Journal of athletic enhancement最新文献

{"title":"Muscular Preconditioning Using Phototherapy Improves the Physical Work Capacity of the Quadriceps when Applied between Repeated Bouts of Resistance Exercise","authors":"Borsa Pa, Dale Rb, D. Levine, Crowe Ja","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000310","url":null,"abstract":"Preconditioning skeletal muscle with phototherapy is an experimental technique for producing resistance against muscular fatigue during and after strenuous exercise. This study examined the ergogenic effects of phototherapy when applied intermittently during passive recovery between repeated bouts of isokinetic quadriceps exercise. A triple-blind, repeated measures, placebocontrolled, cross-over design was used in this study to compare the effects of phototherapy on torque/work and power output of the knee extensors in 20 healthy individuals (10 men, 10 women). The exercise protocol consisted of four repeated bouts of isokinetic exercise. Each bout consisted of 30 continuous knee extension concentric contractions at an angular velocity of 75°/s with a 4min recovery interval between bouts. Subjects received active and sham phototherapy in random order during passive recovery between exercise bouts. Phototherapy was administered using a near-infrared laser to the quadriceps femoris muscle group at 10 J/cm2 (total dose of 1600-2400 J). Performance measures included normalized peak torque [Nm/ kg], average peak torque [Nm], total work [Nm], and average power [W]. During the second, third and fourth exercise bouts, subjects produced significantly more torque (normalized and average) and total work/average power output during the active phototherapy condition compared to the sham phototherapy condition. Phototherapy applied as a preconditioning treatment during passive recovery intervals between bouts high of intensity and high volume resistance exercise significantly attenuated fatigue and maintained muscular performance of the quadriceps femoris muscle group. Preconditioning skeletal muscle with phototherapy intermittently during recovery intervals with fatiguing exercise may be a beneficial, non-invasive and safe ergogenic aid for athletes that require high levels of muscular endurance.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90888366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Static and Dynamic Balance in Elite Wrestlers: Is there a Meaningful Relationship with Muscle Power?","authors":"Mourad Fadhloun, R. Hammami, Mohamed Amine Selmi, J. Moran, E. Zemková, R. Khlifa","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000316","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000316","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this investigation was to determine the association between reactive strength index (RSI), jumping performance and static and dynamic balance parameters in elite wrestlers. Fourteen international level male wrestlers (mean age: 17.82 ± 4.60 yrs) volunteered to participate in the study. Static balance was assessed using the standing stork balance test (SST) and dynamic balance was measured with the Y-balance test (YB). Dominant-leg unilateral and bilateral vertical (CMJ-DL, CMJ), lateral (SLJ-DL, SLJ), 5 jump (FJT) and drop jumps (DJ-DL, DJ) were conducted. Significant positive correlations were observed between the SST and bilateral vertical CMJ (r-range: 0.41 to 0.63; p<0.005) as well as unilateral vertical jump with the dominant leg (r-range: 0.58 to 0.64; p<0.005). Significant positive correlations were observed between SST and FJT and SLJ and SLJ-DL (r-range: 0.41 to 0.58; p<0.005). The composite score of the Y-balance test showed moderate correlation with DJ, SLJ or DJ-DL (r-range=0.26 to 0.36; p<0.05). However, there were moderate to large positive correlations with CMJ-DL and CMJ (r-range: 0.54 to 0.71; p<0.005) as well as with FJT (r: 0.50; p<0.005) and SLJ-DL (r: 0.71; p<0.005). Our findings are evident of an association between jumping capacity, reactive strength (i.e. RSI) and balance performance, that may imply transfer effects from balance to strength/power training and vice versa","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"19 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88322889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acute and Chronic Kinematic Effect of a Resistance Tubing Training Device on Youth Baseball and Softball Swings","authors":"Kevin A. Giordano, K. Wasserberger, Jeff W. Barfield, G. Oliver","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000322","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Baseball and softball athletes often use swing training implements in preparation for an at bat, or to develop strength/ power. The purpose of the present study is to examine the kinematic effects of a resistance tubing training device on youth baseball and softball swings both acutely, and after a 4-week intervention. Methods: Twenty youth baseball and softball athletes participated. Ten completed the 4-week intervention and returned for follow up testing. Kinematic data were collected using an electromagnetic motion capture system on baseline swings. Participants then swung with the resistance tubing device, and then took it off, and subsequent swings were recorded. Participants completed a 4-week intervention using the swing trainer, and then reported back for follow-up testing. All collected swings were taken off a tee with the instructions to hit line drives up the middle of the cage. Data were analyzed for center of mass (COM) positioning over base of support (BOS), hand velocity, and hand path. Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed no significant changes in COM over BOS, hand velocity, or hand path between time points: baseline, acute, and follow-up. Conclusion: The absence of significant kinematic changes means the resistance tubing swing training device could be used as a preparation tool for at-bats without the negative performance indicators reported in previous research on weighted implements.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"138 1 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91104863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Performance in 10 km Races Depends on Blood Buffering Capacity","authors":"T. Lourenço, Nunes Las, Martins Leb, R. Brenzikofer, D. Macedo","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000312","url":null,"abstract":"For long time running speed related to ventilatory threshold has been considered a strong predictor of running performance ranging from 5 km running to marathon. Specifically for 10 km race, is already known that runners are able to sustain the entire race above it. However, there is no comparison between 10 km performance and running speed related to respiratory compensation point not even about pacing strategy or information regarding acid-base status at this exercise intensity. Objective: We have investigated the relationship between 10 km performance time trial (s10km) and running speed related to ventilatory threshold (sVT) and to respiratory compensation point (sRCP), the pacing strategy related to these intensities and blood acid-base response during four different constant running speeds. Methods: Twelve male amateur (age-37.3 ± 7.2 years; height-171.9 ± 9.4 cm; weight-65.6 ± 10.1 kg; 10 km performance-13.4 ± l1.4 km.h-1) and nineteen elite (age-27.7 ± 9.9 years; height-171.7 ± 7.2 cm; weight-54.7 ± 62.2 kg; 10 km performance-18.6 ± 1.4 km.h-1) long-distance runners performed three exercise protocols: i) 10 km time trial, ii) incremental maximal exercise and iii) four constant load exercise related to sVT, sRCP and above that 72 hours apart. Results: Linear regression analysis revealed that sRCP was the best parameters to predict 10 km runner performance (R2=0.92; p 0.05) and during almost of entire race, the athletes choose a running speed not different from sRCP. During constant load protocol, all runners completed 10 km at sVT and sRCP, however 3 of 12 amateur and 9 of 19 elite athletes were able to complete 10 km above sRCP. All athletes who completed 10 km in the continuous loading protocols did not show significant changes in blood ph (p>0.05). However, it was not observed in the athletes who were unable to finish. Conclusion: In practice, this study showed sRCP as a useful and safe parameter to predict 10 km running performance and determine pacing strategies for runners, and that the blood buffering capacity is key to maintaining 10 km pacing strategy and performance.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89669899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Responsiveness of Time and Cost-Efficient Monitoring Measures on Triathlon Training a Call for Individualized Training Monitoring","authors":"D. SchäferOlstad, M. Borgen-Johansen, I. Garthe, G. Paulsen","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000320","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: We aimed to assess the responsiveness of monitoring measures on cumulative training from the previous 1 up to 7 days in elite triathletes. Methods: Six male well-trained triathletes (31.8 ± 6.8 yrs, VO2max 70.5 ± 4.0 ml/kg/min) participated in a 9 weeks observational study during the pre-competition training period. Training load and time spent in different training intensity zones, morning measures of objective monitoring variables including resting heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) and sleep duration and subjective monitoring variables including subjectively felt daily condition, energy level, willingness to train, muscle soreness, general stress, general fatigue and quality of sleep were assessed daily. Training data were retrospectively correlated with objective and subjective measures Results: On a group level, higher cumulative training time spent in high-intensity running but not swimming or cycling lead to moderate increase in muscle soreness (R=0.344 for 5-days cumulative high-intensity running, p=0.043), small increase in subjectively felt general stress (R=0.168 for 4-days. Cumulative high-intensity training time (cHITT), p=0.043 and R=0.221 for 6-days cHITT, p=0.043), a small decrease in daily condition (R=-0.113 for 7-days cHIIT, p=0.043) and willingness to train (R=-0.169 for 7-days cHIIT, p=0.043) but did not affect any objective monitoring variables.There were remarkable individual differences in correlations between cumulative training load, time spent in different training intensity zones and objective and subjective variables Conclusion: Since the responsiveness of objective and subjective monitoring parameters to training was very individual, not only training loads but also the selection of objective and subjective measures should be individualized for monitoring triathletes.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"18 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83698156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Respiratory and Muscle Oxygenation Responses to Two Constant-Load Exercise Intensities","authors":"F. Oueslati, O. Girard, S. Ahmaidi","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000296","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000296","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: We investigated the respiratory and vastus lateralis oxygenation responses to exhaustive, constant-load cycling at two exercise intensities. \u0000Methods: Eight moderately-trained male randomly cycled to exhaustion at 75% and 85% of maximal work-load (CL75 and CL85, respectively) measured during a maximal incremental test. From continuous recordings of respiratory variables and near-infrared spectroscopy signals of the vastus lateralis muscle, VO2 slow component (SC) and deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) SC were calculated. \u0000Results: At exhaustion, VO2 (+19 ± 25%), VO2 SC (+59 ± 24%) and minute ventilation (+14 ± 14%) were significantly higher during CL85 vs. CL75, whereas oxyhemoglobin (-67 ± 22%) and total hemoglobin (-36 ± 3%) responses were lower (all p<0.05). Additionally, VO2 SC during CL75 and CL85 were strongly correlated (r=0.88, p<0.001). The HHb SC did not differ between CL75 and CL85 (3.10 ± 0.75 vs. 3.44 ± 1.1 A.U, respectively; p=0.60). HHb SC and VO2 SC during CL85 (r=0.94, p<0.001), but not during CL75 (r=-0.08, p=0.90), were correlated. Finally, HHb SC during CL75 and CL85 were unrelated (r=-0.20, p=0.70). \u0000Conclusion: Our results highlight that only the contribution of locomotor muscles to the VO2 SC magnitude is affected by the exercise intensity and not that of ventilation.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"42 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83482411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of complex training on neuromuscular development of the lower limbs in youth netball players","authors":"Benjamin R Humphrys, Rodrigo R. Aspe, Richard Clarke, J. Hughes","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000309","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The high prevalence of injury in netball can be associated with intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Female athletes have an increased risk of injury as they enter into maturity due to increased joint laxity and a reduction in neuromuscular control, resulting in altered landing biomechanics and greater knee joint injury risk. This study sought to investigate whether complex training (CT) could improve neuromuscular strength and landing kinematics, thereby reducing injury risk to the knee. \u0000 \u0000Methods: A within subject, repeated measures design was utilised. Ten youth netball academy players (age, 15.3 ± 0.9, years; height, 169.0 ± 7.0, cm; body mass, 62.2 ± 6.9, kg) participated and attended one familiarisation and two testing sessions (pre- and post-intervention). Participants’ were assessed on: countermovement jump (CMJ), landing error score system (LESS), and single leg countermovement jump (SLCMJ) of both limbs. All participants engaged in a 6 week, one day per week, strength training and plyometric intervention for the lower limbs utilising CT. \u0000 \u0000Results: Significant improvements were evidenced for CMJ height (p = 0.001, d = 1.2 “moderate” effect), CMJ peak power output (PPO) (p = 0.001, d = 0.7 “small” effect), LESS (p = 0.002, d = 1.7 “large” effect), and SLCMJ left height (p = 0.01, d = 1.2 “moderate” effect) following the intervention. \u0000 \u0000Conclusion: Performing one CT session a week over 6 weeks enhanced kinematics and performance of jumping activities both bilaterally and unilaterally, it also brought about reductions in asymmetries in young female athletes.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89479181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Changes in Oxidative Stress Following Two Different Interval- Training Programs among Recreationally Active Males","authors":"Y. Meckel, A. Eliakim, Mahmood Sindiani, S. Benzaken","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000297","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of an increasing-distance interval-training program with a decreasing-distance interval-training program, matched for total distance and recovery times, on blood free radicals and total anti-oxidative capacity (TAC) at rest and following intense exercise. Forty physical education students were randomly assigned to either the increasing- or decreasing-distance interval-training group (ITG and DTG), and completed two similar relevant sets of tests before and after a six-week twicea- week training program. One training program consisted of increasing-distance interval training (100-200- 300-400-500 m) and the other decreasing-distance interval training (500-400-300-200-100 m). Following training, free radical resting levels were significantly higher in the ITG compared to the DTG (7.94 ± 4.76 vs. 3.84 ± 1.49 μmole, respectively, p<0.05). In addition, following training the free radical response to a maximal exercise test was significantly higher in the ITG compared to the DTG (11.14 ± 6.77 vs. 4.43 ± 1.97 μmole, respectively, p<0.05). No significant changes were found in TAC following the exercise test before and after the training program in either group. Sport scientists, coaches, and athletes should be aware that, in spite of identical total work, an interval-training program might induce different oxidative stress responses if the order of intervals is not identical.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"68 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81199872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Age and Performance from 10 Seconds to a 6-Days Race","authors":"A. Marc, A. Sedeaud, Julien Schipman, G. Saulière, J. Toussaint","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000298","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: An increasing amount of people are turning to new challenges such as the completion of an ultra-marathon and choose to continue to train intensively despite advanced age. As a result, numerous epidemiological data are available and constitute an experimental model for the research community that studies the effects of aging on physiological functions. The objective of the study is to measure the relationships between age and performance over the entire athletic spectrum from 100 m up to the 6-day ultra-marathon event for men and women. \u0000Method: The Top 50 male and female ages and race speed races of all time were compiled with 12 events ranging from 100 m to 6-day races (N=1200). A second database made up of record race-speeds by age (N=1682) was created for all 12 events and for both genders. \u0000Results: For both genders, a very significant increase (p<0.01) in age for the Top 50 based on race distance is noticeable from the 100 m sprint to the 6-day race, with an even higher climb starting at the marathon. On the other hand, the age range also increases with the running distance for both genders. The area under the curve (AUC) decreases significantly (p<0.01) with the race distance for both genders. \u0000Conclusion: This study measured the impact of aging on the world's best performances ranging from sprints to ultra-endurance events in a context where peak-age performance increases with the distance of the event for both genders.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"15 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81812472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutrient Intake and Body Composition of World Karate Champions: 4 Case Reports","authors":"H. Imamura, K. Oda, K. Tai, K. Iide, Y. Yoshimura","doi":"10.4172/2324-9080.1000302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2324-9080.1000302","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the nutrient intake and body composition of elite Japanese karate practitioners. \u0000Methods: Four world champion karate practitioners volunteered as follows: a male kata (forms: pre-established sequences of defensive and offensive techniques and movements) (case 1), a male sparring (case 2), a female kata (case 3), and a female sparring (case 4). Percentage of body fat, fat mass and lean body mass were evaluated using a bioelectric impedance analyzer. Nutrient intake was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire. \u0000Results: In both male and female athletes, a lower percentage of body fat and higher body height, heavier weight, and lean body mass were found in the sparring practitioners than the kata athletes. None of the athletes took supplements. Each athlete’ diet was modified to increase or maintain Lean body mass. Because all athletes did not reach the recommended dietary allowances for certain vitamins and minerals, we recommended increasing intake levels of vegetables, fruit, milk and dairy products in order to increase micronutrient intakes. \u0000Conclusion: The world karate champions representing Japan have a very low percentage of body fat, especially sparring athletes. The athletes became aware of the importance of a well-balanced diet.","PeriodicalId":90574,"journal":{"name":"Journal of athletic enhancement","volume":"91 3 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86466178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}