Korean diabetes journal最新文献

{"title":"Small Rice Bowl-Based Meal Plan versus Food Exchange-Based Meal Plan for Weight, Glucose and Lipid Control in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Patients.","authors":"Hee-Jung Ahn,&nbsp;Kyung-Ah Han,&nbsp;Hwi-Ryun Kwon,&nbsp;Bo-Kyung Koo,&nbsp;Hyun-Jin Kim,&nbsp;Kang-Seo Park,&nbsp;Kyung-Wan Min","doi":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.86","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.86","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys reported 65% of daily energy intake (EI) as carbohydrate (CHO) in the Korean population and main source of CHO was cooked rice. We used a standardized-small sized rice bowl for diet education and investigated its effectiveness on body weight, glucose and lipid, compared to the conventional food exchange system in type 2 diabetes obese women.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Type 2 diabetic women with body mass index >/= 23 kg/m(2) were randomly assigned to small rice bowl-based meal plan (BM) and food exchange-based meal plan (ExM) group. Both groups were asked to reduce their EI by 500 kcal/day for 12 weeks. The macronutrient composition was instructed: 55 to 60% of EI as CHO, 15 to 20% as protein, and 20 to 25% as fat. BM group received only a simple instruction for application of the rice bowl. Nutrient intake was estimated with the 3-day dietary records.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Finally, 44 subjects finished the study. The percent reduction of body weight was significant both BM group (-5.1 +/- 2.6%) and ExM group (-4.8 +/- 2.8%) after 12 weeks (P < 0.001) but there was no difference between the groups. There was no difference in the proportional change of CHO, protein and fat in EI between the groups. Additionally, the change of HbA1c and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol were not significantly different between the two groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The BM group was as effective as ExM for body weight and glucose control in type 2 diabetes obese women.</p>","PeriodicalId":88924,"journal":{"name":"Korean diabetes journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"86-94"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.86","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29055635","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship between the Level of Fatness and Fitness during Adolescence and the Risk Factors of Metabolic Disorders in Adulthood.","authors":"Yoonsuk Jekal,&nbsp;Ji Eun Yun,&nbsp;Sang Wook Park,&nbsp;Sun Ha Jee,&nbsp;Justin Y Jeon","doi":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.126","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between the level of obesity and physical fitness (PF) during adolescence and the risk factors of metabolic disorders during adulthood.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In the current analysis, 3,993 Korean adults (mean age, 38.70 +/- 1.69 years) were recruited. The level of body index (BI) and PF were examined during adolescence through high school record, and their health examination data, including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting glucose (FG), total cholesterol (TC), and current body mass index (BMI) were obtained from National Health Insurance Corporation Data. Gender-specific analyses were administered to compare health exam data across the level of BI, the level of PF, and a mixed level of BI and PF.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Most obese males during high school had statistically higher SBP, DBP, FG, and BMI in adulthood, and most obese females had higher BMI, as compared to most lean males or females. Least fit males during high school had statistically higher BMI in adulthood, and least fit females had statistically higher SBP, DBP, FG, TC, and BMI, as compared to most fit males or females. There was a significant relationship between the mixed level of BI and PF and SBP, DBP, TC and current BMI in both genders.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Maintaining a healthy level of body weight and PF during adolescence is recommended to prevent the development of metabolic diseases in adulthood.</p>","PeriodicalId":88924,"journal":{"name":"Korean diabetes journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"126-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.126","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29055640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lack of Association between Serum Cystatin C Levels and Coronary Artery Disease in Diabetic Patients.","authors":"Eun Hee Kim,&nbsp;Ji Hee Yu,&nbsp;Sang Ah Lee,&nbsp;Eui Young Kim,&nbsp;Won Gu Kim,&nbsp;Seung Hun Lee,&nbsp;Eun Hee Cho,&nbsp;Eun Hee Koh,&nbsp;Woo Je Lee,&nbsp;Min-Seon Kim,&nbsp;Joong-Yeol Park,&nbsp;Ki-Up Lee","doi":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.95","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.95","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Serum cystatin C level is a more sensitive marker of renal dysfunction than serum creatinine level. Serum cystatin C level was recently reported to predict the development of cardiovascular disease. This study was performed to evaluate whether the cystatin C level is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD), independent of diabetic nephropathy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a case-control study to assess the relationship between serum cystatin C level and coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. Among 460 diabetic patients, 38 diabetic patients had CAD. The control group consisted of 38 diabetic patients who were matched to cases by age, sex, and presence/absence of diabetic nephropathy. Serum cystatin C level was measured in stored samples.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Serum cystatin C level was significantly higher in patients with diabetic nephropathy, both in CAD and non-CAD patients. However, serum cystatin C level did not differ between CAD and non-CAD patients, regardless of diabetic nephropathy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Serum cystatin C level is a marker of renal dysfunction, but not coronary artery disease, in diabetic patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":88924,"journal":{"name":"Korean diabetes journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"95-100"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.95","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29055636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Serum cystatin C as a biomarker for predicting coronary artery disease in diabetes.","authors":"Jee-Young Oh","doi":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.84","DOIUrl":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.84","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88924,"journal":{"name":"Korean diabetes journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"84-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/47/32/kdj-34-84.PMC2883355.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29055634","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cell replacement and regeneration therapy for diabetes.","authors":"Hee-Sook Jun","doi":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.77","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.77","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Reduction of beta cell function and a beta cell mass is observed in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Therefore, restoration of this deficiency might be a therapeutic option for treatment of diabetes. Islet transplantation has benefits, such as reduced incidence of hypoglycemia and achievement of insulin independence. However, the major drawback is an insufficient supply of islet donors. Transplantation of cells differentiated in vitro or in vivo regeneration of insulin-producing cells are possible approaches for beta cell/islet regenerative therapy. Embryonic and adult stem cells, pancreatic ductal progenitor cells, acinar cells, and other endocrine cells have been shown to differentiate into pancreatic beta cells. Formation of fully functional beta cells and the safety of these cells are critical issues for successful clinical application.</p>","PeriodicalId":88924,"journal":{"name":"Korean diabetes journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"77-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.77","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29055633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional and mechanistic integration of infection and the metabolic syndrome.","authors":"Peter Sommer,&nbsp;Gary Sweeney","doi":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.71","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The metabolic syndrome refers to a well defined group of risk factors, including central obesity and inflammation, for the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Interestingly, many studies have recently led to the emergence of somewhat unexpected relationships between several infectious diseases and various aspects of the metabolic syndrome. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these interactions is also rapidly developing and some of these are summarized in this article. We will focus first on bacterial infection, and most notably the role of gut microbiota in regulaton of both obesity and inflammation. In particular, we focus on the role of inflammasomes and propose that understanding the role of Toll-like receptors and Nod-like receptors in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders with or without infection may provide novel targets for prevention and/or treatment of associated diseases. Secondly, chronic bacterial or viral infection and emerging links with metabolism will be reviewed. Finally, consideratons of biomarkers for metabolic syndrome, in particular lipocalin-2, and their link with infection will be discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":88924,"journal":{"name":"Korean diabetes journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"71-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.71","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29055632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Association between Serum GGT Concentration and Diabetic Peripheral Polyneuropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients.","authors":"Ho Chan Cho","doi":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Diabetic peripheral polyneuropathy (DPP) is one of the common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) and can lead to foot ulcers or amputation. The pathophysiology of DPP includes several factors such as metabolic, vascular, autoimmune, oxidative stress and neurohormonal growth-factor deficiency and recent studies have suggested the use of serum gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) as an early marker of oxidative stress. Therefore, we investigated whether serum GGT may be useful in predicting DPP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We assessed 90 patients with type 2 DM who were evaluated for the presence of DPP using clnical neurologic examinations including nerve conduction velocity studies. We evaluated the association between serum GGT and the presence of DPP.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The prevalence of DPP was 40% (36 cases) according to clinical neurological examinations. The serum GGT concentration was significantly elevated in type 2 diabetic patients with DPP compared to patients without DPP (P < 0.01). There were other factors significantly associated with DPP including smoking (P = 0.019), retinopathy (P = 0.014), blood pressure (P < 0.05), aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.022), C-reactive protein (P = 0.036) and urine microalbumin/creatinine ratio (P = 0.004). Serum GGT was independently related with DPP according to multiple logistic analysis (P < 0.01).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study shows that increased levels of serum GGT may have important clinical implications in the presence of DPP in patients with type 2 diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":88924,"journal":{"name":"Korean diabetes journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"111-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.111","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29055638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The clinical characteristics of the newly diagnosed early onset (< 40 years old) diabetes in outpatients' clinic.","authors":"Kyung-Soo Kim,&nbsp;Hyun-Ju Oh,&nbsp;Ji-Woon Kim,&nbsp;Yeo-Kyung Lee,&nbsp;Soo-Kyung Kim,&nbsp;Seok-Won Park,&nbsp;Yoo-Lee Kim,&nbsp;Won-Keun Park,&nbsp;Yong-Wook Cho","doi":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The prevalence of type 2 diabetes in young adults and adolescents has increased in the last decade according to the increasing obese population. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus before the age of 40 years as compared with patients diagnosed at older ages.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This was a cross-sectional, retrospective study using data from 350 diabetic patients who were diagnosed with diabetes in an outpatient setting between January 2005 and December 2007. Patients were diagnosed according to the criteria set forth by the American Diabetes Association. We examined the clinical characteristics and laboratory data of the patients through review of medical records and compared the early-onset diabetic patients (< 40 years old) and the usual-onset diabetic patients (>/= 40 years old).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The frequency of early-onset diabetes and usual-onset diabetes were 31.1% (n=109) and 68.9% (n=241), respectively. The early-onset diabetic patients more often had a positive family history of diabetes; higher HbA1c, fasting glucose, and postprandial glucose levels; experienced typical symptoms more frequently; had microalbuminuria more frequently; and required insulin therapy as initial treatment more frequently as compared to usual-onset diabetic patients, and these differences were significant. Conversely, hypertension was significantly more common in the usual-onset diabetic patients.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It could be concluded that we should control early onset diabetes more strictly to prevent its complication because early onset diabetic patients represented more severe hyperglycemia and had more prevalent microalbuminuria.</p>","PeriodicalId":88924,"journal":{"name":"Korean diabetes journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"119-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29055639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter: Risk Factors Associated with Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetic Patients without Hypertension (Korean Diabetes J 2010;34:40-6).","authors":"Dong-Lim Kim","doi":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.135","url":null,"abstract":"To the Editor: We read with interest the study by Noh et al., which demonstrated that the duration of diabetes could be a marker for left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction, independent of other diastolic dysfunction-related variables in type 2 diabetic patients without hypertension or ischemic heart disease [1]. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is diabetes-associated changes in the structure and function of the myocardium that are not directly attributable to other confounding factors, such as coronary artery disease. It is characterized by a latent subclinical period, during which there is evidence of diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy before overt clinical deterioration and systolic failure ensue [2]. Noh’s study demonstrated that diabetes duration is an independent risk factor of LV diastolic dysfunction in a Korean population with type 2 diabetes. Noh’s study included type 2 diabetic patients with normal ECG and without history of ischemic heart disease. However, many diabetic patients have asymptomatic coronary heart disease. Thus, screening patients with only past medical history and normal resting ECG could limit the value of excluding patients with ischemic heart disease. Incorporating exercise testing into patient selection could provide more ideal study subjects [3]. Previous studies reported that LV diastolic dysfunction in diabetic patients is also associated with hyperglycemia, duration of diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity [2,4]. Noh’s study showed that higher body mass index and longer duration of diabetes were associated with LV diastolic dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings were consistent with the previous reports. Diastolic dysfunction is believed to be the earliest functional change in diabetic cardiomyopathy and is closely correlated with glycated haemoglobin [4]. Hyperglycaemic patients demonstrate an 8% increase in the risk of developing heart failure with every 1% elevation of glycosylated hemoglobin [4]. However, in authors’ study, there was no significant difference in the level of HbA1c between the two groups. The small number of study subjects is one possible explanation for the negative result. Another is relatively poor glycemic control in both groups. Comparison of LV diastolic dysfunction between patients with good glycemic control (HbA1C < 7%) and patients with poor glycemic control (HbA1C ≥ 7%) is necessary to examine the association of glycemic control and LV diastolic dysfunction. Echocardiography was used as a tool to diagnos LV dysfunction. A recent study showed that asymptomatic diabetic patients, even with normal resting LV dimensions and function, experience exercise-induced delayed onset of LV relaxation [5]. Although the predictive value of echocardiography for LV dysfunction is good, it might have not ruled out LV dysfunction completely. Therefore, stress tests, such as treadmill or dobutamine stress echocardiography, could detect","PeriodicalId":88924,"journal":{"name":"Korean diabetes journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"135-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29055641","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effects of resistance training on muscle and body fat mass and muscle strength in type 2 diabetic women.","authors":"Hwi Ryun Kwon, Kyung Ah Han, Yun Hyi Ku, Hee Jung Ahn, Bo-Kyung Koo, Ho Chul Kim, Kyung Wan Min","doi":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.101","DOIUrl":"10.4093/kdj.2010.34.2.101","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Our goal was to investigate the effects of low intensity resistance training on body fat, muscle mass and strength, cardiovascular fitness, and insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Twenty-eight overweight women with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to a resistance training group (RG, n = 13) or a control group (CG, n = 15). RG performed resistance training using elastic bands, of which strength was equal to 40 to 50% of one repetition maximum (1RM), for three days per week. Each exercise consisted of three sets for 60 minutes. We assessed abdominal fat using computed tomography, muscle mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and muscle strength using Keiser's chest and leg press. Insulin sensitivity was measured using the insulin tolerance test, and aerobic capacity was expressed as oxygen uptake at the anaerobic threshold (AT-VO(2)) before and after the 12-week exercise program.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The age of participants was 56.4 +/- 7.1 years, duration of diabetes was 5.9 +/- 5.5 years, and BMI was 27.4 +/- 2.5 kg/m(2), without significant differences between two groups. During intervention, a greater increase in muscle mass and greater decreases in both total fat mass and abdominal fat were observed in RG compared to those of CG (P = 0.015, P = 0.011, P = 0.010, respectively). Increase in 1RM of upper and lower extremities was observed in the RG (P = 0.004, P = 0.040, respectively), without changes in AT-VO(2) and insulin resistance in either group.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>In conclusion, the low intensity resistance training was effective in increasing muscle mass and strength and reducing total fat mass without change of insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetic patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":88924,"journal":{"name":"Korean diabetes journal","volume":"34 2","pages":"101-10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/a6/1f/kdj-34-101.PMC2883348.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"29055637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}