BMC Pediatrics最新文献

{"title":"AI for chronic pain in children: a powerful resource.","authors":"Alessandro Vittori, Marco Cascella","doi":"10.1186/s12887-025-05796-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05796-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Given the lack of scientific evidence, chronic pain represents an arduous challenge, especially in the pediatric field. In this complex scenario, artificial intelligence (AI) could support diagnosis, therapy, and research. However, the great potential of AI must be combined with the protection of data and the most fragile patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":9144,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pediatrics","volume":"25 1","pages":"433"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deterioration of nutritional status at discharge in critically ill children with appropriate BMI and its association with clinical outcomes: a prospective observational study.","authors":"Somayeh Dayer, Seyedeh Masumeh Hashemi, Melika Hajimohammadebrahim-Ketabforoush, Zahra Vahdat Shariatpanahi","doi":"10.1186/s12887-025-05790-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05790-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>To determine how nutritional status changes during critical illness in children with age-appropriate BMI at admission and evaluate its impact on clinical outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>70 subjects with age-appropriate BMI between 2 and 12 years were included in the study. The Z-scores (weight, height, BMI) MUMC, Subjective Global Nutritional Assessment (SGNA), and nutritional intake were calculated on admission and discharge. The relationship between changes in nutritional status with clinical outcomes were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>This study includes samples that all were well-nourished based on Z-scores of BMI and weight. However, based on the SGNA 45% were undernourished. All anthropometric variables decreased significantly at the time of discharge. Regression analysis adjusted by age, number of Number of organs with dysfunction at PICU admission, PIM2, and hospital days before ICU admission showed that reduced BMI-for-age was significantly associated with prolonged PICU stay (B = 2.883; CI: 1.813-3.952) and an increased duration of mechanical ventilation (B = 1.541; CI: 0.493-2.588). Every 1 cm decrease in MUAC was associated with a 3.5-fold increase in mortality risk (OR = 3.527; CI: 1.518-9.972). Delayed initiation of nutrition was significantly correlated with a prolonged PICU stay (B = 1.395; CI: 0.518-2.271) and increased duration of mechanical ventilation (B = 0.861; CI: 0.132-1.589). Malnutrition at admission, as assessed by SGNA, was also associated with longer PICU stay (B = 1.739; CI: -0.154- 2.294). Furthermore, increased protein intake during the first week was significantly associated with decrease in the need to mechanical ventilation (OR = 0.824; CI: 0.682-0.995).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A comprehensive nutritional assessment should be performed for children admitted with an appropriate BMI, feeding should not be delayed, adequate protein intake should be ensured, and indicators such as MUAC and SGNA should be considered in addition to BMI. These measures can improve clinical outcomes and reduce complications during the PICU stay.</p>","PeriodicalId":9144,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pediatrics","volume":"25 1","pages":"434"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144179942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Risk factors for postoperative urethral diverticulum following hypospadias repair with disconnection of the urethral plate.","authors":"Jingzi Wang, Jing Ding, Geng Ma, Zheng Ge, Yongji Deng, Rugang Lu, Yunfei Guo, Chenjun Chen","doi":"10.1186/s12887-025-05800-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05800-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Urethral diverticulum (UD) may arise subsequent to hypospadias repair, potentially causing issues such as stone formation, frequent urination, urinary tract infections, urine dripping, and hematuria. We reviewed our previous experiences regarding hypospadias complications to identify the relevant factors affecting the occurrence of UD after hypospadias surgery and adjust management strategies accordingly.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of 159 pediatric patients who underwent urethroplasty with disconnection of the urethral plate (DUP) in our department from January 2020 to December 2022. The collected information included patient demographics such as age, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (HCT), Albumin (ALB), Prealbumin (PALB), Procalcitonin (PCT), the employed surgical methods, whether the procedure was performed in stages, glans width, urethral stricture, penile curvature after correction, length of urethral defect, length of reconstructed urethra, indwelling catheter size and duration. The study population was divided into a group with UD and a group without UD, and univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 159 patients with a mean follow-up of 31.87 ± 10.32 months, 14 (8.64%) patients developed UD after urethroplasty surgery. According to the univariate analysis, a narrower glans width (P = 0.018), a higher BMI (P = 0.019), the application of a modified onlay island flap (MOIF, P = 0.003), and urethral stricture (P = 0.010) were significantly associated with postoperative UD. Glans width (P = 0.023, OR = 0.444, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.220-0.895), BMI (P < 0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 1.808, 95% CI: 1.318-2.481), the application of MOIF (P = 0.007, OR = 10.670, 95% CI: 1.913-59.505) and urethral stricture (P = 0.015, OR = 10.010, 95% CI: 1.554-64.470) were independent factors for postoperative UD.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A narrower glans width, a higher BMI, the application of MOIF, and urethral stricture are significant factors contributing to the development of UD in patients with hypospadias following DUP.</p>","PeriodicalId":9144,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pediatrics","volume":"25 1","pages":"435"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144180631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The impact of probiotics on pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and growth outcomes in pediatric cystic fibrosis: a randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Parisa Rahmani, Pejman Rohani, Arian Kariman, Farzaneh Motamed, Mohammad Reza Modaresi, Kambiz Eftekhari, Mehri Ayati, Mohammad Hassan Sohouli","doi":"10.1186/s12887-025-05789-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05789-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a fatal hereditary disorder that leads to respiratory infections and gastrointestinal inflammation with possible association with intestinal dysbiosis. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effects of probiotic consumption in improving pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and growth symptoms in patients with CF.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 110 CF patients were examined. Patients were divided into two equal groups of 55 subjects. Patients in the probiotic group consumed Lactobacillus reuteri at the rate of 10⁸ CFU/d for one month, and the control group received a placebo. Then, pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and growth-related outcomes as well as quality of life were assessed after one month of intervention as well as at three-month follow-up.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results of our study showed that in both intervention and control groups, weight increases significantly after 12 weeks (P = 0.01). However, no remarkable difference was reported between the two groups after 12 weeks (P = 0.09). In addition, no significant changes were observed between the two groups after 4 and 12 weeks regarding BMI and FEV1. Based on the findings, the score of the CFQ questionnaire in the intervention group increased significantly in the 4th and 12th week. No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of factors related to lung function or exacerbations after 12 weeks.The only notable effect reported was related to pain attacks in the probiotic group compared to the placebo group after 4 weeks (P = 0.02).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In general, treatment with probiotics improved the quality of life in patients with CF. However, no significant effect was observed on pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and growth-related outcomes.</p><p><strong>Trial registration: </strong>This study was retrospectively registered IRCT registration number: IRCT20240105060622N1 (Registration date: 2024-08-16).</p>","PeriodicalId":9144,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pediatrics","volume":"25 1","pages":"430"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From pregnancy to plate: understanding barriers and facilitators of fish consumption during complementary feeding.","authors":"Metin Yigit, Beytullah Santaflioglu, Enes Kaan Kilic, Kaan Celebier, Furkan Kalayci","doi":"10.1186/s12887-025-05791-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05791-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Fish is a crucial source of nutrients for early childhood development, yet various cultural and informational barriers hinder its adequate consumption. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting fish consumption during complementary feeding and to examine the role of maternal dietary habits, parental attitudes and health guidance in shaping children's fish consumption practices.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A descriptive cross-sectional study using a 35-item questionnaire was conducted to assess demographic characteristics, fish consumption practices during complementary feeding, and the role of healthcare guidance.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Parental education level and healthcare guidance were both significantly associated with higher frequency and earlier introduction of fish in children's diets; however, maternal fish consumption during pregnancy showed the strongest impact on these outcomes. Children of mothers who consumed fish weekly during pregnancy were 14.9 times more likely to consume fish frequently, and families receiving healthcare guidance were 2.5 times more likely to introduce fish during complementary feeding. Key barriers included fears of fishbones, allergies, and heavy metal contamination. Despite these challenges, healthcare guidance on fish consumption was significantly associated with higher intake and earlier introduction.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Addressing misconceptions, enhancing healthcare guidance, and promoting educational interventions are critical to improving fish consumption during complementary feeding. These findings provide a basis for strategies to optimize early childhood nutrition and promote healthier dietary habits.</p>","PeriodicalId":9144,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pediatrics","volume":"25 1","pages":"432"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of body composition and motor competence in children from the 1st basic cycle and their relationship with school performance.","authors":"Miguel Rebelo, Samuel Honório, António Pais, Jorge Santos, Paulo Afonso, Catarina Marques, Afonso Diniz, João Serrano","doi":"10.1186/s12887-025-05792-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05792-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Childhood obesity is a public health problem that affects many parts of the world, and is one of the factors that has negatively influenced levels of motor competence at an early age. However, these relationships remain poorly investigated. The aim of this study was to assess body composition (BC) and motor competence (MC), as well as to study their relationship with school performance in primary school children in Portugal. A quantitative study was carried out with a sample of 272 children aged between 6 and 10 years old, divided into 4 years of schooling. The Motor Competence Assessment was used to assess motor competence (MC) and a bioimpedance scale (InBody) was used to assess body composition (BC). The results showed that, with the exception of 1st year, all the children were overweight and this worsened as the school year progressed. As for motor competence, it increases as the children grow, but at low levels for their age, with only the 3rd and 4th years showing a relationship between MC and BC. The results also showed a positive relationship between academic achievement and MC only in the 4th year of schooling. These results highlight the need for intervention in primary schools to combat childhood obesity and motor illiteracy, as well as demonstrating that the better children's MC, the better their school performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9144,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pediatrics","volume":"25 1","pages":"429"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vaccination dropout and associated factors among children in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014-2024).","authors":"Eyasu Bamlaku Golla, Habtamu Geremew, Alegntaw Abate, Mohammed Ahmed Ali, Mulat Belay Simegn, Werkneh Melkie Tilahun, Samuel Abdisa Kuse, Smegnew Gichew Wondie","doi":"10.1186/s12887-025-05786-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12887-025-05786-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Children in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in Ethiopia, continue to suffer from vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs), contributing to child mortality. One of the key challenges is vaccination dropout, where children fail to receive subsequent doses after the initial vaccine, leading to incomplete immunization coverage. Hence, our review aimed to determine the pooled magnitude of vaccination dropout and the factors associated with it among children in Ethiopia.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A comprehensive search of relevant studies was conducted through electronic web-based international databases and the institutional repository of Ethiopian universities. Data were extracted via a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and then exported to STATA 17 for statistical analysis. A checklist from the Joanna Briggs Institute was utilized to assess the quality of the studies. A random-effects model was employed to estimate the pooled magnitude of vaccination dropout. Heterogeneity between studies was evaluated via the I-square test. Funnel plots and Egger's regression test were utilized to assess publication bias.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventeen articles with a total sample size of 9152 children (12-23 months old) were included in this meta-analysis. Consequently, the pooled magnitude of vaccination dropout from BCG to measles and Penta-1 to Penta-3 among children aged 12-23 months in Ethiopia was 16.93% (95% CI: 12.43, 21.44) and 13.16% (95% CI: 8.37, 17.96) respectively. Mothers who did not attend ANC (AOR = 3.58, 95% CI = 1.99, 6.44), postponed immunization schedule (AOR = 2.73, 95% CI = 1.53, 4.87), distance from the health care facility (AOR = 2.46, 95% CI = 2.01, 17.18), and home delivery (AOR = 2.78, 95% CI = 2.28, 3.38) were identified as significant factors associated with vaccine dropout.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The overall pooled magnitude of vaccination dropout among children in Ethiopia is greater than the WHO recommendation of less than 10%. Therefore, our findings suggest the necessity of counseling and educating women to attend antenatal care (ANC) follow-ups, give birth at healthcare facilities, and provide mobile and outreach immunization services for remote areas.</p>","PeriodicalId":9144,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pediatrics","volume":"25 1","pages":"426"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156944","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants of neonatal jaundice among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit in hospitals of Gurage zone, Southern Ethiopia.","authors":"Bayachew Amare Zeleke, Tariku Laelago Ersado, Habtamu Wude Hanjelo, Gebeeyesus Abera Zeleke","doi":"10.1186/s12887-025-05772-9","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12887-025-05772-9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Neonatal jaundice is the discoloration of the skin, sclera, and mucosa resulting from an excessive accumulation of bilirubin within the tissue and plasma. Every year, around 1.1 million newborn babies worldwide experience severe hyperbilirubinemia and the majority reside in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Evidences on determinants of neonatal jaundice are limited in Ethiopia, particularly in our study area.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To identify the determinants of neonatal jaundice among neonates admitted to neonatal intensive care unit in hospitals of Gurage zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2022.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Hospital-based unmatched retrospective case-control study was employed by reviewing one-year medical record of neonates from June 1, 2021 to May 30, 2022 in Gurage zone selected hospitals. The sample size was calculated by using Epi Info version 7 and study participants were selected by using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected through a data extraction format. The data was entered using Epi data version 3.2 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis were employed at 95% confidence interval for the existence of the association. P-value < 0.05 was used to identify the level of statistical significance.</p><p><strong>Result: </strong>In this study, 375 neonatal medical charts which includes 125 cases and 250 controls were input into the data analysis process. Neonatal sepsis (AOR: 2.38; with 95% CI: 1.35-4.17), cephalic hematoma (AOR: 4.92; with 95% CI: 2.61-9.26), polycythemia (AOR: 3.60; with 95% CI: 2.03-6.34), prematurity (AOR: 4.57; 95% CI: 2.45-8.49), birth asphyxia (AOR: 2.26; 95% CI: 1.27-4.02), and breastfeeding (AOR: 5.35; 95% CI: 1.90-15.0) were the determinants of NNJ.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study identifies preterm birth, newborn polycythemia, birth asphyxia, neonatal sepsis, breastfeeding, and cephalic hematoma as significant determinant factors in neonatal jaundice.</p>","PeriodicalId":9144,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pediatrics","volume":"25 1","pages":"427"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144156926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of NLRC3 in modulating inflammatory responses in neonates.","authors":"Meng Zhang, Mingming Zhang","doi":"10.1186/s12887-025-05766-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05766-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study sought to investigate the role and molecular mechanisms of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor family caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD)-containing 3 (NLRC3) in the inflammatory responses of neonates, thereby developing new clinical insights into the occurrence and prevention of neonatal infections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Peripheral blood samples were collected from full-term infants (n = 49) and preterm infants (n = 41) without any signs of intrauterine infection, as well as from healthy non-pregnant adults (n = 45). A real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the expression levels of NLRC3 and NOD-containing protein 1 (NOD1) in the isolated mononuclear cells. Whole blood from the adults, full-term infants, and preterm infants was stimulated for four hours with a mixture of herpes simplex virus type 60 DNA (HSV-60 DNA) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or LPS alone or blank medium. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed to measure the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) levels in the supernatant.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The gene expression levels of NLRC3 were significantly lower in the full-term and preterm infants than in the adults, with the preterm infants showing notably lower levels when compared with the full-term infants. A positive correlation was found between the NLRC3 and NOD1 expression levels in the neonates (both full-term and preterm), indicating lower NLRC3 expression to be associated with lower NOD1 expression. After LPS stimulation, the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the whole blood of the preterm and full-term infants was significantly lower than in that of the adults. Moreover, stimulation with a combination of LPS and HSV-60 DNA resulted in similar TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β production across the blood samples from preterm infants, full-term infants, and adults. When compared with LPS stimulation alone, the LPS and HSV-60 DNA mixture significantly reduced the release of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in the adults. In the neonates, however, only the release of TNF-α was significantly reduced, as no notable difference was observed in the IL-6 and IL-1β levels.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The reduced expression and functional impairment of NOD-like receptors, such as NLRC3 and NOD1, in neonates, may contribute to their heightened susceptibility to severe infections. This finding indicates new avenues for the prevention and treatment of neonatal infections.</p>","PeriodicalId":9144,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pediatrics","volume":"25 1","pages":"428"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Managing pediatric metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of current approaches.","authors":"Kasra Talebi Anaraki, Motahar Heidari-Beni, Mehrnoosh Arefian, Roya Kelishadi","doi":"10.1186/s12887-025-05759-6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05759-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>There are various pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches in the management and treatment of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We aimed to systematically review the effect of different approaches in the management of pediatric MetS.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A systematic search was conducted in Medline, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar up to April 15, 2025. All interventional that had assessed the effects of lifestyle modifications in terms of changes in dietary habits, increased physical activity, and pharmacological interventions in the management of pediatrics MetS were included.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among 1701 records found in the databases, 31 articles were included. Lifestyle modification, physical exercise, and dietary habits alteration were the commonest effective approaches in modulating MetS. The Mediterranean and DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) diets improved the metabolic profile of MetS and reduced its prevalence. Metformin was the most frequently prescribed medication that was prescribed for pediatric MetS. However, its efficacy alone in comparison to lifestyle modifications remains to be determined. The effect of omega-3 supplements on the metabolic profile of MetS cases was inconsistent, but vitamin D supplementation was shown to have some favorable effects. Natural products such as fermented camel milk, grape juice, and pomegranate juice did not show any significant improvement in pediatric MetS.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Multidisciplinary lifestyle modification is considered the first recommendation for the prevention and management of MetS in childhood. Metformin can be an effective adjuvant therapy to lifestyle modifications in some cases of MetS, especially in children with other comorbidities.</p><p><strong>Trial code: </strong>CRD42024502835.</p>","PeriodicalId":9144,"journal":{"name":"BMC Pediatrics","volume":"25 1","pages":"431"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}