Biofabrication最新文献

{"title":"Stochastic fiber templating for rapid generation of perfusable microchannels via immersed microfluidic spinning method.","authors":"Zarya Rajestari, Christopher T Clark, Quinton Smith, Lawrence Kulinsky","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/aea7df","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aea7df","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The fabrication of biomimetic tubular architectures within hydrogel-based tissue constructs remains a major barrier to advancing scalable tissue engineering and organoid systems. Here, we present a rapid and modular strategy for engineering hollow, perfusable channels within gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels using dissolvable calcium alginate fibers fabricated by an immersed microfluidic spinning method. This approach enables stochastic deposition of sacrificial fibers within a broad range of total construct sizes, creating tortuous and coiled architectures directly within soft hydrogel matrices. Upon UV crosslinking, the alginate fibers are dissolved using a cytocompatible calcium-chelator solution, yielding continuous, open cavities. Across a range of GelMA concentrations, the method produced stable channels compatible with cell-laden constructs. Viability assays with human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) confirmed >90% cell survival in regions adjacent to the channel within the diffusion limit, ranging from 700<i>µ</i>m in the softest 5% GelMA to 70<i>µ</i>m in the stiffest 15% GelMA, following fabrication and fiber dissolution. Furthermore, epithelial seeding of tortuous channels yielded perfusable structures with tight junctional function, demonstrating the method's potential to generate biologically relevant epithelial architectures. This accessible, equipment-light platform provides a versatile route for integrating microchannel networks into hydrogel systems for regenerative and<i>in vitro</i>modeling applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":"18 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149103911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioprinting of BSA membranes with C2C12 and NIH 3T3 pre-cellularized PLGA microscaffold: a step toward diaphragmatic hernia patches.","authors":"Mélissa Langlois, Adrien Rousselle, Shane Fennell, Eya Aloui, Jordan Beurton, Arielle Ferrandon, Karim Benmlih, Iryna Lysova, Julien Godet, Hugo Oliveira, Philippe Lavalle, Dominique Vautier, Isabelle Talon, Youri Arntz","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9599","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9599","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The diaphragm is a physical barrier that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It plays a fundamental role in pulmonary ventilation. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a malformation that leads to a hole in the diaphragm during fetal development. Currently, synthetic, nondegradable membranes are used to repair diaphragm holes. However, these membranes do not promote cell adhesion and proliferation. There is a need for biodegradable membranes composed of muscle and fibroblast cells that can replicate simplified diaphragmatic tissue. Thus, we developed a biocompatible and biodegradable salt-compacted albumin membrane. C2C12 myoblasts were bioprinted as central spokes surrounded by a ring of NIH 3T3 fibroblasts onto albumin membranes. We used a bioink consisting of methacrylated collagen and hyaluronic acid that contained porous poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) solid microscaffolds. This bioink protected myoblast and fibroblast cells against mechanical stress during extrusion printing. We found that the metabolic activity of C2C12 myoblasts increased by 215% in the presence of polylysine-coated microscaffolds compared to myoblasts cultured without microscaffolds. Microscaffolds loaded with C2C12 and NIH 3T3 cells increased cell viability by 30% and 15%, respectively, and cell activity by 527% and 567%, respectively, after co-culture (5.6% increased viability and 588% cell activity) and bioprinting on an albumin membrane compared to cells in bioink without microscaffolds. Cell-loaded microscaffolds embedded in bioink promoted cross-migration of C2C12 to NIH3T3 on an albumin membrane. This study provides a preliminary proof of concept of cellularizing myoblasts and fibroblasts using extrusion bioprinting on a new biodegradable albumin membrane designed for diaphragmatic hernia patches.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148677103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence across Organ-on-a-Chip workflows: current implementations and future approaches.","authors":"Jingrui Li, Junchang Xin, Luxuan Qu, Lili Xu, Yukun Huang, Zhongze Gu, Lian-Wen Qi, Zhiqiong Wang","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9ef3","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9ef3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Organ-on-a-Chip (OoC) systems use microfluidic and tissue engineering techniques to recreate key features of organ microenvironments. They have become a common platform for disease modelling and drug screening. As OoC technologies advance, they generate larger and more diverse datasets. Traditional manual analysis and endpoint measurements are therefore no longer sufficient to capture dynamic processes or long-term responses. Artificial intelligence (AI) enables efficient data analysis and supports functional prediction. This review focuses on how AI is used in OoC experiments, including data acquisition during experiments, post-experimental data analysis, and application-oriented predictive tasks. Current studies mainly apply AI to support real-time sensing and monitoring, computational phenotyping and behavioural analysis, and drug response evaluation. We further discuss several AI approaches that have seen limited use in OoC but may offer new opportunities. Real-time monitoring and intelligent control could improve data acquisition. Multimodal data fusion and deep learning-based prediction may enhance data analysis. At the application level, these methods may further support pharmacology and toxicology studies. These developments indicate a move toward AI-enabled OoC platforms with improved reliability for precision medicine and drug development.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148825172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fabrication of 3D monolayer nanofiber structures via capillary induced bending and fusion.","authors":"Duomei Tian, Xinyue Lan, Maxime Mauviel, Juan Peng, Yong Chen","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/aea4f9","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/aea4f9","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Electrospun nanofibers offer tunable topography and broad material versatility for advanced cell culture studies and cell-based applications; however, the fabrication of free-standing, highly porous, and ultrathin nanofiber architectures remains challenging. Here, we report a solvent evaporation and capillary-force-assisted fusion of two monolayers of gelatin nanofibers deposited on opposite sides of a through-hole membrane. During solvent evaporation, capillary forces drive the two nanofiber layers into contact in each hole, enabling localized nanofiber fusion in parallel of chemical crosslinking. This process yields an array of microwells with three-dimensional (3D) monolayer nanofiber features in each well. We quantitatively analyzed the fusion dynamics and elucidate the interplay among capillary pressure, membrane bending, and boundary conditions. The resulting nanofiber features exhibit robust mechanical integrity, arising from the entanglement of crosslinked nanofibers and their anchoring within the membrane through-holes. As a demonstration, these structures function as biologically relevant platforms for 3D cell culture and co-culture studies. Overall, this capillary-force-assisted nanofiber processing is simple yet versatile, offering a scalable route toward large-area nanofiber-based biointerfaces.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148917783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Translational Insights and Clinical Relevance of Glioblastoma 3D In Vitro Models.","authors":"Claudia Orlanno, Erwin Pavel Lamparelli, Adamo Lancellotti, Giuseppe Pugliese, Chiara Chiavelli, Giorgio Iaconetta, Daniela Guarnieri, Antonietta Santoro, Giovanna Della Porta","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/aeadd0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/aeadd0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Glioblastoma (GBM) remains one of the most aggressive and treatment-resistant brain tumors, highlighting the urgent need for experimental models that can faithfully recapitulate its complex biology. In vitro models are essential tools for investigating GBM biology and for preclinical drug development. Conventional two-dimensional cultures fail to reproduce the three-dimensional organization, cellular heterogeneity, and micro-environmental interactions that influence tumor growth and therapeutic response.&#xD;In vitro GBM models serve as the first step in the translational pipeline, enabling drug screening, mechanistic studies, biomarker discovery, and personalized medicine approaches. Despite their limitations, including a lack of full microenvironmental context and blood-brain barrier (BBB) considerations, these models provide critical insights that inform preclinical animal studies and early-phase clinical trials. This review critically describes the variety of three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models that have been developed, including spheroids, organoids, organ-on-chip systems and describes advantages and drawbacks of these platforms for investigating tumor progression, cell communication, and responses to therapies. Indeed, understanding the strengths and limitations of GBM in vitro models is essential for designing translational studies that can bridge laboratory research with clinical applications. Future advances, including the use of sophisticated bioprinting approaches to generate spatially organized, multilayered microenvironments incorporating diverse cell populations in complex co-culture systems, are anticipated to markedly improve predictive power and therapeutic outcomes in individualized patient care&#xD.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149079461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multimaterial four-dimensional printing of complex polyethylene glycol-thiol-ene hydrogel structures using digital light processing.","authors":"Jerry Chen, Javier A Alvarado, Claire Robertson, Salma Ramirez, William F Hynes, Monica L Moya, Lindy K Jang","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/aea9cd","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/aea9cd","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three-dimensional (3D) printing of hydrogels has advanced rapidly across numerous disciplines, including tissue engineering, medical devices, and biotechnology, enabling applications including cell scaffolds, drug delivery systems, and biosensors. However, the rapid fabrication of multi-layered complex hydrogel structures remains a significant challenge when employing traditional 3D printing methods. In this study, we demonstrated a four-dimensional printing (4D) approach that leveraged the shape-morphing properties of multi-layered hydrogels to efficiently create complex and fine featured structures using a digital projection stereolithographic printer. We optimized various poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-thiol-ene resin formulations and printing parameters to develop seven 3D printable resins that exhibited a wide range of volumetric swelling ratios, from 1.21 to 10.75, and a corresponding decrease in Young's modulus, from 98.10 kPa to 0.35 kPa. By varying the combinations of hydrogel layers with distinct swelling ratios and Young's moduli in the printed bilayer constructs, we could create curved structures with controllable bending angles ranging from 139° to 479° upon immersion in phosphate-buffered saline. We further demonstrated that the bending angles of these bilayer structures could be predicted using Timoshenko beam equation for lower-to-moderate swelling mismatch systems, while higher-swelling mismatch systems exhibited larger prediction deviations. By spatially patterning these resins within flat, multi-layered prints, we achieved programmed actuation into complex, doubly curved geometries such as domes and saddles. Furthermore, our approach enabled the fabrication of complex, nature-inspired curvilinear structures such as flowers, octopuses, and butterflies. This shape-morphing hydrogel printing method significantly reduces fabrication time, eliminates the need for structural supports, and maintains high precision and reproducibility. Overall, our technique offers a rapid and versatile strategy for producing small-scale, complex, multi-layered hydrogel structures, reducing print time from over an hour to just minutes. This approach shows potential utility in future bioengineering and soft robotics applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149001276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aerosol jet® printing of bioconductive AuNPs micropatterns supporting Schwann cell alignment.","authors":"Yuexi Zhuang, Miriam Seiti, Karen Libberecht, Tim Vangansewinkel, Ivo Lambrichts, Eleonora Ferraris","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/aea7dd","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/aea7dd","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Conductive and biocompatible (micro)structures have attracted considerable interest in bioelectronic systems, tissue engineering, and cell-instructive interfaces. However, the reliable fabrication of bioconductive microstructures with high resolution, excellent electrical performance, and good biocompatibility remains a current biofabrication challenge, which requires the synergistic advancement of functionalised materials and their related production process. In this study, Aerosol jet® printing (AJ®P) is proposed as a promising direct writing approach towards fabricating bioconductive microstructures. A systematic investigation was conducted on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) conductive patterns, focusing on the effects of key AJ®P parameters, including nozzle diameter, carrier gas flow rate (<i>CG</i>), and focus ratio (<i>Rf</i>), on printed linewidth (<i>Lw</i>).<i>CG</i>was identified as the dominant factor governing<i>Lw</i>, with a strong coupling effect between<i>CG</i>and<i>Rf</i>. By optimising printing parameters, a minimum<i>Lw</i>of 16.3 ± 0.2<i>μ</i>m was achieved with high reproducibility. Electrical characterisation revealed that increasing the number of printed layers significantly reduced resistance, reaching a minimum of 6.8 ± 0.4 Ω due to enhanced microstructural connectivity. The biocompatibility of AuNPs coatings was evaluated by culturing human Dental Pulp Stem cells differentiated Schwann cells (hDPSC-SCs) on the coating. The results demonstrated that hDPSC-SCs displayed good adhesion, proliferation and maintained their phenotype. On AJ®P-fabricated 100/160<i>μ</i>m AuNPs micropatterns, the cell density on the AuNPs tracks was about 4 times higher than that on the adjacent glass regions, indicating a pronounced preferential adhesion of hDPSC-SCs to the conductive microtracks. Furthermore, on the 40/160<i>μ</i>m AuNP micropatterns, up to 93% of hDPSC-SCs were aligned along the printing direction, demonstrating a strong contact-guidance effect. These results demonstrate that the AuNPs microtracks provided effective guidance, promoting both cell adhesion and alignment. Overall, this study demonstrates the feasibility of AJ®P for the high-resolution fabrication of bioconductive AuNP micropatterns. The findings provide a manufacturing foundation for the application of metal-based conductive microstructures in bioelectronic interfaces and cell-instructive culture systems, and offer valuable insights for the future development of more advanced neural tissue engineering platforms.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148975626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic, shape-controlled endothelialized spheroid-hydrogel for wound healing.","authors":"Chunxiang Lu, Shuangying Zhong, Huazhen Liu, Chuang Gao, Wenbin Sun, Xiaoyu He, Yuanyuan Liu","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9598","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae9598","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>For healing full-thickness skin defects caused by severe injury, skin substitute grafts with structural and compositional biomimicry are critical. Vascularized spheroids, as highly active biological building blocks, can be applied in biomanufacturing to fabricate functional repair constructs. However, current methods of biofabricating endothelialized spheroids still face multiple technical limitations, including low throughput, poor uniformity, and insufficient controllability and observability. Furthermore, there is inadequate control over the spatial arrangement of the spheroids during vascularized construct biomanufacturing. We proposed a synergistic, shape-controlled spheroid-hydrogel biomanufacturing method to address these issues, and developed a highly integrated, one-stop bioprinting platform for spheroids (OBPS) with real-time monitoring. We focused on key biomanufacturing stages, spheroid fabrication, bioprinting, and<i>in vivo</i>validation, to establish an integrated technical framework providing for 'fabrication-culture-assembly-application.' Using the OBPS, we fabricated endothelialized spheroids by co-culturing human fibroblasts and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, printed fibrinogen-supplemented gelatin methacryloyl hydrogel, and bioprinted spheroids and hydrogels<i>in situ</i>onto full-thickness skin defects in nude mice. Animal experiments show that shape-controlled endothelialized spheroids significantly accelerated wound closure, suppressed inflammation, promoted neovascularization and collagen remodeling, and exhibited excellent tissue integration and repair potential. The OBPS system provides a novel and effective treatment for wound healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148677081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"SABER bioprinting: a temporal platform for multiday assembly of engineered tissues.","authors":"Joshua R Gershlak, Shoaib A Goraya, Marie Billaud, Farhad R Nezami, Harald C Ott","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae8a86","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/ae8a86","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Current bioprinting approaches are constrained to single-session fabrication, limiting the scale, temporal complexity, and biological maturation achievable in engineered constructs. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of Sequential Additive Biofabrication Extended over Real-time (SABER), a bioprinting strategy that introduces time as an explicit design variable by enabling multi-day additive fabrication of soft-hydrogel constructs supported by continuous perfusion culture. SABER integrates a thermoresponsive methylcellulose-agarose support material, which allows high-fidelity collagen deposition at low temperatures and mechanical stabilization at culture temperatures, with a custom bioreactor that permits direct through-tissue perfusion. We demonstrate feasibility of multi-day fabrication of layered constructs, nested geometries, suspended internal features, a miniaturized acellular human heart model with preserved architectural fidelity, and a 10-layer approximately 1 cm thick construct demonstrating scalability beyond single-session practical limits. SABER supports perfusion culture of thick cell-laden constructs, enabling printed cardiac tissues to remain viable and contractile after one week of perfusion culture and permitting<i>in situ</i>differentiation of bioprinted iPS cells into cardiomyocytes. These findings establish SABER as a proof-of-concept platform for time-resolved, perfused bioprinting of soft hydrogel constructs, introducing time as an explicit design variable in biofabrication and providing a foundation for future work exploring multi-day fabrication workflows at scales and with temporal complexity not supported by existing single-session approaches.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148444280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioprinted dentin-pulp platform with decoupled mechanics promotes mineralization and vessel-like structures' formation in confined 3D microenvironments.","authors":"Sara Lipari, Pasquale Sacco, Eleonora Marsich, Ana Svetić, Nathalie Dusserre, Malou Lea, Maurizio Romano, Loredana Casalis, Hugo de Oliveira, Ivan Donati","doi":"10.1088/1758-5090/aea937","DOIUrl":"10.1088/1758-5090/aea937","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Dental caries represents one of the most prevalent oral diseases worldwide, and conventional treatments rely on the use of inert restorative materials. Yet, restoration failure rates remain frequent, as current<i>in vitro</i>testing platforms fail to reproduce the complexity of native dental tissues. Here, we present a bioprinted dual-mechanical dentin-pulp platform generated using a methacrylated alginate (ALMA)-based biomaterial ink that can be either single or dual crosslinked (i.e. SC and DC models). These platforms, which differ in terms of stiffness and viscoelasticity, were developed to probe how biophysical cues govern cell-specific functions. When bioprinted within these matrices, HDPSCs-derived odontoblasts showed upregulation of lineage-specific markers and tissue mineralization within the DC models. In contrast, Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells developed a more complex and interconnected vessel-like network within the SC constructs. By integrating both compartments within a single platform, we propose an<i>in vitro</i>dentin-pulp model that mimics the mechanical heterogeneity of native dental tissues.</p>","PeriodicalId":8964,"journal":{"name":"Biofabrication","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.2,"publicationDate":"2026-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148987947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}