Biomedical Research-tokyo最新文献

{"title":"Evolution of the Four Individual Faculties of Mind within Human Consciousness","authors":"Frank Asamoah Frimpong","doi":"10.63721/25jbasr0121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.63721/25jbasr0121","url":null,"abstract":"The sequential evolution of the four faculties of mind of the human consciousness is one of the important facts about the human thinking processes that diverse mental theorists and thinkers hinted at but remained fuzzy until now. What psychologists such as Freud, Piaget, and Erickson postulated were stages of devel- opment of the physical body as it grows from birth to adulthood similar to Shakespeare’s stages of life. The focus of this research is on the emergence and evolution of each of the four faculties of the human mind based on the historical and evolutionary development of consciousness that differentiated Homo Sapiens from the animal kingdom. There are two recognized stages of development of human conscious- ness namely, 1) evolution of consciousness based on Darwin’s theory of evolution, and 2) the specific sequential evolution of each of the four faculties of mind of the human consciousness that differentiated human (early Homo Sapiens) consciousness from the consciousness of animals that led to the present so- phisticated human thinking system. The development of consciousness started with all animals attaining two faculties of mind namely, Cosmic Consciousness (that works the autonomic systems of the physical bodies of animals), and a faculty of perceptual-mind (that made animals sentient) to be able to feed and avoid being eaten. The next stage of mental development occurred to the present Homo Sapiens who de- veloped a second faculty of imagination that enabled early human beings to make tools of war to subdue wild animals that liberated the cave dwellers to roam the jungles and hunt down animals. The third stage of human mental development was the attainment of the faculty of ego/reason that developed laws and regulations which allowed people to live in cottages and villages. The fourth faculty of mind achieved by human beings was the faculty of superego/conscience that developed principles of morality and fair play for inter-personal relationships, that enabled human beings to live in harmony in larger towns cities and States. This shows the history of the evolution of faculties of mind in ascending order of higher abilities of (each of the four faculties of mind) within human consciousness. In short, this shows the slow sequential stages of evolution of the four faculties of the human consciousness namely, 1) the perceptual-mind, 2) imagination, 3) ego/reason and 4), the superego/conscience, from infancy, to adolescence, adulthood, old age and death.","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"1 2","pages":"1-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://doi.org/10.63721/25jbasr0121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147912619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative Experiment of Suppressive Activities of <i>Gastrodia elata</i> Rhizome Extracts on Dextran Sulfate Sodium-induced Colitis against Cultivation Environments","authors":"Wooin Yang, Yong Deok Jeon","doi":"10.15616/bsl.2025.31.2.174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15616/bsl.2025.31.2.174","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"31 2","pages":"174-186"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.bslonline.org/journal/download_pdf.php?doi=10.15616/BSL.2025.31.2.174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147911758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Small Compound with Indole Moiety Stabilizes Tetramerization of Transthyretin and Inhibits Fibril Formation","authors":"Myeong Kwan Kim, Sungjoon Cho, Youngjin Choi, Dongju Jung","doi":"10.15616/bsl.2025.31.1.49","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15616/bsl.2025.31.1.49","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"31 1","pages":"49-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.bslonline.org/journal/download_pdf.php?doi=10.15616/BSL.2025.31.1.49","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147332228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Erratum to: Efficacy of 1,5-anhydro-D-fructose on reducing mental stress: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial-a pilot study.","authors":"","doi":"10.2220/biomedres.46.210","DOIUrl":"10.2220/biomedres.46.210","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"46 2","pages":"210"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Green coffee bean extract rich in chlorogenic acids prevents muscle capillary regression via inhibiting oxidative stress and enhancing angiogenesis.","authors":"Jihao Xing, Hao Lin, Ryosuke Nakanishi, Kazuya Iwai, Noriaki Maeshige, Hiroyo Kondo, Hidemi Fujino","doi":"10.2220/biomedres.46.15","DOIUrl":"10.2220/biomedres.46.15","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in disused skeletal muscle induces capillary regression, which disrupts the balance of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. We tested whether green coffee bean extract containing rich chlorogenic acid, which has antioxidant properties, can prevent capillary regression caused by muscle atrophy. The study included 24 female Sprague-Dawley rats, randomly assigned to four groups: control (CON), 2-week hindlimb unloading (HU), 2-week hindlimb unloading supplemented with coffee extract rich in chlorogenic acids (HU+50%CGA), and 2-week hindlimb unloading supplemented with trace amounts of chlorogenic acids (HU+5%CGA). Rats in the HU+50%CGA and HU+5%CGA groups received an oral dose of coffee extract at 850 mg/kg per day. The effects of chlorogenic acids in coffee extracts were investigated by comparing these groups. Unloading increased oxidative stress, disrupted mitochondrial oxidative activity, and upregulated TSP-1 expression, triggering endothelial cell apoptosis and leading to capillary regression. In contrast, the supplementation with coffee extract containing rich chlorogenic acids prevented ROS overproduction and improved metabolic activity, promoting angiogenesis by correcting the imbalance of pro- and anti-angiogenic factors, and inhibiting endothelial cell apoptosis. In conclusion, green coffee bean extract rich in chlorogenic acids inhibits ROS production, enhances mitochondrial metabolism, mitigates capillary regression by promoting angiogenesis and preventing apoptosis.</p>","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"46 1","pages":"15-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143078455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gastric biopsy-derived cell line and its utility in assessing tumor cell drug sensitivity.","authors":"Masato Hayashi, Rei Noguchi, Makoto Abe, Julia Osaki, Yuki Adachi, Shuhei Iwata, Kazuki Sasaki, Tadashi Kondo, Yuki Yoshimatsu","doi":"10.2220/biomedres.46.27","DOIUrl":"10.2220/biomedres.46.27","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Gastric cancer (GC) has benefited from treatment improvements such as minimally invasive surgery, molecular-targeted drugs, and immune check point inhibitors. However, the prognosis of advanced GC is still unfavorable. Minimally invasive pre-treatment detection of drug sensitivity (MI-PDDS) has increasing importance in view of improved chemotherapy. Gastric biopsy specimens are obtained with relative ease but have not been considered an appropriate source for generating cell lines because of their minute amounts. We therefore materialized the idea of MI-PDDS using biopsy-derived cell lines obtained from endoscopic biopsy specimens. Here, a cell line designated TCC-GC1-C1 was established from a biopsy specimen of a histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the stomach. The cell line showed the ability of forming spheroid with deeply stained nuclei and disturbed cellular morphology indicative of malignancy. Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping of the cell line revealed a duplication of chromosome19q and a deletion of chromosome 8p. A drug screening test with 221 anticancer drugs showed that the cell line had high sensitivity to the proteasome inhibitor (Carfilzomib) and the fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor (Erdafitinib), with a low IC50 value of under 0.1 μM. Our MI-PDDS approach holds promise in making a treatment decision for advanced GC.</p>","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"46 1","pages":"27-35"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143078333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine and its metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid, levels in the brain of rats administered with methotrexate.","authors":"Sachiko Hiraide, Takuji Machida, Mina Yamada, Honoka Furukawa, Takahiro Yamamoto, Naoya Hamaue, Kenji Iizuka","doi":"10.2220/biomedres.46.77","DOIUrl":"10.2220/biomedres.46.77","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>During the delayed emesis phase, methotrexate tended to increase 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in midbrain and significantly increased 5-hydroxyindole-acetic acid (5-HIAA), a metabolite of 5-HT, levels in the area postrema and in the cerebral cortex in rats. However, methotrexate did not increase mRNA expression of 5-HT biosynthesis/metabolism enzyme in the area postrema. The increased 5-HIAA levels in the area postrema may result from enhanced intestinal 5-HT synthesis, with 5-HIAA reaching the area postrema via circulation. Additionally, the rise in cortical 5-HIAA levels might reflect stress-related increases in brain tryptophan influx.</p>","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"46 2","pages":"77-81"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Intragastric administration of cuminaldehyde, a natural TRPA1 agonist, enhanced carbohydrate oxidation and reduced body fat accumulation in mice.","authors":"Fuminori Kawabata, Ren Fukai, Taiga Miyagi, Yuko Kawabata","doi":"10.2220/biomedres.46.51","DOIUrl":"10.2220/biomedres.46.51","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a nociceptive receptor activated by chemical compounds such as allyl isothiocyanate, cinnamaldehyde, and carvacrol, found in spices and herbs. Since the intake of some TRPA1 agonists inhibits visceral fat accumulation, TRPA1 agonists are expected to serve as ingredients in anti-obesity foods. Recently, it has been reported that anisaldehyde, tiglic aldehyde, and cuminaldehyde activate TRPA1. In the present study, we measured metabolic changes after a single intragastric administration of each of these three compounds by respiratory gas analysis in mice, revealing cuminaldehyde's outstanding carbohydrate metabolism-enhancing effect. Next, mice were fed a high-fat diet for 4 weeks, during which they received daily administration of either cuminaldehyde or vehicle. The cuminaldehyde-treated group exhibited a significant suppression of visceral fat accumulation. Respiratory gas analysis confirmed that oxygen consumption and fat oxidation in normal conditions were significantly higher in the cuminaldehyde group than in the vehicle group at 2 weeks post-administration. These results suggest that the intake of cuminaldehyde, a TRPA1 agonist, enhances energy metabolism and reduces visceral fat accumulation.</p>","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"46 2","pages":"51-59"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The mouse experimental periodontitis by silk-ligature placement triggers systemic inflammation potentially exacerbating pulmonary inflammation.","authors":"Shingo Kawai, Hiroyuki Oguchi, Mayumi Endo, Koji Hase, Shunsuke Kimura","doi":"10.2220/biomedres.46.61","DOIUrl":"10.2220/biomedres.46.61","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease driven by oral microbiota dysbiosis, is associated with systemic diseases; however, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Using a silk-ligation-induced periodontitis mouse model, we investigated the changes in oral microbiota, immune responses, and systemic effects, including respiratory disease. Oral dysbiosis persisted for five weeks and was characterized by an increased abundance of genera Enterococcus, Proteus, and Escherichia_Shigella, and a decrease in genera Lactococcus. Antibiotic treatment effectively reduced alveolar bone resorption and suppressed both oral and systemic inflammation, suggesting that the dysbiosis induced innate immune activation in the gingiva which led to alveolar bone resorption and systemic immune activation. Notably, while gingival inflammation and bone resorption subsided within 2-3 weeks, systemic immune activation persisted throughout the experimental period with elevated levels of Th17 cytokines, particularly IL-17A and IL-22. To further examine the systemic impact, we induced pulmonary fibrosis with bleomycin after the onset of periodontitis. Periodontitis exacerbated initial lung inflammation, marked by increased production of IL-17A, IL-22, and IL-1β, along with significant T-cell infiltration in lung tissue. These findings reveal a chronic systemic inflammation induced by periodontitis and highlight its potential role in exacerbating respiratory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"46 2","pages":"61-76"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Possible involvement of neuropeptide Y sub-receptor 1 (NPY-Y1) in the anti-viral response of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Syrian hamster.","authors":"Haruka Nishimura, Kohei Araki, Chihomi Mitsuoka, Wataru Toriumi, Shunichi Kitajima, Eiki Takahashi","doi":"10.2220/biomedres.46.37","DOIUrl":"10.2220/biomedres.46.37","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Co-administration of Molnupiravir and Remdesivir, treatments for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), inhibits viral replication and infectivity. Previous studies indicate that the neuropeptide Y sub-receptor 1 (NPY-Y1) is involved in influenza virus aggravation in mouse pulmonary phagocytes, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. Understanding the NPY-Y1 receptor's involvement in influenza and SARS-CoV-2 in both mice and hamsters may help explore its potential as an indicator of viral infections and support the development of preventive care. This study examined the effects of Molnupiravir and Remdesivir on infected Syrian hamsters and the NPY pathway during SARS-CoV-2 infection. SARS-CoV-2 infection increased mRNA expression of NPY, NPY-Y1 receptors, and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in hamster lungs. Co-administration of the drugs significantly reduced these expressions. Changes in NPY-Y1 receptor expression were correlated with NPY, IL-10, IL-12, and IFN-γ, implying a role in the antiviral response pathway. These findings highlight that changes in the mRNA expression levels of NPY and NPY-Y1 receptor are influenced by SARS-CoV-2 infection and that the antiviral drugs impact the NPY-NPY-Y1 receptor cascade. This implies the pathway's involvement in inflammatory responses during viral infection and its potential as a therapeutic target.</p>","PeriodicalId":9138,"journal":{"name":"Biomedical Research-tokyo","volume":"46 2","pages":"37-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143794634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}