Brain injuryPub Date : 2025-01-02Epub Date: 2024-09-08DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2396018
Gabriel Rodríguez, Abana Azariah, Melanie Quoilin, Ricardo Garcia-Garcia, Valentina Ladera Fernandez, Corwin Boake, Alexandra Meurgue Ritter, Arlen Gonzalez
{"title":"Generalized and visual anosognosia, Anosodiaphoria after bifrontal injury: symptom length and cognitive outcomes after one year from first report documented.","authors":"Gabriel Rodríguez, Abana Azariah, Melanie Quoilin, Ricardo Garcia-Garcia, Valentina Ladera Fernandez, Corwin Boake, Alexandra Meurgue Ritter, Arlen Gonzalez","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2396018","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2396018","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Importance: </strong>GAAB Syndrome was recently discovered and coined by Rodríguez, Azariah, Ritter, et al.. (2024). It is characterized by bifrontal brain injury, visual pathway damage involving bilateral enucleation, generalized and visual anosognosia and lack of emotional processing with visual anosognosia being more prominent in the clinical presentation of the patient given the context of bilateral enucleation. The syndrome was not explained by delirium nor by amnesia, not either by multiple shunt adjustments or psychological denial.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To describe the clinical presentation and syndrome length of the patient one year after injury. Results show that most of the syndrome symptoms are resolved after nine months, with just visual anosognosia not resolving completely. The patient improved cognitively as shown by the same tests one year later.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"35-38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain injuryPub Date : 2025-01-02Epub Date: 2024-09-08DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2399070
Annemarie P M Stiekema, Johanne C C Rauwenhoff, Desiree Bierlaagh, Mireille Donkervoort, Natska Jansen, Kitty H M Jurrius, Judith Zadoks, Caroline M van Heugten
{"title":"Case management for people with acquired brain injury: feasibility and effectiveness of a two-year pragmatic randomized controlled trial.","authors":"Annemarie P M Stiekema, Johanne C C Rauwenhoff, Desiree Bierlaagh, Mireille Donkervoort, Natska Jansen, Kitty H M Jurrius, Judith Zadoks, Caroline M van Heugten","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2399070","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2399070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Case management (CM) aims to facilitate access to and integration of health care and social services. We investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of CM.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Randomized controlled trial with 219 patients and 114 caregivers randomly allocated to CM (109/59) or care as usual (110/55). CM was based on early and continuous online monitoring of problems and needs. Outcomes were assessed every 6 months with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Secondary outcome domains were participant restrictions, life satisfaction, self-efficacy, caregiver burden, and needs. Multilevel modeling was used. Feasibility aspects were protocol delivery, participants' and case managers' satisfaction, and factors affecting implementation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were no significant differences between groups. Participation restrictions and unmet needs decreased in both groups within 6 months. Monitoring was successful in 38, and 10 participants asked the CM for support. CM consisted mostly of providing information.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>CM based on early and continuous online monitoring does not have benefit in identifying and addressing problems early after relatively mild injury. Unsuccessful monitoring may have hindered access to the case manager and prevented us from evaluating CM as a complex intervention. It remains a challenge to early identify those who could benefit from care coordination.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"39-50"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain injuryPub Date : 2025-01-02Epub Date: 2024-09-02DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2393635
Pierre Langevin, Kathryn J Schneider, Michal Katz-Leurer, Mathilde Chevignard, Lisa Grilli, Adrienne Crampton, Isabelle Gagnon
{"title":"Evolution of dizziness-related disability in children following concussion: a group-based trajectory analysis.","authors":"Pierre Langevin, Kathryn J Schneider, Michal Katz-Leurer, Mathilde Chevignard, Lisa Grilli, Adrienne Crampton, Isabelle Gagnon","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2393635","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2393635","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to identify Dizziness-Related Disability (DRD) recovery trajectories in pediatric concussion and assess clinical predictors of disability groups.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>In this prospective cohort study, 81 children (8-17 years) diagnosed with an acute concussion took part in 3 evaluation sessions (baseline, 3-month, and 6-month). All sessions included the primary disability outcome, the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) to create the DRD recovery trajectories using group-based multi-trajectory modeling analysis. Each independent variable included general patients' characteristics, premorbid conditions, function and symptoms questionnaires, and clinical physical measures; and were compared between the trajectories with logistic regression models.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Low DRD (LD) trajectory (<i>n</i> = 64, 79%), and a High DRD (HD) trajectory (<i>n</i> = 17, 21%) were identified. The Predicting and Preventing Postconcussive Problems in Pediatrics (5P) total score (Odds Ratio (OR):1.50, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.01-2.22), self-reported neck pain (OR:7.25, 95%CI: 1.24-42.36), and premorbid anxiety (OR:7.25, 95%CI: 1.24-42.36) were the strongest predictors of belonging to HD group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Neck pain, premorbid anxiety, and the 5P score should be considered initially in clinical practice as to predict DRD at 3 and 6-month. Further research is needed to refine predictions and enhance personalized treatment strategies for pediatric concussion.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142104156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain injuryPub Date : 2025-01-02Epub Date: 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2395382
Scott Ramsay, V Susan Dahinten, Manon Ranger, Shelina Babul, Elizabeth Saewyc
{"title":"Follow-up visits after pediatric concussion and the factors associated with early follow-up: a population-based study in British Columbia.","authors":"Scott Ramsay, V Susan Dahinten, Manon Ranger, Shelina Babul, Elizabeth Saewyc","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2395382","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2395382","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To explore the rates and timing of a first follow-up visit for children and adolescents with a concussive injury and to identify factors associated with follow-up timing.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A descriptive, correlational design drawing on linked, population-based administrative data of concussed children and adolescents (ages 5-18 years) from the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada. Data were accessed through Population Data BC. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the data.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017, we retrieved 22,601 cases of concussion, of which 19% had an early follow-up visit (<i>N</i> = 4,294), 4.9% had later follow-up (<i>N</i> = 1,107), and 76.1% had no follow-up (<i>N</i> = 17,200). The factors of older age, living in a rural area, higher socioeconomic status, and seeing a specialist physician at an initial concussion diagnosis were more likely to have an early follow-up visit.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Early follow-up is important for recovery, but most children and adolescents with a concussion do not receive follow-up in BC.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"10-16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142079120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain injuryPub Date : 2025-01-02Epub Date: 2024-09-03DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2396012
Jennifer Krizman, Danielle Colegrove, Jenna Cunningham, Silvia Bonacina, Trent Nicol, Matt Nerrie, Nina Kraus
{"title":"Concussion acutely disrupts auditory processing in division I football student-athletes.","authors":"Jennifer Krizman, Danielle Colegrove, Jenna Cunningham, Silvia Bonacina, Trent Nicol, Matt Nerrie, Nina Kraus","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2396012","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2396012","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Diagnosis, assessment, and management of sports-related concussion require a multi-modal approach. Yet, currently, an objective assessment of auditory processing is not included. The auditory system is uniquely complex, relying on exquisite temporal precision to integrate signals across many synapses, connected by long axons. Given this complexity and precision, together with the fact that axons are highly susceptible to damage from mechanical force, we hypothesize that auditory processing is susceptible to concussive injury.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We measured the frequency-following response (FFR), a scalp-recorded evoked potential that assesses processing of complex sound features, including pitch and phonetic identity. FFRs were obtained on male Division I Collegiate football players prior to contact practice to determine a pre-season baseline of auditory processing abilities, and again after sustaining a sports-related concussion. We predicted that concussion would decrease pitch and phonetic processing relative to the student-athlete's preseason baseline.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that pitch and phonetic encoding was smaller post-concussion. Student-athletes who sustained a second concussion showed similar declines after each injury.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Auditory processing should be included in the multimodal assessment of sports-related concussion. Future studies that extend this work to other sports, other injuries (e.g. blast exposure), and to female athletes are needed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"17-25"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11668622/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142118976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain injuryPub Date : 2025-01-02Epub Date: 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2024.2403632
Carly L A Wender, Elijah Farrar, Brian M Sandroff
{"title":"Attrition, adherence, and compliance to exercise training interventions in persons with traumatic brain injury: a systematic review of training studies.","authors":"Carly L A Wender, Elijah Farrar, Brian M Sandroff","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2403632","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02699052.2024.2403632","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Exercise training (ET) is a promising rehabilitation approach for long-term negative consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, little is known regarding overall rates of attrition, adherence, and compliance to ET in TBI.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The purpose of this systematic review was to estimate average attrition, adherence, and compliance rates in ET studies in persons with TBI.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Databases were searched from inception to April 15, 2024. Two authors independently extracted data related to attrition, adherence, compliance, and possible moderators identified <i>a priori</i>.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The average rate of attrition from 45 studies was 14.4%, although the majority of studies had small sample sizes (i.e. <i>n</i> < 42). Based on hierarchical linear regression, the most influential predictors of attrition were sample size and study design. A minority of studies reported adherence (44.4%) or compliance (22.2%) but those that did reported good average adherence (85.1%) and compliance (77.7%). These studies support the ability of persons with TBI to complete an ET intervention as prescribed.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Researchers can use this information to ensure adequate power to detect a true effect of ET in persons with TBI. Researchers conducting ET studies in persons with TBI should clearly and thoroughly report data on attrition, adherence, and compliance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"70-83"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142341509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Improving the early detection of aphasia in the acute phase of stroke: the contribution of a screening test.","authors":"Marie-Hélène Lavoie, Anne-Claire Albiseti, Stéphanie Gosselin-Lefebvre, Joël Macoir","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2451193","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2451193","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Aphasia is one of the most common and most debilitating after-effects of a stroke. In the acute phase of a stroke, referrals to speech-language pathology (SLP) are frequently guided by clinical impressions rather than validated tests.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate the advantages of incorporating the Screening test for language disorders in adults and the elderly (DTLA) into clinical practice for detecting language disorders during the acute phase of stroke.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The study includes a retrospective and a prospective component, including a questionnaire on the acceptability, feasibility and usefulness of using the DTLA in patients in the acute phase of stroke.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-one patients admitted for stroke were recruited for each of the two components. The introduction of the DTLA in the prospective component of the study had a significant impact on the detection of language impairment, as more notes about language were found in patients' medical records and more referrals were made to SLP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Using a screening test can improve the detection of aphasia during the acute phase of stroke, particularly in patients whose impairments might not be easily identified through subjective assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"565-570"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142999968","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain injuryPub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2025-01-22DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2025.2450600
Liliana R Ladner, Collin Tanchanco Ocampo, Colin Kelly, Caitlin M Woodson, Eric Marvin, Alicia M Pickrell, Kylene Kehn-Hall, Michelle H Theus
{"title":"The weight of multiple hits: how TBI and infectious encephalitis co-modulate adverse outcomes.","authors":"Liliana R Ladner, Collin Tanchanco Ocampo, Colin Kelly, Caitlin M Woodson, Eric Marvin, Alicia M Pickrell, Kylene Kehn-Hall, Michelle H Theus","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2450600","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2450600","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chronic neurologic deficits from traumatic brain injury (TBI) and subsequent infectious encephalitis are poorly characterized.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Using TriNetX database we queried patients 18 years or older with a confirmed diagnosis of encephalitis between 2016 and 2024. Patient cohorts included those with a diagnosis of TBI at least one month before encephalitis (<i>N</i> = 1,038), those with a diagnosis of a TBI anytime before encephalitis (<i>N</i> = 1,886), and those with encephalitis but no TBI, (<i>N</i> = 45,210; <i>N</i> = 45,215). A murine model of controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) infection was used to reflect the clinical model, followed by extracting hippocampal tissue for bulk RNA sequencing and analysis.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Patients with a TBI history at least one month before infectious encephalitis have an increased risk of mortality, epilepsy, and dementia or delirium. Bulk RNA sequencing of the hippocampus from mice subjected to CCI injury and VEEV infection demonstrated that key pathways, specifically those involved in granzyme mediated cell death, were enriched compared to VEEV infection alone.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our findings reveal that infectious encephalitis in patients with TBI history portends worse neurologic outcomes, and the hippocampus may be vulnerable to granzyme mediated cell death under these conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"588-597"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142999971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Anxiety mediates the relationship between caregiver burden and preparedness in individuals with acquired brain injury: meta-analytic structural equation modeling.","authors":"Shengnan Kuai, Yuying Fan, Yisha Zhao, Xiaotian Zhang, Xue Li, Hongyi Li","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2456964","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2456964","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Informal caregivers of individuals with acquired brain injury (ABI) often lack adequate preparedness for caregiving. Caregiver burden may reduce preparedness, with anxiety potentially mediating this relationship. However, these associations remain unclear. This study aims to analyze the relationships between caregiver burden, anxiety, and preparedness, and to explore the mediating role of anxiety.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study systematically searched seven databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang, and China Biology Medicine Disc, from inception to June 6, 2024. Meta-analytic structural equation modeling (MASEM) combines concepts of meta-analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) to integrate correlation or covariance matrices. A summary correlation matrix was estimated using a random-effects model and incorporated into SEM to examine the associations among caregiver burden, anxiety, and preparedness.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>13,610 articles were screened for MASEM analysis, and 27 studies were included. The MASEM results showed significant correlations among the three variables (all <i>p</i> < 0.001). Additionally, anxiety partially mediated the relationship between burden and preparedness (β= -0.147, 95% CI [-0.226, -0.083]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Research using the MASEM method observed that heightened caregiver burden and anxiety potentially reduce preparedness, with anxiety significantly mediating the relationship between caregiver burden and preparedness.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"539-550"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143058076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brain injuryPub Date : 2025-01-01Epub Date: 2025-01-22DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2025.2455463
Christine E Callahan, J D DeFreese, Keturah R Faurot, Susan A Gaylord, Adam W Kiefer, Johna K Register-Mihalik
{"title":"Associations among perceived stress and mindfulness on post-concussion cognitive and mental health outcomes in young adults with a concussion history.","authors":"Christine E Callahan, J D DeFreese, Keturah R Faurot, Susan A Gaylord, Adam W Kiefer, Johna K Register-Mihalik","doi":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2455463","DOIUrl":"10.1080/02699052.2025.2455463","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Despite evidence suggesting perceived stress negatively impacts post-concussion outcomes and that mindfulness may improve that relationship, research has not investigated those connections.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional, observational study included 80 young adults with a concussion history who completed a single study visit including the following measures: 1) demographics and concussion, mental health, and mindfulness histories; 2) perceived stress [Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10)]; 3) mindfulness [Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ)]; and 4) post-concussion cognitive and mental health outcomes - neurocognitive performance (CNS Vital Signs), psychological symptoms [Brief Symptom Inventory-18 (BSI-18)], and QOL [Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS®)]. First, separate regression models determined the association among perceived stress and post-concussion cognitive and mental health outcomes. Second, linear regression models determined the association among mindfulness and post-concussion cognitive and mental health outcomes. Third, to test the moderation effect, models included a perceived stress and mindfulness interaction term.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Higher perceived stress was significantly associated with higher psychological symptoms (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and lower QOL (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Higher mindfulness was significantly associated with lower psychological symptoms (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and higher QOL (<i>p</i> < 0.05). No moderation models were significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Future research is necessary to further understand mechanisms impacting post-concussion interventions aimed to improve outcomes and life post-concussion.</p>","PeriodicalId":9082,"journal":{"name":"Brain injury","volume":" ","pages":"579-587"},"PeriodicalIF":1.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143022090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}