Journal of athletic enhancement最新文献

{"title":"The Effects of 10 Days of a Multi- Ingredient Supplement on Performance Lactate during Exercise and Post Exercise Muscle Damage, Oxidative Stress and Inflammation","authors":"J. Soileau, L. Judge, D. Bellar","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000289","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000289","url":null,"abstract":"Intense and prolonged bouts of intense exercise can cause metabolic acidosis due to the accumulation of intramuscular hydrogen ions. The purpose of the investigation was to assess the efficacy of a calcium bicarbonate sport supplement to enhance exercise performance and recovery. Sixteen healthy, active, college-aged males were recruited to participate in the investigation. Participants in this cross-over study had two tendaysupplementation periods separated by a ten-day washout period. Performance measures were tested and recorded via graded exercise tests on a cycle ergometer at baseline, as well as after both supplementation periods. Blood samples were acquired at baseline as well as pre- and post-exercise after both trial periods to assess levels of ammonia, 8-OHdG, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive proteins, IL-2, IL-6, and TNF-Alpha markers. ANOVA revealed significantly lower levels (treatment vs. placebo) by time (baseline, day ten) for 8-OHdG post exercise (main effect F=6.98, p=0.013). Creatine kinase levels demonstrated a significant interaction effect (main effect F=0.267, p=0.608; treatment * time: F=3.05, p=0.04). Additionally, a significant difference in peak lactate was noted by treatment (t=1.67, p=0.05, 3.8 mmol supplement vs. 4.8 mmol placebo). Significant differences were not found for aerobic performance measures, ammonia, C-reactive proteins, Interleukin-2, Interleukin-6, or TNF-alpha. The results of the present investigation provided initial evidence for the use of the multiingredient supplements. This preliminary evidence suggests the supplement may blunt lactate response to exercise and help provide some protection from muscle damage and oxidative stress.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"114 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87633087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the Effectiveness of a Preseason Strength and Conditioning “Prehab” Program for Collegiate Athletes: A Pilot Study","authors":"D. Goff, S. Myers, W. Quach, A. Kachingwe, D. Xiao, S. Grech","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000287","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000287","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of a preseason strength and conditioning “Prehab” program on decreasing non-contact injuries and improving outcome measures of strength, agility, and balance in collegiate men’s and women’s basketball players, men’s and women’s soccer players, and women’s volleyball players. \u0000Methods: Forty-five National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes participated. Participants performed a 10- week Prehab program consisting of five progressive levels advancing every two weeks. Exercises included lumbopelvic stabilization, scapular stabilization, plyometric training, and sport specific exercises. Test measures were taken before and after the Prehab intervention. Outcome measures included vertical jump height, number of push-ups, front/lateral plank time, single limb stance time, back extensor endurance time, thoracic spine rotation range of motion, number of single leg squats, Cross Hop test, Single Leg Crossover test, and closed kinetic chain upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST), as well as the number of non-contact injuries.Results: After completion of the Prehab program, participants showed significant improvement in vertical jump height, number of push-ups, front/lateral plank time, single limb stance time on the right, back extensor endurance time, thoracic spine rotation to the left, Single Leg Crossover test, and CKCUEST. Additionally, all other outcome measures showed a trend toward improvement. Participants experienced a total of 42 inseason repetitive stress injuries in the intervention year and 38 in the year after the intervention. \u0000Conclusion: Participation in the “Prehab” program led to a reduced number of in-season non-contact injuries and significant improvements in 9 of the 11 outcomes measures of strength, agility, and balance in collegiate athletes. The lack of significance in some of the outcome measures may be due to the small sample size. A repeat of this study using a randomized-control design with a larger sample size may yield more significant results.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"34 1","pages":"1-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86992924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effects of Open versus Closed Kinetic Chain Exercises on Ankle Joint Function in Athletes with Chronic Ankle Instability","authors":"Hatem Jaber, E. Lohman, Mansoor Alameri, G. Bains, N. Daher","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000291","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Lateral ankle sprains are common sport injuries that often result in structural and functional alterations leading to chronic ankle instability (CAI). Insufficiencies in proprioception, neuromuscular control, and strength are suggested as contributing factors to CAI. Open Kinetic Chain (OKC) and Closed Kinetic Chain (CKC) exercises often constitute the core of ankle specific training before progression to advanced training. Though commonly used in the management of CAI, there is no consensus regarding their efficacy on physical therapy outcomes. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of OKC and CKC exercises on dynamic postural control, self-reported function, and subjective sense of instability in subjects with CAI. \u0000Methods: Subjects with unilateral CAI were randomly assigned into three groups: OKC (n=5), CKC (n=6), and control (n=6). Outcome measures included star excursion balance test (SEBT) reach distance, center of pressure (COP) sway velocity, sway area, and path length; and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure-Sport Subscale. Intervention groups completed 6 weeks of exercises. Also, subjects completed a global rating of change (GROC) form at week 6 post-intervention. \u0000Results: Following intervention, both OKC and CKC groups had significant improvements in the outcome measures, indicating an improvement in dynamic postural control and subjective function; however, CKC had greater improvements than OKC. The control group did not show improvements. GROC revealed a significant difference in median score for CKC group when compared to OKC and control groups (p=0.04 and p=0.03, respectively). \u0000Conclusion: The 6-week of OKC and CKC exercise programs improved parameters of postural control and subjective function in CAI subjects. CKC exercises, however, were more effective than OKC exercises. Hence, exercise programs should become more functional and task oriented. Further research is needed in a larger cohort of subjects to determine effects of both training programs on ankle joint injury risk factors.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"11 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87563111","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Recovery Mode during High Intensity Interval Training on Glucoregulatory Hormones and Glucose Metabolism in Response to Maximal Exercise.","authors":"A B Abderrahman,&nbsp;F Rhibi,&nbsp;N Ouerghi,&nbsp;A C Hackney,&nbsp;A Saeidi,&nbsp;H Zouhal","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000292","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000292","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Catecholamines [adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (NA)] are known to stimulate glucose metabolism at rest and in response to maximal exercise. However, training and recovery mode can alter theses hormones. Thus our study aims to examine the effects of recovery mode during High-intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on glucoregulatory hormone responses to maximal exercise in young adults. Twenty-four male enrolled in this randomized study, assigned to: control group (eg, n=6), and two HIIT groups: intermittent exercise (30 s run/30 s recovery) with active (arg, n=9) or passive (prg, n=9) recovery, arg and prg performed HIIT 3 times weekly for 7 weeks. Before and after HIIT, participants undergo a Maximal Graded Test (MGT). Plasma catecholamines, glucose, insulin, growth hormone (Gh) and cortisol were determined at rest, at the end of MGT, after 10 and 30 min of recovery. After training V0_2max and Maximal Aerobic Velocity (MAV) increased significantly (p<0.05) in arg. After HIIT and in response to MGT plasma glucose increase significantly (p=0.008) lesser in arg compared to prg whereas insulin concentrations were similar. The glucose/insulin ratio was significantly lower at MGT end (p=0.033) only in arg after training. After HIIT, in response to MGT, plasma A, NA, cortisol and Gh concentrations were significantly higher only in arg (p<0.05). HIIT using active recovery is beneficial for aerobic fitness, plasma glucose and glucoregulatory hormones better than HIIT with passive recovery. These findings suggest that HIIT with active recovery may improve some metabolic and hormonal parameters in young adults.</p>","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"7 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4172/2324-9080.1000292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"36468106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Backcountry Skiing as Cardiovascular Prevention? An Analysis from the Swiss Alps","authors":"Skiing activity","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000288","url":null,"abstract":"Background: More and more people in western countries suffer from a lack of physical activity and thus a predisposition for the development of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. However, normally humans only exercise when they have to or when it`s fun. Backcountry skiing covers partly the fun aspect and potentially reveals protective effects on the metabolism and the cardiovascular system due to continuous physical stimulation. \u0000Material and Methods: Eight recreational backcountry skiers with good basic endurance capacity and regular backcountry skiing activity absolved a tour in the central massive of the Alps (Gotthard region) from Realp to Rotondo and Gross Muttenhorn and Stotzig First. All participants were heart rate monitored during the whole ascent and descent of the tour. \u0000Results: Time for all ascent part of the tour were 7 h 55 min and for all descent 1 h 20 min yielding to an ascent rate of 310 ± 16 m per hour and a descent rate of 1907 ± 504 m per hour. Average heart rate of ascent was 135 ± 6 beats per minute and for descent 119 ± 3 beats per minute. Total tour showed a mean heart rate of 128 ± 4 beats per minute. \u0000Discussion: Measured heart rates are about 75 ± 3.3 percent of theoretical heart rate max for ascent and 66 ± 1.7 percent for descent and therefore in the range of optimal stimulation of cardiovascular system respectively fat metabolism.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81337885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An 8-Week Running Training Program Modifies Impact Accelerations during Running","authors":"P. Pérez-Soriano, A. Lucas-Cuevas, J. Priego-Quesada, R. Sanchis-Sanchis, M. Cambronero-Resta, S. Llana-Belloch, Oficial-Casado Fj, Alberto Encarnación-Martínez","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000283","url":null,"abstract":"The deceleration of the body at each foot strike during running generates a shock wave that is transmitted from the foot to the head. An elevated magnitude of this wave, measured as impact accelerations, has been associated with increased risk of injury in athletes. Even though a number of training strategies such as realtimefeedback have aimed to modify the athlete’s running technique and reduce their injury risk, the instructions given to these runners are vague and difficult to replicate by other runners. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse if an 8-week running program specifically focused on improving running technique influenced stride and impact accelerations during running. Twenty-nine recreational runners underwent a supervised program consisting of 3 sessions of 30 minutes per week during 8 weeks. In addition, before and after the running program, participants carried out a 20-min running test at 80% of their individual HRmax where stride and tibial and head impact acceleration parameters were collected. Although the program did not influence stride rate and stride length, a reduction of the tibial and head acceleration magnitudes (by 8% (p=0.023) and 42% (p<0.001), respectively) and acceleration rates (by 16% (p=0.019) and 44% (p<0.001), respectively) were observed after the running program. This study demonstrated that this type of training could not only be improving the athletes running technique, but also potentially reducing their injury risk as a consequence of the lower impact accelerations provoked by the resulting running technique.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"21 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83266817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correlation between Dynamic Balance and Likelihood of Valgus Collapse in the Knee","authors":"David Edwards, Grace Naticchia, Alex, R. Pollastro, C. Tumminello","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000285","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To assess the relationship between dynamic balance and risk of valgus collapse. \u0000Methods: An exploratory observational analysis was completed. This study consisted of fifty subjects between the ages of 18 and 35. Each subject performed a standard Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), and measurements were recorded in each reach direction to identify dynamic balance performance. The subject wasthen recorded using video motion analysis software performing a Drop-Jump Test (DJT) to record the amount of valgus collapse. A correlational measure was then completed to test for associationbetween the two variables.Results: Through analysis with a correlation matrix in SPSS it was found that there was no significant correlation (p ≥ .05) between a subjects score on SEBT and their amount of valgus collapse on the drop jump test. \u0000Conclusion: No significant correlation was found between dynamic balance scores and valgus alignment during dynamic movement in young adults. In measuring a subject’s level of valgus collapse using the DJT and correlating with their level of dynamic balance using the SEBT, no relationship was found between having poor dynamic balance and having valgus collapse. There was also no found relationship between having good dynamic balance and a lack of valgus collapse. In light of these results, other musculoskeletal deficits such as trunk landing angle; knee, hip and ankle range of motion deficits; motor control deficits; hip, knee and ankle strength deficits; the level of sports participation; previous coaching; Body Mass Index (BMI); and lack of core control may contribute individually or in combination to dynamic knee position during landing. Further investigation of these variables is warranted.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"32 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76716593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Investigation of Potential Factors Leading to Shoulder Injury in Adolescent Rugby Union Players: A Retrospective Cohort Study","authors":"Kimberley A Cochrane, J. Butler, Timothy P Rowl","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000284","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives: To investigate the association between potential factors that may lead to shoulder injury in adolescent male rugby union players. \u0000Methods: A self-administered questionnaire consisting of 10 standardised questions was used to investigate the incidence of shoulder injury in adolescent male rugby union players. Participants had previously partaken in a study by Rowland and colleagues in 2014 investigating shoulder range of motion, strength and generalised joint hypermobility. Data from the previous and current study was correlated in order to determine the relationship between the aforementioned variables and shoulder stability. \u0000Results: Twenty three (23) participants completed the questionnaire with 9 participants (39%) reporting a shoulder injury. No statistically significant association was found between shoulder injury and generalised joint hypermobility (p=0.32), average shoulder range of motion (p=0.38), body mass index (p=0.60) or hand dominance (p=0.53). A statistically significant association was observed between shoulder injury and shoulder muscle strength (p=0.04). Similarly, a statistically significant association was found between left shoulder flexion strength (p=0.03), right shoulder flexion (p=0.03), left shoulder abduction (p=0.03) and right shoulderinternal rotation at 90 degrees abduction (p=0.008). \u0000Conclusions: Reduced strength of the shoulder musculature appears to be associated with an increased risk of sustaining a shoulder injury in adolescent male rugby union players. However, it is inconclusive if overall generalised joint hypermobility along with increased active shoulder ranges of motion are associated withshoulder injury. Further investigations are required to determine if muscle strengthening programs are effective in reducing shoulder injuries.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"141 7-8 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90667336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Whole-Body Vibration on Jump Performance in Young Women","authors":"Pragya Ghimire, B. Baker, D. Bemben","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000281","url":null,"abstract":"Acute effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) have recently gained attention for increasing muscle strength and countermovement jump performance in a short time period. WBV stimulates muscles through activation of the tonic vibration reflex and improves muscle performance. The purpose of this study was to compare acute effects of the Power Plate (PP) and Vibraflex (VF) WBV vibration devices on jump performance in recreationally active women, 20-30 years of age. Twelve female participants performed five protocols in a random order, separated by 48 hour washout periods: 1) Control (no vibration); 2) VF 18 Hz; 3) VF 21 Hz; 4) PP 30 Hz; and 5) PP 50 Hz. The low and high frequencies imposed similar G-forces between the devices. Subjects stood barefoot on the platform for five, 60-second bouts separated by 60 seconds rest. Participants performed jump tests immediately after the vibration exposure. A significant condition effect for jump power was found as the VF18 Hz frequency resulted in greater jump power compared to VF 21 Hz (p=0.01). None of the PP conditions were significantly different from the control condition. In conclusion, we demonstrated the side alternating VF platform is a more effective device for increasing jump performance compared to the synchronous PP platform.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"29 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90108249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Method to Reduce the Impact of Countermovement Jump Monitoring In Professional Rugby Athletes","authors":"F. Tavares, Travis Mcmaster, P. Healey, Tiaki B Smith, M. Driller","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000282","url":null,"abstract":"The countermovement jump (CMJ) is widely used to monitor jump performance, with greater interest being demonstrated in the propulsive phase. When landing from a CMJ, high forces are produced; this can increase the risk of injury. The present study aimed to test the validity and reliability of a countermovement jump to a box (CMBJ) where the forces associated with the landing are reduced. Eighteen professional rugby athletes (age=22 ± 2 years; body mass=104.2 ± 13.0 kg; height=187.4 ± 7.1 cm) performed 3 CMJ’s and 3 CMBJ’s on 3 different occasions. Net impulse (N.s), peak and mean absolute and relative force (N; N/kg) were obtained from a force plate system. The kinetic validity of the CMBJ was assessed by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficient, Pearson product-moment correlation, Cohen’s effect sizes and statistical hypothesis testing (paired t-test) in comparison to the CMJ. Intraday and interday reliability was assessed for each variable for both jumping conditions by calculating typical error, within subject coefficient of variation and intraclass correlation coefficient. Nonsignificant, trivial differences between the CMJ and CMBJ were observed for all jump variables. Low within-subject variability was observed between the CMJ and CMBJ for all variables. Interday and intraday variability showed good reliability and an almost perfect interday agreement score. In conclusion, net impulse, peak and mean force and relative peak and mean force obtained from a CMBJ are valid and reliable to monitor jump performance. This data demonstrates that the CMBJ is a viable alternative to monitor jump performance in athletes.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"55 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77263141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}