Epidemiology Research International最新文献_第3页

Quantifying the Magnitude and Composition of Out-of-Pocket Expenditure on Medicines in India2014 to 2017-18: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Analysis 量化2014年至2017-18年印度药品自付支出的规模和组成:重复横断面分析

Epidemiology Research International Pub Date : 2022-09-07 DOI: 10.24321/2455.7048.202210

Roopali Goyanka

{"title":"Quantifying the Magnitude and Composition of Out-of-Pocket Expenditure on Medicines in India2014 to 2017-18: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Analysis","authors":"Roopali Goyanka","doi":"10.24321/2455.7048.202210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/2455.7048.202210","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: More than 60% of healthcare expenditure by households in India is paid as out-of-pocket expenditure and expenditure on medicines is the single largest component of these payments. Increasing longevity and rising incidence of chronic conditions is expected to further increase the utilization of medicines and aggravate the associated financial burden. Objectives: This paper quantifies the magnitude of out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines and changes there in, between 2014 and 2017-18. The paper looks at the expenditure across, states, types of providers and ailments. Method: Repeated cross-sectional analysis using two rounds of health surveys by National Sample Survey Organization has been used. Results: The mean out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines per episode fell from ₹ 4386 to ₹ 3857 for inpatient care and from ₹ 459 to ₹ 418, in constant prices, for outpatient care. Despite the decline in the magnitude of expenditure, its share in total out-of-pocket expenditure has remained high at 49%. The out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines for private provider was higher than that for public provider. Medication for cancer and tuberculosis have the highest expenditure and show an upward trend. A high percentage of people incur out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines for fever, respiratory and musculo-skeletal diseases. The percentage of people incurring expenditure on medication for cardio-vascular diseases and diabetes has increased. Conclusion: The mean out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines per episode has fallen, yet the expenditure remains high. People rely on utilization of medicines at private providers and pharmacies. Supply side and demand side policies needed to further reduce out-of-pocket expenditure on medicines.","PeriodicalId":89674,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology Research International","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80407365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Can Rabies Infection have an Abortive Phase? Need for Further Evidence to Understand Rabies Epidemiology 狂犬病感染会有流产期吗?了解狂犬病流行病学需要进一步的证据

Epidemiology Research International Pub Date : 2022-09-07 DOI: 10.24321/2455.7048.202209

O. Bharti

引用次数: 0

Prophylactic Use of Hydroxychloroquine and Subsequent SARS-CoV-2 Infection among Healthcare Workers - A Matched Case-control Study 医护人员预防性使用羟氯喹和随后的SARS-CoV-2感染——一项匹配病例-对照研究

Epidemiology Research International Pub Date : 2022-04-21 DOI: 10.24321/2455.7048.202201

R. Kaur

引用次数: 0

Assessment of Knowledge and Practice regarding Foot Care among Type 2 Diabetic Patients attending Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 苏拉、斯利那加、查谟和克什米尔的Sher-i-Kashmir医学科学研究所(SKIMS) 2型糖尿病患者足部护理知识和实践评估

Epidemiology Research International Pub Date : 2022-04-21 DOI: 10.24321/2455.7048.202202

Kavita Bharti

{"title":"Assessment of Knowledge and Practice regarding Foot Care among Type 2 Diabetic Patients attending Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences (SKIMS), Soura, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir","authors":"Kavita Bharti","doi":"10.24321/2455.7048.202202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/2455.7048.202202","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease, which occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or when the body cannot effectively use insulin.Objectives: The objectives of the study were to assess the knowledge and practice level among diabetic patients regarding this disease and to find the association of knowledge and practice level with selected demographic/ clinical variables.Methodology: A non-experimental descriptive design was selected to carry out the study. It was conducted in 2020 among 100 type 2 diabetic patients. The sample was selected by non-probability purposive sampling technique. Results: The findings of the present study showed that majority (41%) of the study subjects had satisfactory, 30% had poor, and 29% had good knowledge regarding foot care. The mean ± SD of the knowledge level was 41.1±9.86. With regards to practice, majority (48%) of the study subjects had poor, 40% had satisfactory, whereas only 12% had poor practice regarding foot care. The mean ± SD of the practice level was found to be 5.91 ± 2.26. The association of knowledge and practice with demographic/ clinical variables was found to be significant with residence, education, occupation, and monthly family income. Conclusion: The findings led to the conclusion that the knowledge regarding foot care was satisfactory and practice was poor among type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, there is a need to conduct awareness programmes about foot care among type 2 diabetic patients.","PeriodicalId":89674,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology Research International","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78728268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Accuracy of the Novel ENTraview Mobile Device to Increase Access to Screening and Provisional Diagnosis of Ear Disease in Underserved Communities Across India 新型ENTraview移动设备的准确性增加了印度服务不足社区对耳部疾病的筛查和临时诊断

Epidemiology Research International Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.24321/2455.7048.202207

B. G. Deshmukh

{"title":"Accuracy of the Novel ENTraview Mobile Device to Increase Access to Screening and Provisional Diagnosis of Ear Disease in Underserved Communities Across India","authors":"B. G. Deshmukh","doi":"10.24321/2455.7048.202207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/2455.7048.202207","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The WHO estimates that there are more than 360 million people (5% of the total population) currently living with disabling hearing loss. There is an enormous and often invisible, global burden of hearing loss and ear disease especially in low and middle-income countries, where environmental factors are significant and access to preventative and treatment health services is challenging.Methods: A retrospective sampling study was completed to compare the agreement in screening for and diagnosing ear disease/hearing issues between the CHWs using ENTraview and the ENT specialist diagnosis. Results: Shruti ENTraview device otology functionality accuracy was examined over a total of 573 patients (34 ± 19 years old, 43% female). The most common diagnoses were CSOM in 50% of patients, wax in 35% and ASOM in 6%. The sensitivity rate of the community health worker diagnosis was 96.9% with corresponding 95% confidence interval of 95.1-98.1%. Conclusion: The burden of ear disease and hearing loss, within communities across India, is high and barriers exist, for patients and providers, across the continuum of care, including access to early screening and diagnosis.","PeriodicalId":89674,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology Research International","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81971405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Effects of Different Types of Meditation on Diastolic Blood Pressure 不同类型的冥想对舒张压的影响

Epidemiology Research International Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.24321/2455.7048.202203

A. Panbilnathan

{"title":"Effects of Different Types of Meditation on Diastolic Blood Pressure","authors":"A. Panbilnathan","doi":"10.24321/2455.7048.202203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/2455.7048.202203","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The study was intended to find out the effects of different types of meditations namely transcendental meditation and heart rhythm meditation on diastolic blood pressure among male college students. Methodology: Sixty male students studying bachelor’s degree in colleges in and around Tiruvannamalai District, Tamil Nadu, India were randomly selected as subjects to achieve the purpose of this study. The age of subjects ranged between 18 and 24 years, height and weight ranged from 158 to 171 cm and 56 to 69 kg respectively. The selected sixty subjects were divided into three groups of twenty subjects each at random. Group I (transcendental meditation), Group II (heart rhythm meditation) and Group III (control). Prior to and immediately after the training programme, all the subjects of three groups were tested on the selected dependent variable. ANCOVA (analysis of covariance) was used to analyse the collected data to find out the effects of different types of meditations on diastolic blood pressure. Whenever the obtained ‘F’ ratio for the adjusted post-test mean was found to be significant, Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test to determine the paired mean differences, if any. The 0.05 level of confidence was fixed to test the level of significance which was considered as an appropriate. Results & Conclusion: There was a significant differences exist among transcendental meditation group, heart rhythm meditation group and control group on selected physiological variable namely diastolic blood pressure. There was significant change on selected physiological variable namely diastolic blood pressure due to transcendental meditation and heart rhythm meditation after twelve weeks of training period. Significant differences were found between transcendental meditation group and heart rhythm meditation group on selected physiological variable namely diastolic blood pressure after twelve weeks of training period.","PeriodicalId":89674,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology Research International","volume":"79 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79319388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Study of Malaria in Chhattisgarh State of India 印度恰蒂斯加尔邦疟疾研究

Epidemiology Research International Pub Date : 2022-03-31 DOI: 10.24321/2455.7048.202206

Arvind Nath

{"title":"A Study of Malaria in Chhattisgarh State of India","authors":"Arvind Nath","doi":"10.24321/2455.7048.202206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/2455.7048.202206","url":null,"abstract":"Background: In 2019, Chhattisgarh contributed 2.29% of the population of India and 18% of Malaria cases in the country. Bastar Division contributed 76% of cases in the state. Objectives: To study the distribution of Malaria in Chhattisgarh and measures being adopted by the state government to tackle it. Methods: Analysis of the annual reports of the Malaria Division of the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). Also, an analysis of NVBDCP annual reports from Chhattisgarh’s Department of Health website. In addition, a web search was made of reports pertaining to the recently held “Malaria-Mukt Bastar Abhiyan” campaigns held in Chhattisgarh. Results: The impact of the Phase 1 and Phase 2 campaigns were as follows. In the year prior to November 2019, there were 5272 cases of Malaria in the Bastar region. During the next year until November 2020, there were only 2696 cases. In other words, there was a reduction of about half in the number of Malaria cases. Conclusion: Therefore, some beneficial effects of these campaigns emerged in that the reservoirs of the malarial parasite, which is, the humans were effectively treated thereby reducing the number of those persons who could be sources of infection to the female Anopheline mosquito.","PeriodicalId":89674,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology Research International","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86941622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Silicosis - A Missed Opportunity to Identify an Occupational Hazard 矽肺病——错失了识别职业危害的机会

Epidemiology Research International Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.24321/2455.7048.202115

P. Ish

引用次数: 1

n Epidemiological Study Post Cyclone Fani: An Insight of Our Disaster Risk Reduction and Relief Services 《法尼飓风后的流行病学研究:对我们减灾和救灾服务的洞察》

Epidemiology Research International Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.24321/2455.7048.202118

N. Dsouza

{"title":"n Epidemiological Study Post Cyclone Fani: An Insight of Our Disaster Risk Reduction and Relief Services","authors":"N. Dsouza","doi":"10.24321/2455.7048.202118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24321/2455.7048.202118","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Every year cyclones hit India, impacting the population living along the coastline, the infrastructure, and inland areas within India. Multiple bodies of evidence suggest that cyclonic storms disrupt regular health systems depending on the category of the storm. The cascading risks emerging from such disasters present a more complex risk scenario for sustainable development.Methodology: A cross-sectional study on 370 cyclone victims from May 23, 2019 to May 27, 2019 using purposive sampling was carried out at 12 medical relief centres. SPSS version 22 was used to analyse the data.Results: Of the total 370 participants, majority (216, 58.4%) belonged to the age group of 35-64 years, and 200 (54.1%) victims were women. Majority (290, 78.4%) were married and 240 (64.9%) belonged to families with more than four family members.336 (90.8%) participants reported to the medical camp with disease-related signs and symptoms post-disaster while 34 (9.2%) sought medical services for injuries alone.266 (71.9%) victims reported receiving early warning signals regarding the storm through media (radio/ TV/ newspapers/ cell phones), while 104 (28.1%) received the information through neighbours and friends.Conclusion: A social determinant of health approach from a risk reduction perspective needs to be nurtured while providing rescue, relief, and rehabilitation in disaster management operations. This has scope to additionally factor in extreme weather events and public health consequences that will further aggravate in coming years.","PeriodicalId":89674,"journal":{"name":"Epidemiology Research International","volume":"32 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82764480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A Study to Assess and Evaluate the Degree of Nicotine Dependence due to Smoking among Adults in Rural Part of North India 印度北部农村成年人吸烟对尼古丁依赖程度的评估研究

Epidemiology Research International Pub Date : 2021-12-31 DOI: 10.24321/2455.7048.202114

D. Lal

引用次数: 0