Basal ganglia最新文献

{"title":"Alterations in vestibular function in individuals with cervical dystonia and the effects of botulinum toxin treatment","authors":"Kelly L. Andrzejewski ,&nbsp;Shiyang Ma ,&nbsp;Ashley Owens ,&nbsp;Michael T. Bull ,&nbsp;Kevin M. Biglan ,&nbsp;Su Kanchana ,&nbsp;Jonathan W. Mink ,&nbsp;Michael P. McDermott ,&nbsp;Benjamin T. Crane ,&nbsp;Richard Barbano","doi":"10.1016/j.baga.2018.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baga.2018.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p>Individuals with cervical dystonia (CD) often report difficulty with balance and an altered perception of vertical. Previous studies have suggested a decreased proprioceptive response to stretch of neck muscle spindles in these patients, and impaired dynamic balance changes in individuals with tremor.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Participants with CD were divided into three groups based on severity of tremor and dystonic position on the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale 2 (TWSTRS2). Unaffected controls completed assessments including Fukuda, modified Romberg, and subjective visual vertical tests. Participants with CD completed the same assessments at baseline and 4 to 6 weeks following botulinum toxin treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>CD participants with marked tremor and deviation had more difficulty perceiving what was vertical as demonstrated by a greater degree off midline on the subjective visual vertical test, compared to individuals with marked tremor with minimal deviation and controls, though this was not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Individuals with CD also had more difficulty maintaining balance on a compliant surface with eyes closed compared to controls on the modified Romberg test. TWSTRS2 motor severity score was significantly associated with degrees off midline on the subjective visual vertical test at baseline for CD participants, but not after botulinum toxin treatment.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Individuals with more severe tremor and dystonic posture appear to have an altered perception of vertical associated with CD severity and that may improve following botulinum toxin treatment. Modified Romberg testing suggests that visual cues may also be important to compensate for tremor and dystonic positions found in CD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89327,"journal":{"name":"Basal ganglia","volume":"13 ","pages":"Pages 1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baga.2018.05.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46506163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Symptomatic medication of 97 patients with multiple system atrophy parkinsonian subtype: An observational study","authors":"Sarunas Augustis ,&nbsp;Wolfgang H. Jost","doi":"10.1016/j.baga.2018.02.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baga.2018.02.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic, adult-onset and rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder. MSA clinically is characterized by prominent autonomic dysfunction with combinations of parkinsonism (MSA-P), cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C) and possible corticospinal signs. To date no disease-modifying treatment is available. Motor symptoms of certain patients with MSA-P, however, are somewhat responsive to dopaminergic medication.</p></div><div><h3>Objective</h3><p>To present the analysis of symptomatic treatment options on 97 patients suffering from probable MSA-P.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A retrospective survey was conducted on 97 patients from a specialized neurological acute care hospital, all meeting appropriate published criteria of probable MSA-P. We undertook a thorough analysis on patients’ records regarding the dopaminergic drugs and amantadine.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Ten patients from our study cohort received no L-dopa, in the remaining 87 patients (89.69%) the mean L-dopa daily dose was 650.93 ± 289.21 mg. Fifteen study patients received ≥1000 mg of L-dopa per day. For 31 MSA-P patients (31.96%) dopamine agonists were added as a second treatment option with pramipexole and ropinirole being the most frequently used. Further, two study patients received amantadine as an alternative medication.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>In the study the considerable proportion of MSA-P patients received high levels of dopaminergic medication chronically. Its efficacy on MSA is still uncertain and further studies with standardised clinical efficacy monitoring are highly welcome.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89327,"journal":{"name":"Basal ganglia","volume":"12 ","pages":"Pages 4-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baga.2018.02.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44158982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Botulinum toxin treatment of paraspinal muscles for improving abnormal posture in Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Hideyuki Matsumoto,&nbsp;Tsugumi Akahori,&nbsp;Keiko Hatano,&nbsp;Hideji Hashida","doi":"10.1016/j.baga.2018.02.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baga.2018.02.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The patient was a 64-year-old man who presented with gait disturbance at the age of 58. He was later diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. At the age of 64, he felt severe right abdominal pain because his right abdomen was compressed by his abnormal posture. Neurological examinations showed axial flexion to the anterior and right sides, i.e. a combination of camptocormia and Pisa syndrome, and hypertrophy of the right lumbar paraspinal muscles in addition to parkinsonism. Surface electromyography and body computed tomography suggested axial dystonia, i.e. right dominant hyperactivity and hypertrophy of the lumbar paraspinal muscles. Botulinum toxin was injected into the right lumbar paraspinal muscles. One month later, his abnormal posture improved and his right abdominal pain was also relieved. In general, botulinum toxin treatment of the paraspinal muscles has the potential to improve Pisa syndrome but carries the risk of worsening camptocormia. However, in our case, not only Pisa syndrome but also camptocormia improved. Therefore, we should note that botulinum toxin treatment of paraspinal muscles is able to improve not only Pisa syndrome but also camptocormia. As a plausible explanation, botulinum toxin treatment could control the hyperactivity of the bilateral paraspinal muscles symmetrically, which might improve camptocormia in addition to Pisa syndrome.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89327,"journal":{"name":"Basal ganglia","volume":"12 ","pages":"Pages 1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baga.2018.02.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48930265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association analysis of the GABRB3 promoter variant and susceptibility to autism spectrum disorder","authors":"Rezvan Noroozi ,&nbsp;Mohammad Taheri ,&nbsp;Abolfazl Movafagh ,&nbsp;Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard ,&nbsp;Arezou Sayad ,&nbsp;Reza Mirfakhraie ,&nbsp;Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi ,&nbsp;Hidetoshi Inoko ,&nbsp;Hanieh Noroozi ,&nbsp;Atieh Abedin Do ,&nbsp;Amin Abbasi Soureshjani","doi":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objective</h3><p>Several previous linkage and association studies and an expression analysis have suggested the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor beta3 subunit (<em>GABRB3</em>) gene as an important candidate gene for autism. In addition, polymorphisms in the promoter region of <em>GABRB3</em> might modulate the expression of this gene. In order to investigate the underlying mechanism of the role of <em>GABRB3</em> in autism susceptibility, we designed a case-control study to analyze the association of the rs4906902 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the promoter region of the <em>GABRB3</em> gene with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Iranian patients.</p></div><div><h3>Materials &amp; methods</h3><p>The rs4906902 polymorphism was genotyped using the polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique. The frequency of the risk allele and its association with disease was examined in 518 patients and 472 control individuals.</p></div><div><h3>Result</h3><p>The results demonstrated that the genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in both the case and the control groups. The results shown that neither allelic frequencies nor genotypic distribution of the rs4906902 was significantly different between autism patients and healthy controls.</p></div><div><h3>In conclusion</h3><p>It seems that the <em>GABRB3</em> gene may influence the Autism susceptibility via a different SNPs in this gene. Also, another independent mechanisms like epigenetic effects should not be ignored when we want to explore the link between <em>GABRB3</em> and ASD.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89327,"journal":{"name":"Basal ganglia","volume":"11 ","pages":"Pages 4-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baga.2017.11.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43685747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three cases of isolated resting tremor of the lower limbs","authors":"Sonja Schönecker ,&nbsp;Johannes Levin ,&nbsp;Axel Rominger ,&nbsp;Kai Bötzel","doi":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Resting tremor is considered to be a phenotype of Parkinson’s disease. Isolated resting tremor of the lower limbs however is uncommon in Parkinson’s disease. In this case series we report on three patients with isolated resting tremor of the lower limbs. One patient was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, one with drug induced parkinsonism and in one a descriptive diagnosis of “benign tremulous parkinsonism” with a “Scan Without Evidence of Dopaminergic Deficit” was made. Deep brain stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus led to almost complete suppression of tremor in the Parkinson’s disease patient. Our case series emphasizes the need to rethink the diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease in patients with isolated resting tremor of the lower limbs and provides evidence for the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus to be an effective target for Deep brain stimulation electrode placement in Parkinson’s disease patients with isolated lower limb tremor.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89327,"journal":{"name":"Basal ganglia","volume":"11 ","pages":"Pages 1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baga.2017.11.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45433015","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"High dose methylphenidate in the treatment of freezing of gait in advanced Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Nikolai Gil D. Reyes ,&nbsp;Marjorie Ann C. Bagnas ,&nbsp;Athena Kate D. Antonio ,&nbsp;Roland Dominic G. Jamora","doi":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Freezing of gait (FoG) is one of the most incapacitating symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and has been linked to imbalances in the dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmitter systems. Methylphenidate blocks the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, increasing their extracellular concentrations in the striatum and prefrontal cortex. This quantitative pooled analysis was aimed at determining the efficacy and safety of high dose methylphenidate in the treatment of FoG, motor and non-motor symptoms in advanced PD.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Electronic databases were searched for randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials examining the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate (0.8–1.0 mg/kg/day) in FoG. Fixed effects analysis with mean difference of number of freezing episodes was used as primary outcome. Secondary outcomes included Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Part III score, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score and incidence of adverse events.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Two studies were included with a total of 92 patients. High dose methylphenidate was able to reduce the number of freezing episodes with a MD −1.52 (95% CI −2.91, −0.11, p = .03). However, the drug was not able to offer significant improvement in terms of UPDRS Part III score in the “off” (MD −1.87; 95% CI −6.42, 2.69, p = .40) and the “on” state (MD 1.38; 95% CI −2.91, −0.11, p = 0.54), MADRS Score (MD −0.38, 95% CI −2.37, 1.60, p = .35) and ESS Score (MD −1.09, 95% CI −3.44, 1.26, p = .68). A small but statistically significant proportion of patients given high dose methylphenidate reported nausea, vomiting, and gastritis (MD 4.86, 95% CI 1.15, 20.56, p = .03)</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>High dose methylphenidate can only marginally, however significantly reduce the number of freezing episodes in patients with advanced PD with a MD −1.52 (95% CI −2.91, −0.11, p = .03).</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89327,"journal":{"name":"Basal ganglia","volume":"11 ","pages":"Pages 8-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baga.2017.12.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47494131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Historical note: The first German description of writing tremor in the 19th century","authors":"Luca Marsili ,&nbsp;Carlo Colosimo","doi":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.09.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.09.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":89327,"journal":{"name":"Basal ganglia","volume":"10 ","pages":"Pages 12-13"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baga.2017.09.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44796297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Echogenicity of lentiform nucleus in different types of idiopathic dystonia","authors":"Mohammad Rohani,&nbsp;Mostafa Almasi,&nbsp;Farsahd Yousefpour,&nbsp;Babak Zamani,&nbsp;Gholamali Shahidi","doi":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><p><span><span><span>Recently, the use of transcranial sonography (TCS) in the field of </span>movement disorders is growing more and more and new indications for diagnosing these disorders has been appeared. Dystonia is characterized by involuntary patterned muscle contractions resulting in </span>abnormal postures<span><span> or twisting movements. Routine imaging techniques such as </span>brain MRI are usually normal in idiopathic dystonia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of TCS </span></span>in patients with idiopathic dystonia.</p></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><p>This cross-sectional study was conducted on forty patients with primary dystonia, referred to neurology clinic of Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital, Tehran, Iran. A checklist composed of demographic variables, features of dystonia and results of TCS, was completed for each patient. To analyse the data, descriptive statistics were used.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p><span><span>The mean duration of dystonia was 6 (±6.2SD) years. The lentiform nucleus (LN) was hyperechogenic in 26 patients (65%). All of the patients with </span>generalized dystonia<span> and dystonic tremor of head and neck, had hyperechogenic LN. The minimum and maximum area of LN, were calculated for blepharospasm and dystonic tremor of head and neck, respectively (mean of 0.19</span></span> <!-->cm² for blepharospasm, and 0.37<!--> <!-->cm² for dystonic tremor of head and neck).</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Despitelack of any control group, our results showed the frequency of LN hyperechogenicity in South-West Asian patients with idiopathic dystonia is similar to that reported in European and North-American patients with idiopathic dystonia.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89327,"journal":{"name":"Basal ganglia","volume":"10 ","pages":"Pages 8-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baga.2017.08.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46016431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Genetic analysis of SNCA gene polymorphisms in Parkinson’s disease in an Iranian population","authors":"Mahnoosh Rahimi ,&nbsp;Mojdeh Akbari ,&nbsp;Javad Jamshidi ,&nbsp;Abbas Tafakhori ,&nbsp;Babak Emamalizadeh ,&nbsp;Hossein Darvish","doi":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.08.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Objectives</h3><p><span>Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex disorder influenced by genetic and environmental factors. One of the several genes indicated to be important in the etiology of PD is </span><em>SNCA.</em> Here we aimed to investigate the association of rs2301134, rs2301135, rs356221 and rs11931074 polymorphisms located in <em>SNCA</em> with PD.</p></div><div><h3>Material and methods</h3><p>A case-control study was designed using 500 sporadic PD patients and 500 healthy controls. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood of all subjects, and <em>SNCA</em> variations were genotyped using the PCR-RFLP method.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Significant associations were found for the two promoter polymorphisms of the <em>SNCA</em> gene, rs2301134 and rs2301135 (p-value<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.009, OR<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.79 95%CI: 0.66–0.94 and p-value<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.001, OR<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->1.33 95%CI: 1.12–1.59 respectively for differences in allele frequencies). Genotype frequencies were also significantly different in case and control groups for rs11931074 polymorphism located in 3′UTR region of the gene (p-value<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.036).</p></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><p>Our study indicates the possible effect of <em>SNCA</em> variations in the etiology of PD in the Iranian population.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89327,"journal":{"name":"Basal ganglia","volume":"10 ","pages":"Pages 4-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baga.2017.08.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46326496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Parkinsonism among retired Filipino boxers","authors":"Roland Dominic G. Jamora ,&nbsp;Leah L. Shiong Shu ,&nbsp;Alvin Rae F. Cenina ,&nbsp;Carissa Paz C. Dioquino ,&nbsp;Patricia Ann D. Canto","doi":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.baga.2017.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background and purpose</h3><p>Repetitive head trauma from boxing has been associated with the development of parkinsonism. This study aimed to determine the frequency of and the risk factors for parkinsonism among retired Filipino boxers.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A total of 21 retired Filipino professional boxers were screened for parkinsonism using the motor part of the Movement Disorder Society − Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS − UPDRS).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Seventeen retired boxers were found to have parkinsonism (80.95%). The factors that significantly increased the risk for parkinsonism among retired Filipino boxers were the number of fights lost (16.47 vs. 7.25, p<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.0393) and the number of knockouts endured (2.17 vs 1.00, p<!--> <!-->=<!--> <!-->0.0480). Boxers in heavier weight divisions had higher odds of parkinsonism compared to those in lighter weight divisions. However, this was not significant.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The frequency of parkinsonism among retired Filipino boxers was 80.95%. The factors that significantly increased the risk for the development of parkinsonism were higher number of fights lost and number of knockouts endured.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":89327,"journal":{"name":"Basal ganglia","volume":"10 ","pages":"Pages 1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.baga.2017.07.001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44430860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}