3.89)], and reduction in insulin dosage [AOR = 2.13, 95% CI (1.19-3.83)].</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings declared that lack of regular follow-up, living more than five kilometers from a healthcare facility, reducing insulin doses without adequate medical guidance, lack of community-based health insurance, and the presence of infections significantly increase the likelihood of DKA. Therefore, healthcare providers should intervene on the identified risk factors for DKA to prevent the occurrence of DKA.</p>","PeriodicalId":9152,"journal":{"name":"BMC Endocrine Disorders","volume":"25 1","pages":"222"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12492869/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medication adherence and illness perception among diabetic patients in Upper Egypt.","authors":"Zeinab G Abdelhamid, Doaa Mazen Abdel-Salam, Ghada A Mohamed, Hosnia S Abd El-Megeed","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-01966-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12902-025-01966-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Effective diabetes management depends on medication adherence and the illness perception of patients. The primary aim of this study is to investigate medication adherence and illness perception and their correlates among diabetic patients in Upper Egypt.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross sectional study was carried out from August 2022 to January 2023 among diabetic patients attending Diabetes Clinic in Upper Egypt. Data was collected through patient interviews. Morisky Medication Adherence Scale has been used to assess medication adherence. Illness perception was measured by using Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire. To identify the predictors of medication adherence and illness perception, logistic regression was performed using SPSS version 26. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Out of 417 participants, 30.2% were low adherent to their diabetic medications. Predictors associated with low adherence to diabetic medications were; gender (AOR = 1.93, CI: 1.12-3.34), age (AOR = 0.40, CI: 0.19-0.87), education (AOR = 1.96, CI: 1.08-3.56), diabetes duration (AOR = 2.06, CI: 1.08-3.91), the presence of diabetes complications (AOR = 3.69, CI: 1.73-7.89), body mass index (AOR = 2.08, CI: 1.01-4.29), receiving health education in the last 6 months (AOR = 2.02, CI: 1.21-3.36), and illness perception (AOR = 6.70, CI: 3.62-12.40). A high level of illness perception was detected among 79.4% of the participants. High level of illness perception was significantly associated with residence (AOR = 2.48, CI: 1.37-4.51), presence of other comorbid conditions (AOR = 2.10, CI: 1.18-3.75), and price of medication (AOR = 2.53, CI: 1.07-5.99).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Low adherence to diabetic medications was detected among 30.2% of the studied participants. Strategies aimed at enhancing adherence to diabetic medications should be compulsory. Furthermore, the findings of the current study recommend that illness perceptions of diabetic patients need to be improved.</p>","PeriodicalId":9152,"journal":{"name":"BMC Endocrine Disorders","volume":"25 1","pages":"223"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12492867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145211637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aeromedical evaluation and successful return to flight in a military pilot with lingual thyroid: a case report and follow-up.","authors":"Pangmin Li, Liangchen Wang, Li Xiao, Lin Ding, Dandan Wang, Caizhe Yang, Di Zhu","doi":"10.1186/s12902-025-02041-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12902-025-02041-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Lingual thyroid is a rare congenital anomaly resulting from the aberrant migration of thyroid tissue during embryonic development. Although frequently asymptomatic, its identification in military aircrew poses particular challenges given the rigorous standards of aeromedical certification.</p><p><strong>Case presentation: </strong>A 37-year-old male military helicopter pilot was incidentally diagnosed with lingual thyroid during routine health screening. The patient remained asymptomatic throughout the clinical course. Comprehensive evaluations-including thyroid function tests, biochemical profiling, cervical magnetic resonance imaging, electronic laryngoscopy, radionuclide scanning, and portable sleep monitoring-confirmed the presence of a lingual thyroid with subclinical hypothyroidism. Imaging demonstrated the ectopic tissue at the tongue base to be the sole functioning thyroid gland. Levothyroxine therapy was initiated, resulting in normalization of thyroid hormone levels. Polysomnography was performed due to the anatomical location of the lesion and excluded obstructive sleep apnea or ventilatory compromise. Given the patient's strong motivation to resume flight duties, a multidisciplinary aeromedical evaluation was conducted. Based on clinical stability, absence of symptoms, and treatment response, the pilot was deemed aeromedically fit. Since June 2021, he has accumulated over 900 flight hours, with preserved thyroid function and no evidence of disease progression on longitudinal follow-up.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first documented case in China of a military pilot with lingual thyroid successfully certified for continued flying duties. This case suggests that congenital endocrine anomalies may be compatible with high-demand occupational roles in select cases, pending comprehensive individual evaluation and risk-based aeromedical assessment. It further supports the adoption of a risk-stratified, non-invasive management paradigm in aviation medicine, with implications for enhancing both flight safety and personnel retention.</p>","PeriodicalId":9152,"journal":{"name":"BMC Endocrine Disorders","volume":"25 1","pages":"219"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12486761/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145205607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}