Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research最新文献_第8页

Compact Heat Rejection System Utilizing Integral Variable Conductance Planar Heat Pipe Radiator for Space Application 空间应用积分变导平面热管散热器的紧凑型散热系统

Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0009

Kuan-Lin Lee, Yeyuan Li, B. Guzek, J. Kadambi, Y. Kamotani

{"title":"Compact Heat Rejection System Utilizing Integral Variable Conductance Planar Heat Pipe Radiator for Space Application","authors":"Kuan-Lin Lee, Yeyuan Li, B. Guzek, J. Kadambi, Y. Kamotani","doi":"10.2478/gsr-2015-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2015-0009","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT In order to meet heat rejection requirements for future NASA exploration, scientific, and discovery missions, a study is being conducted for the feasibility of integral variable conductance planar heat pipe (VCPHP) technology. This represents a novel, low technology readiness level (TRL) heat rejection technology that, when developed, could operate efficiently and reliably across a wide range of thermal environments. The concept consists of a planar heat pipe whose evaporator acquires the excess thermal energy from the thermal control system and rejects it at its condenser whose outer surface acts as a radiating surface. The heat pipe is made from thermally conductive polymers in order to minimize its mass. It has a non-condensable gas that changes the active radiator surface depending on the heat load. A mathematical model of steady-state variable conductance heat pipe is developed. Two planar heat pipes are designed, fabricated, and tested to validate the theoretical model. The feasibility of the proposed VCPHP working in a space environment is discussed, based on the model.","PeriodicalId":90510,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78270132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

New Insights in Plant Biology Gained from Research in Space 从太空研究中获得植物生物学的新见解

Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0007

A. Cannon, Mari L. Salmi, G. Clark, S. Roux

{"title":"New Insights in Plant Biology Gained from Research in Space","authors":"A. Cannon, Mari L. Salmi, G. Clark, S. Roux","doi":"10.2478/gsr-2015-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2015-0007","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Recent spaceflight experiments have provided many new insights into the role of gravity in plant growth and development. Scientists have been taking seeds and plants into space for decades in an effort to understand how the stressful environment of space affects them. The resultant data have yielded significant advances in the development of advanced life-support systems for long-duration spaceflight and a better understanding of the fundamental role of gravity in directing the growth and development of plants. Experiments have improved as new spaceflight hardware and technology paved the way for progressively more insightful and rigorous plant research in space. The International Space Station (ISS) has provided an opportunity for scientists to both monitor and control their experiments in real-time. Experiments on the ISS have provided valuable insights into endogenous growth responses, light responses, and transcriptomic and proteomic changes that occur in the microgravity environment. In recent years most studies of plants in space have used Arabidopsis thaliana, but the single-celled, Ceratopteris richardii spore is also a valuable model system that has been used to understand plant gravity response. Experiments using these fern spores have revealed a dynamic and gravity-responsive trans-cell Ca2+ current that directs polarization of these spores and a possible role of extracellular nucleotides in establishing or contributing to this current. As technology continues to improve, spaceflight experiments will provide many new insights into the role and effects of gravity on plant growth and development.","PeriodicalId":90510,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73760688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Microarray Identifies Transcription Factors Potentially Involved in Gravitropic Signal Transduction in Arabidopsis 微阵列识别拟南芥中可能参与向地性信号转导的转录因子

Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0008

C. Cook, Avery E. Tucker, K. Shen, S. Wyatt

{"title":"Microarray Identifies Transcription Factors Potentially Involved in Gravitropic Signal Transduction in Arabidopsis","authors":"C. Cook, Avery E. Tucker, K. Shen, S. Wyatt","doi":"10.2478/gsr-2015-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2015-0008","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Gravity is a fundamental stimulus that affects plant growth and development. The gravity persistent signal (GPS) treatment uses a cold treatment to isolate the events of signal transduction. Plants are reoriented horizontally in the dark at 4°C for 1 hour and then returned to vertical at room temperature. A gene expression microarray was designed to identify genes that are regulated during the GPS treatment. Arabidopsis thaliana var. Columbia was grown to maturity with inflorescence stems of 8-10 cm. Total mRNA was collected from inflorescence stems at 2, 4, 10, and 30 min after reorientation in the cold. cDNA was synthesized from the mRNA and then probed against an Arabidopsis gene expression array with 4 replicates per time point. Analyses presented here focus on transcription factors because of their regulatory functions in response pathways. Five transcription factors (AtAIB, WRKY18, WRKY26, WRKY33, and BT2) were selected for further study based on their expression at 4 min. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction ((PCR) RT-qPCR) was performed to confirm expression seen in the microarray data. Seeds of Arabidopsis lines containing T-DNA insertions in the genes were obtained, plants bred to homozygosity, and the mutants analyzed for GPS phenotype. Mutant analysis shows significant differences in curvature of inflorescence stems between mutants and wild type.","PeriodicalId":90510,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76962766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Mapping by VESGEN of Wing Vein Phenotype in Drosophila for Quantifying Adaptations to Space Environments 果蝇翼静脉表型的VESGEN定位用于量化对空间环境的适应

Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0011

P. Parsons-Wingerter, Ravikumar Hosamani, M. Vickerman, S. Bhattacharya

{"title":"Mapping by VESGEN of Wing Vein Phenotype in Drosophila for Quantifying Adaptations to Space Environments","authors":"P. Parsons-Wingerter, Ravikumar Hosamani, M. Vickerman, S. Bhattacharya","doi":"10.2478/gsr-2015-0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2015-0011","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Vascular patterning is a key, genetically responsive phylogenetic classifier of tissues in major organisms flown in space, such as the wings of Drosophila melanogaster (the fruit fly), mouse retina, and leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana. Phenotypes of increasingly abnormal ectopic wing venation in the highly stereotyped Drosophila wing generated by overexpressing the H-C2 construct of Notch antagonist Hairless (Johannes and Preiss, 2002) were mapped and quantified by NASA’s VESsel GENeration Analysis (VESGEN) software. By several confirming vascular parameters, the eight stereotyped wing veins remained quite constant in wild type compared to Class 5 H-C2, the most perturbed category of the H-C2 overexpression phenotypes. However, ectopic veins increased in number from 1 in the wild type, to 18 in Class 5 H-C2. We therefore demonstrate the feasibility of using VESGEN to quantify microscopic images of altered wing venation in Drosophila melanogaster. We further determined that several of the signal transduction pathways affecting wing vein patterning were altered by spaceflight, according to gene expression differences observed in our transcriptomic data from a previous shuttle flight experiment. Future studies will help characterize the extent to which these gene expression changes can cause even subtle developmental changes using model organisms, such as Drosophila. Therefore, we propose that the sensitive analyses provided by VESGEN software will not only serve as a useful tool to map the genetics of wing vein patterning for terrestrial applications, but also for future phenotypic studies with Drosophila for spaceflight missions.","PeriodicalId":90510,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75563917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 3

Validation of Assays for Reactive Oxygen Species and Glutathione in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during Microgravity Simulation 微重力模拟条件下酿酒酵母菌活性氧和谷胱甘肽测定方法的验证

Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Pub Date : 2015-12-01 DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0010

T. Hammond, P. Allen, H. Birdsall

{"title":"Validation of Assays for Reactive Oxygen Species and Glutathione in Saccharomyces cerevisiae during Microgravity Simulation","authors":"T. Hammond, P. Allen, H. Birdsall","doi":"10.2478/gsr-2015-0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2015-0010","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The effects of spaceflight on yeast have high concordance with agents that induce a very low intracellular redox state and induce a massive efflux of glutathione. These results raise important issues. Can the reduced redox state during spaceflight be reproduced and modulated in ground-based simulations? Will this allow definition of unique drug pathways as a low redox potential state mirrors the electrophilic properties of mitochondria where many drugs are metabolized? Unfortunately, assays for redox status and its major cellular determinant—glutathione—are diverse and often cell-type-specific. Currently, an accepted redox probe set for yeast studies is not available. This paper validates fluorescent probes for glutathione and reactive oxygen status in yeast to support mechanistic studies of microgravity and drug metabolism. The plethora of fluorescent reagents for reactive oxygen species and glutathione makes head-to-head comparisons of all the alternatives impractical. These reagents measure the physiological milieu of reactive oxygen species and diverse thiols, rather than specific individual molecules. We report that in yeast, monochlorobimane (mBCL) and 2’,7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DC-FDA) are suitable for fluorometric and flow cytometry studies of glutathione and reactive oxygen species, respectively. Both dyes have low background fluorescence, predictable loading, good retention, and are not acutely toxic to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both dyes show concordance with other fluorescent and biochemical assays of reactive oxygen species.","PeriodicalId":90510,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78992118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 4

Over-Expression of FT1 in Plum (Prunus domestica) Results in Phenotypes Compatible with Spaceflight: A Potential New Candidate Crop for Bioregenerative Life Support Systems FT1在李(Prunus domestica)中的过表达结果与航天相容:生物再生生命维持系统的潜在新候选作物

Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Pub Date : 2015-07-01 DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0004

T. Graham, R. Scorza, R. Wheeler, Brenda J. Smith, C. Dardick, Anirudha R. Dixit, Doug Raines, A. Callahan, C. Srinivasan, L. Spencer, J. Richards, G. Stutte

{"title":"Over-Expression of FT1 in Plum (Prunus domestica) Results in Phenotypes Compatible with Spaceflight: A Potential New Candidate Crop for Bioregenerative Life Support Systems","authors":"T. Graham, R. Scorza, R. Wheeler, Brenda J. Smith, C. Dardick, Anirudha R. Dixit, Doug Raines, A. Callahan, C. Srinivasan, L. Spencer, J. Richards, G. Stutte","doi":"10.2478/gsr-2015-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2015-0004","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Tree fruits (e.g., apples, plums, cherries) are appealing constituents of a crew menu for long-duration exploration missions (i.e., Mars), both in terms of their nutritive and menu diversity contributions. Although appealing, tree fruit species have long been precluded as candidate crops for use in plant-based bioregenerative life support system designs based on their large crown architecture, prolonged juvenile phase, and phenological constraints. Recent advances by researchers at the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) have led to the development of plum (Prunus domestica) trees ectopically over-expressing the Flowering Locus T-1 (FT1) gene from Populus trichocarpa (poplar). The transformed plants exhibit atypical phenotypes that seemingly eliminate the aforementioned obstacles to spaceflight. Here we demonstrate the FT1 expression system (FasTrack) and the resultant dwarf growth habits, early flowering, and continuous fruit production. The potential contribution of P. domestica as a countermeasure to microgravity-induced bone loss is also discussed.","PeriodicalId":90510,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84118255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 10

The Effects of the Spaceflight Environment on the Vaginal Mucin Layer of the Mouse 航天环境对小鼠阴道黏液层的影响

Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Pub Date : 2015-07-01 DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0002

C. Romer, A. Forsman

{"title":"The Effects of the Spaceflight Environment on the Vaginal Mucin Layer of the Mouse","authors":"C. Romer, A. Forsman","doi":"10.2478/gsr-2015-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2015-0002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT It has been well documented that spaceflight has adverse effects on many tissues and systems throughout the body. Although this phenomenon is well documented, relatively little research has been done in the area of the female reproductive system. If spaceflight has harmful effects on the female reproductive system, the migration of the human species into space would be greatly compromised. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of spaceflight on the thickness of the apical mucin layer in the vaginae of mice, as changes in this layer could have detrimental effects on sperm survival and, therefore, a profound impact on the animal’s ability to reproduce. This study examined the thickness of the vaginal mucin lining from female mice that were exposed to 13 days of spaceflight and their concomitant controls. The tissues were stained using a technique commonly used to localize and analyze mucin varieties. The tissue was qualitatively analyzed for the type of mucin produced (i.e., acidic, neutral, acidic/neutral mixture). Further, the tissue was quantitatively analyzed for the amount of mucins produced by measuring the thickness of the mucin layer. The results of this study indicate that spaceflight causes a thickening of the mucin lining of the vaginal canal. The results further indicate being housed in an Animal Enclosure Module also caused a thickening of the vaginal mucin layer — presumably due to internal cage environmental factors — but this effect was not as pronounced as that seen in the spaceflight mice.","PeriodicalId":90510,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82583209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Prolonged Head-Down Posture of Bats Induces Remodeling of the Aorta 蝙蝠长时间头朝下的姿势诱导主动脉重塑

Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Pub Date : 2015-07-01 DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0003

J. Ashaolu, B. Enaibe, M. Ajao

{"title":"Prolonged Head-Down Posture of Bats Induces Remodeling of the Aorta","authors":"J. Ashaolu, B. Enaibe, M. Ajao","doi":"10.2478/gsr-2015-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2015-0003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Inversion is the regular position for bats at rest, but continuous inversion was expected to reverse the gravity vector exposure from feet-ward to head-ward and present hemodynamic challenges that induce remodeling of the aorta. There is paucity of information regarding the cardiovascular structural adaptations in bats engaged in regulating cranial or caudal blood redistribution in prolonged inversion. The aim of this study was to determine aortic adaptations in bats during prolonged inversion. Forty (40) bats were captured at Iwo, Osun State, Nigeria and randomly allocated into a normal control group and three test groups (n=10/group). The inversion period was not extended in control group A, but was maintained 8 days in B, 15 days in C, and 22 days in D. At the end of each inversion period, the bats were euthanized using intramuscular injection, and tissues were processed for Haematoxylin and Eosin, Orcein, and Van Gieson staining. Histological changes in the tunica media and adventitia were quantified, and the results were analyzed statistically. The ascending aorta exhibited thickening of the media and adventitia, whereas the abdominal aorta showed thinning of these regions. The changes increased in magnitude with longer periods of inversion. The histological stains indicated alterations in smooth muscle cells, collagen, and elastin content, consistent with predicted elevated pressure in the ascending and decreased pressure in the abdominal aortae. The vascular adaptation in bats may provide insights into suspected cardiovascular changes in astronauts during long-term spaceflight.","PeriodicalId":90510,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81068951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 1

Hydrogen- and Methane-Loaded Shielding Materials for Mitigation of Galactic Cosmic Rays and Solar Particle Events 用于减缓银河宇宙射线和太阳粒子事件的氢和甲烷负载屏蔽材料

Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Pub Date : 2015-07-01 DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0006

K. Rojdev, W. Atwell

{"title":"Hydrogen- and Methane-Loaded Shielding Materials for Mitigation of Galactic Cosmic Rays and Solar Particle Events","authors":"K. Rojdev, W. Atwell","doi":"10.2478/gsr-2015-0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2015-0006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT One of the challenges of human spaceflight in deep space is the harsh radiation environment. The current best practices for mitigating radiation are via design and multifunctional materials. There have been many studies over the years showing low-Z materials as the best radiation mitigators for spaceflight. In addition, there have recently been several studies investigating hydrogen-loading of materials for fuel cells. If it is possible to load a material with additional low-Z materials — such as hydrogen — it may be possible to increase the radiation mitigating potential of these materials. Thus, our work is focused on metal hydrides (MHs), metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and nanoporous carbon composites (CNTs) that can be loaded with hydrogen or methane for radiation mitigation. Our previous simulation work focused on hydrogen-loading only, and investigated the capability of these materials during a particularly hard solar particle event (SPE) in October 1989. In these simulations, we found 50% of the investigated carbon composites outperformed high-density polyethylene (HDPE) — the current standard for passive radiation shielding. We also found 10% of the investigated MOFs outperformed HDPE. Therefore, we wanted to continue our simulation study of these materials to determine whether they may also show improvement over HDPE in a galactic cosmic ray (GCR) environment. Furthermore, there are concerns with using hydrogen as a loading material — a result of its flammability and instability in thermal extremes. Thus, we are also considering methane-loading of the MOFs and CNTs. The details of this work will be discussed in the paper. Overall, the results showed several MOFs, CNTs, and MHs that performed very well when compared with our typical spacecraft material of aluminum and our standard shielding material of HDPE. This study also showed there is little difference in the dose between hydrogen-loaded and methane-loaded materials of the same base chemistry.","PeriodicalId":90510,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77365255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 2

Salivary Gland Protein Expression after Bion-M1 and Space Shuttle STS-135 Missions Bion-M1和航天飞机STS-135任务后唾液腺蛋白的表达

Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research Pub Date : 2015-07-01 DOI: 10.2478/gsr-2015-0001

M. Mednieks, A. Khatri, A. Hand

{"title":"Salivary Gland Protein Expression after Bion-M1 and Space Shuttle STS-135 Missions","authors":"M. Mednieks, A. Khatri, A. Hand","doi":"10.2478/gsr-2015-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/gsr-2015-0001","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Secretory proteins produced by salivary glands are stored in granules and released into saliva. Rodent salivary glands are a reliable experimental model because they are morphologically and functionally similar to those of humans. To determine if the effects of microgravity on secretory proteins are increased on extended flights, their expression in mouse parotid glands, morphological, immunocytochemical, and biochemical/molecular methods were employed. Acinar cells of STS-135 (13 day) and Bion-M1 (30 day) flight animals showed an increase of autophagy and apoptosis, while duct cells contained vacuoles with endocytosed proteins. In STS-135, decreases were seen in the regulatory subunit of type II protein kinase A (RII) by Western blotting, and demilune cell and parotid protein (DCPP) and α-amylase (p<0.01) by immunogold labeling, while proline-rich proteins (PRPs, p<0.001) and parotid secretory protein (PSP, p<0.05) were increased. These results suggest microgravity effects on secretion are function-dependent. Microarray analyses showed significant changes in the expression of a number of genes, including components of the cyclic-3’,5’,-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) signaling pathway. Compared to habitat ground controls, mice from both flights exhibited altered expression of cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterases, adenylate cyclase isoforms, and several A-kinase anchoring proteins. Bion-M1 flight mice showed increases in gene expression for lysozyme and amylase, a decrease in PRPs, and RII expression was unchanged from control values. Secretory protein expression is altered by travel in space, representing a reversible adjustment to microgravity conditions. Ultimately, the goal is to develop a test kit using saliva — an easily obtained body fluid — to assess the physiologic effects of travel in space.","PeriodicalId":90510,"journal":{"name":"Gravitational and space research : publication of the American Society for Gravitational and Space Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85291012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 5