Archives of scientific psychology最新文献

{"title":"Visuospatial Bootstrapping: Aging and the Facilitation of Verbal Memory by Spatial Displays","authors":"C. Calia, S. Darling, R. Allen, J. Havelka","doi":"10.1037/ARC0000019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ARC0000019","url":null,"abstract":"When people are presented with a random list of digits to remember over an interval of a few seconds, the cognitive systems that are used are mainly verbal working memory systems, and these are different from those used when remembering visuospatial information. Our previous work has demonstrated that under certain circumstances, visuospatial memory processes can assist verbal memory processes. If a sequence of random numbers is presented for immediate recall in order, memory is better if the digits are displayed on a familiar telephone keypad array compared to either an unfamiliar random keypad or a single item. We previously argued that this was evidence for the existence of processes (described in many modern theories of memory) that could integrate information held in long-term memory (knowledge about the keypad) with short-term visuospatial memory for sequences of locations and short-term verbal memory for sequences of digits. In the current article, we report a study that demonstrates that this pattern remains present in a sample of older (55–76 years) adults compared to a younger sample (19–35 years). There are important benefits of this identification of the age-resilience of linkages between different types of information in short-term memory. One specific benefit is to theories of aging, but a second, broader, benefit may be that we can capitalize upon this finding to develop strategies and techniques for boosting the efficiency of working memory in older adults, an outcome that would have many benefits to an aging population.","PeriodicalId":89891,"journal":{"name":"Archives of scientific psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"74-81"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/ARC0000019","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57670720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"When should guidance be presented in physics instruction","authors":"Chih-yi Hsu, Slava Kalyuga, J. Sweller","doi":"10.1037/ARC0000012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ARC0000012","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89891,"journal":{"name":"Archives of scientific psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"37-53"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/ARC0000012","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57670415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Residential mobility and low-commitment groups.","authors":"S. Oishi, T. Talhelm, Minha Lee, Asuka Komiya, Satoshi Akutsu","doi":"10.1037/ARC0000013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ARC0000013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89891,"journal":{"name":"Archives of scientific psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"54-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/ARC0000013","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57670861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facing Fate: Estimates of Longevity From Facial Appearance and Their Underlying Cues","authors":"Daniel E. Re, Konstantin O. Tskhay, Man-On Tong, John-Paul Wilson, C. Zhong, Nicholas O. Rule","doi":"10.1037/ARC0000015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ARC0000015","url":null,"abstract":"Life span is associated with a number of physical and social factors, including health, personality, and socioeconomic status. Here, we examined whether life longevity could be predicted from facial appearance. We asked participants to view headshots from a 1923 university yearbook and to estimate how long they thought each person lived, finding that participants’ judgments predicted targets’ actual age of death. Additional participants rated the photos along a variety of characteristics previously found to predict longevity. Judgments of wealth were most closely related to perceived longevity, providing stronger predictive power than perceptions of health, attractiveness, or personality. These results demonstrate that longevity can be accurately judged from faces alone, and that assessments of traits related to actual longevity underlie the accurate perception of life span. SCIENTIFIC A BSTRACT Studies on social demographics have demonstrated that life span is influenced by a number of parameters related to one’s physical health and to the external environment. The current study examined whether longevity could be predicted from the face alone and, if so, the characteristics that relate to accurate judgments of longevity. Participants (N 212) viewed 100 portraits from a 1923 university yearbook and were asked to estimate how long each person lived. A structural equation model revealed that estimates of longevity significantly predicted targets’ actual age of death ( .30, t 2.27, p 0.02). To explore the mechanisms underlying these judgments, we examined perceptions of the faces along a set of variables related to actual life span. Perceptions of health and attractiveness ( .21, t 2.77, p .01), power ( .25, t 3.32, p .01) and wealth ( .52, t 6.48, p .01) predicted participants’ judgments of longevity, with perceived wealth showing the strongest relationship to estimated age of death. Overall, these results demonstrate that demographic factors that affect life span may also affect facial appearance, affording accurate judgments of longevity based on the face alone.","PeriodicalId":89891,"journal":{"name":"Archives of scientific psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"30-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/ARC0000015","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57671028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Prospective Study of Psychiatric Comorbidity and Recidivism Among Repeat DUI Offenders.","authors":"Sarah E. Nelson, Katerina Belkin, Debi A. LaPlante, Leslie B Bosworth, H. Shaffer","doi":"10.1037/ARC0000009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ARC0000009","url":null,"abstract":"Psychiatric comorbidity has emerged as a key element distinguishing DUI offenders from others, and, in some cases, distinguishing repeat offenders from first-time offenders. This paper utilizes a prospective design to determine whether the comorbid disorders identified among repeat DUI offenders can predict recidivism. Seven hundred forty-three repeat DUI offenders were recruited from a two-week inpatient treatment program at which they received a standardized mental health assessment and followed across five years post-treatment to track DUI offense, motor vehicle-related offenses, and general criminal offenses. Psychiatric comorbidity, though it did not predict DUI recidivism specifically, predicted criminal re-offense more generally. In addition, there was a specific relationship between lifetime attention deficit disorder and repeated motor vehicle-related offenses. These findings suggest that for many repeat offenders, DUI is one outlet in a constellation of criminal behavior, and that psychiatric comorbidity increases vulnerability for criminal re-offense.","PeriodicalId":89891,"journal":{"name":"Archives of scientific psychology","volume":"3 1 1","pages":"8-17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/ARC0000009","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57670646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The color-sharing bonus: roles of perceptual organization and attentive processes in visual working memory.","authors":"C. Morey, Yong-Qi Cong, Yixia Zheng, Mindi M. Price, R. Morey","doi":"10.1037/ARC0000014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ARC0000014","url":null,"abstract":"Color repetitions in a visual scene boost working memory capacity for its elements, a phenomenon known as the color-sharing effect. This may occur because improved perceptual organization reduces information load or because the repetitions capture attention. The implications of these explanations differ drastically for both the theoretical meaning of this effect and its potential value for applications in design of visual materials. Previous research suggests that the color-sharing bonus is restricted to tests of the repeated colors themselves, which tends to support the idea that the repetitions capture attention, possibly to the exclusion of the remaining elements. We explicitly manipulated the availability of general attention during a visual change detection task by comparing groups of healthy young adults engaged in articulatory suppression or backward counting. We also tracked eye movements as an implicit indicator of selective attention. Estimated memory capacity was always higher when color duplicates were tested, and under full attention conditions this bonus spilled over to the unique colors too. Analyses of gazes showed that with full attention, participants tended to glance earlier at duplicate colors during stimulus presentation but prioritized looking at unique colors during the retention interval. This pattern of results suggests that the color-sharing bonus occurs due to efficient perceptual organization of the display, which might be enhanced by strategic attention allocation when attention is available.","PeriodicalId":89891,"journal":{"name":"Archives of scientific psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"18-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-04-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/ARC0000014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57670960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A moral developmental perspective on children’s eyewitness identification: Does intent matter?","authors":"T. Spring, H. D. Saltzstein, B. Vidal","doi":"10.1037/ARC0000011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ARC0000011","url":null,"abstract":"In Study 1, eyewitness identification of the perpetrator of a “crime” (fire), framed as either intended or unintended, was studied in 138 children, ages 7 to 18. Analysis using Signal Detection reveals an interaction of age and condition on decisional bias. Like in past studies, the framing of the act had no effect on the 7- to 9-year-olds, but did have an effect on decisional bias for the other age groups. Decisional bias was more lax (indicting more false alarms) in the intended condition for 10- to 12- and 14- to 15-year-olds but was more stringent (fewer false alarms) for the 16- to 18-year-olds. This pattern of age and condition differs from the pattern of explicit judgments (how bad the act was, how much punishment it deserved, and how bad it is to commit a false alarm or a miss). Study 2 was conducted to confirm the unexpected findings for the 10- to 12-year-olds. Forty-two children, ages 10–12, viewed the same film, which was framed as unintended but resulting either in (a) major or (b) minor damage (fire). Approximately half randomly assigned to condition (a) and half to (b). Parallel results were obtained with an earlier study, with lower bias scores (more false alarms) in the major than minor damage conditions. Thus, from both studies, we may conclude that decisional bias is more lenient (resulting in more false alarms) for 10- to 12-year-olds when either intent or damage is bad.","PeriodicalId":89891,"journal":{"name":"Archives of scientific psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/ARC0000011","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57670358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Workload capacity across the visual field in young and older adults.","authors":"Yusuke Yamani, J. McCarley, A. Kramer","doi":"10.1037/ARC0000016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ARC0000016","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89891,"journal":{"name":"Archives of scientific psychology","volume":"3 1","pages":"62-73"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/ARC0000016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57671058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A laboratory examination of pain threshold and tolerance among nonsuicidal self-injurers with and without self-punishing motivations.","authors":"Chloe A. Hamza, T. Willoughby, Jenna. Armiento","doi":"10.1037/ARC0000008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ARC0000008","url":null,"abstract":"Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), which refers to self-directed destruction of bodily tissue in the absence of suicidal intent (e.g., cutting, carving, burning) is a widespread health concern. Recent research suggests that individuals who engage in NSSI have heightened tolerances for pain relative to noninjurers, but little attention has been given to how self-injurers overcome the pain involved in self-directed injury. Understanding the process through which self-injurers tolerate pain, however, may have important implications for prevention and intervention efforts, as heightened tolerance for pain has been associated with increased suicidal risk. In the present study, we addressed this gap in the literature by examining whether self-punishment motivations for engaging in NSSI were associated with increased pain thresholds and tolerances among 82 undergraduate students (i.e., 31 self-injurers with self-punishment motivations, 25 self-injurers without self-punishment motivations, 26 age-matched controls). Following a stressful task, self-injurers who engaged in NSSI to self-punish tolerated pain significantly longer and rated this pain as less aversive than self-injurers without self-punishment motivations and the comparison group of noninjurers. Our findings, therefore, suggest that willingness to tolerate painful stimulation may be an important part of the self-injury experience among individuals who engage in NSSI to self-punish. Moreover, our findings suggest that motivational factors underlying NSSI should be integrated into theories on the link between NSSI and pain sensitivity. S C I E N T I F I C A B S T R A C T Despite recent findings that individuals who engage in nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), have heightened tolerances for pain relative to noninjurers, little attention has been given to how self-injurers overcome the instinct to avoid the pain involved in NSSI. Understanding the process through which self-injurers are willing to tolerate pain, however, may have important implications for prevention and intervention efforts, as heightened tolerance for pain has been associated with increased suicidal risk. In the present study, we examined whether one factor that may influence a self-injurer’s willingness to tolerate pain is whether they engage in NSSI to regulate the need to self-punish (i.e., “I engage in NSSI to punish myself, express anger at myself”). Participants included 82 fourth-year undergraduate students from a midsized Canadian university (i.e., 31 self-injurers with self-punishment motivations, 25 self-injurers without self-punishment motivations, 26 age-matched controls) recruited from a larger ongoing project examining stress and coping among university students (N 832, 69.5% female, Mage 21.52). Following a stress task, pain threshold, pain tolerance, and pain intensity ratings were assessed using the cold-pressor task. ANOVA analyses revealed that self-injurers who engaged in NSSI to self-punish tolerated pain signific","PeriodicalId":89891,"journal":{"name":"Archives of scientific psychology","volume":"2 1","pages":"33-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/ARC0000008","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57670620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An incomplete list of eminent psychologists of the modern era.","authors":"E. Diener, S. Oishi, JungYeun Park","doi":"10.1037/ARC0000006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1037/ARC0000006","url":null,"abstract":"In the present paper, we analyzed citation impact, textbook citations, and major scientific awards to identify eminent psychologists of modern era (Post-World War II). Identifying these individuals serves educational, administrative, and scholarly purposes. Readers can more readily identify the psychologists who have made the most impact on the profession, as well as the type of contributions that receive recognition. In addition, young researchers can learn what is required if they want to achieve eminence. Finally, our analysis helps pinpoint imbalances in need of change, for example gender and ethnic disparities.","PeriodicalId":89891,"journal":{"name":"Archives of scientific psychology","volume":"39 1","pages":"20-31"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1037/ARC0000006","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"57670460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}