Signal transduction最新文献

{"title":"Viruses, lipid rafts and signal transduction","authors":"S. Rauch, O. Fackler","doi":"10.1002/SITA.200600113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/SITA.200600113","url":null,"abstract":"Lipid rafts are defined as highly dynamic microdomains in cellular membranes that are enriched in sphingolipids, cholesterol and raft-targeted proteins. This particular lipid and protein composition is thought to facilitate protein-protein interactions to create microdomains with distinct biological properties. Lipid rafts have been implicated in central cellular processes such as signal transduction and protein trafficking. This review focuses on strategies used by three viral pathogens (measles virus, Epstein-Barr virus and human immunodeficiency virus) to manipulate their target cells by altering the signal transduction properties of such cellular microdomains in the infected host.","PeriodicalId":88702,"journal":{"name":"Signal transduction","volume":"33 12","pages":"53-63"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/SITA.200600113","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50951079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Signal transduction by viral factors: critical interface between the virus and its host cell with implications for the viral life cycle and disease development","authors":"A. Kieser","doi":"10.1002/sita.200790001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sita.200790001","url":null,"abstract":"The interaction of viral factors with cellular signal transduction pathways is a central interface between the virus and its host cell. Viruses have learned to exploit cellular signaling molecules for their own purposes, the establishment of the viral life cycle and propagation of the virus. Moreover, some viral proteins critically contribute to viral pathogenesis by deregulating the host cell signal transduction network. One example is the development of malignancies upon infection with tumor viruses. During co-evolution with the virus, the host has developed potent anti-viral strategies which are mainly based upon the detection of viral components by cellular receptors. Such sensors of a viral attack activate signal transduction pathways leading to a broad anti-viral response against the invader. This special issue of Signal Transduction focuses on molecular and functional aspects of viral interactions with host cell signaling with relevance for the anti-viral response, the viral life cycle, viral pathogenesis and cell transformation. It is further illustrated that viruses can also serve as powerful means to understand and even uncover novel aspects of cellular signal transduction pathways. Viral infections of vertebrates cause an interferon response, the primary defense line against the virus. Interferons are involved in the activation of immune cells and are important mediators of the anti-viral response by the innate and adaptive immune system. Brz zka et al. review recent developments in the field of cellular sensors of viral nucleic acids, Toll-like and RIGlike receptors, and their signal transduction pathways leading to the induction of type I interferons. They also focus on strategies developed by different viruses to escape immunosurveillance by specifically interfering with the interferon signaling network and discuss the implications for the constant battle between the virus and its host. Upon infection of target cells, some viruses boost cell proliferation to promote virus propagation. In the case of the human DNA tumor virus EBV (Epstein-Barr virus), this process can lead to the development of proliferative and even malignant diseases if EBV-infected B cells are not sufficiently controlled by the immune system. The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is the major oncogene of EBV which is essential for B cell transformation by the virus. The article by Kieser describes how LMP1 highjacks a network of host cell signaling pathways of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Toll-like receptor families to support EBV transformation of B cells. LMP1 antagonizes apoptosis and induces mitogenic and survival pathways by unique interactions with cellular signaling molecules such as the TNF-receptor associated death domain protein (TRADD). The Tax protein of the human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a delta-retrovirus causing an aggressive malignancy of human T cells, is another example of a potent viral oncoprotein that establishes multiple i","PeriodicalId":88702,"journal":{"name":"Signal transduction","volume":"118 4","pages":"3-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/sita.200790001","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50951426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signal transduction in the type I interferon system and viral countermeasures.","authors":"Krzysztof Brzózka,&nbsp;Christian Pfaller,&nbsp;Karl-Klaus Conzelmann","doi":"10.1002/sita.200600115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/sita.200600115","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Type I interferons (IFN) including IFNα/β are cytokines of the immune system with critical functions in innate and adaptive immune response. Secreted IFN acts via JAK/STAT signaling pathways to direct a huge gene expression program, including antiviral, apoptotic, survival and immune genes. Only recently, the molecular patterns and their receptors as well as the connected signaling pathways leading to transcriptional activation of IFN genes have been elucidated. Ubiquitous cytosolic RNA helicases like RIG-I which sense intracellular triphosphate RNAs and activate the IFN-controlling transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7 seem to play a major role in antiviral defense and immunity. Recognition of extracellular nucleic acids by a subset of Toll-like receptors in addition contributes to a generalized host IFN response. During co-evolution with the host, viruses have learned to counteract every piece of the IFN network. Learning from viruses how to target the IFN system may lead us to novel strategies for therapeutic intervention.</p>","PeriodicalId":88702,"journal":{"name":"Signal transduction","volume":"7 1","pages":"5-19"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/sita.200600115","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37866619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influenza viruses and MAP kinase cascades – Novel targets for an antiviral intervention?","authors":"S. Ludwig","doi":"10.1002/SITA.200600114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/SITA.200600114","url":null,"abstract":"Influenza virus infections still pose a major threat to human and animal health worldwide. On one hand, like any other viral pathogen influenza viruses are strictly dependent on their host cell for efficient replication. On the other hand cells respond to infection by mounting an innate immune program to fight the invader. This constant battle between the virus and the host-cell is also reflected on the level of the intracellular signalling events that are induced upon infection. While these signalling pathways are primarily initiated as a cellular defence program, the virus has acquired the capability to exploit some of these activities to support its replication. This review aims to illustrate this principle with regard to the diverse functions of different MAP kinase cascades during influenza virus infection. Some of these cascades act within cell protective pathways while others are required for efficient viral replication and thus, may serve as novel targets for antiviral intervention.","PeriodicalId":88702,"journal":{"name":"Signal transduction","volume":"33 5","pages":"81-88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/SITA.200600114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50951087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signal transduction by the Epstein‐Barr virus oncogene latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)","authors":"A. Kieser","doi":"10.1002/SITA.200600116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/SITA.200600116","url":null,"abstract":"The latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) of Epstein-Barr virus is a viral oncogene with the poten-tial to antagonize apoptosis and senescence as well as to promote cellular survival and prolifera-tion. LMP1 acts like a constitutively active receptor recruiting signalling molecules typicallyemployed by the cellular tumour necrosis factor-receptor (TNF-R) and Toll-like/interleukin-1-receptor (TIR) families. LMP1 activates the classical and alternative NF-jB pathways, c-Jun N-ter-minal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), the JAK/STAT and phosphatidy-linositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways. In this article, interactions of LMP1 with host cell signal trans-duction pathways and their role in LMP1-induced cell transformation are reviewed.","PeriodicalId":88702,"journal":{"name":"Signal transduction","volume":"32 3","pages":"20-33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/SITA.200600116","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50951141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ground-based experimental platforms in gravitational biology and human physiology","authors":"R. Hemmersbach, M. V. D. Wiesche, D. Seibt","doi":"10.1002/SITA.200600105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/SITA.200600105","url":null,"abstract":"Scientists and technicians have been innovative in order to find experimental approaches to study the influence of gravity. Depending on the scientific question and the time course of events which are under investigation, different experimental platforms are available to provide conditions of altered gravitational stimulation on ground and to prepare space experiments i.e. under real microgravity conditions. The application profile ranges from studies with molecules or single cells up to humans.","PeriodicalId":88702,"journal":{"name":"Signal transduction","volume":"19 1","pages":"381-387"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/SITA.200600105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50950805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signal transduction in gravisensing of flagellates","authors":"D. Häder, Peter H. Richter, M. Lebert","doi":"10.1002/SITA.200600104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/SITA.200600104","url":null,"abstract":"Many photosynthetic or heterotrophic flagellates, from various taxa, show positive, negative and, in some cases, transversal gravitaxis. Most flagellates are unicellular; however, they can form aggregates or colonies. Two species have been studied in more detail, Chlamydomonas and Euglena, which can serve as model systems. Earlier theories suggested that gravitaxis is caused by a buoy effect: The cell is tail-heavy, and the propelling flagellum (flagella), inserting at the anterior end, pulls the organism upwards. Recent investigations, however, falsify these hypotheses and indicate the presence of an active, physiological graviperception mechanism, in some cases supported by a passive mechanism. In the photosynthetic Euglena, the cell body is heavier (1.04 g/mL) than the surrounding medium (water) and is assumed to exert pressure onto the lower membrane. The resulting force is believed to trigger mechano-sensitive calcium-specific ion channels. The molecular sensory transduction chain starts with the Ca influx which causes a depolarization of the membrane potential. The calcium is believed to bind to calmodulin which in turn activates an adenylyl cyclase. The produced cAMP is a secondary messenger and finally activates the flagellum reorientation. In Chlamydomonas, a mutant with defective mechano-sensitive channels was found which is agravitactic, indicating that also in this flagellate gravitaxis is mediated by an active physiological receptor.","PeriodicalId":88702,"journal":{"name":"Signal transduction","volume":"30 4","pages":"422-431"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/SITA.200600104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50950791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Editorial: Signal transduction in gravity perception: From microorganisms to mammals","authors":"O. Ullrich, D. Häder","doi":"10.1002/SITA.200690050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/SITA.200690050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":88702,"journal":{"name":"Signal transduction","volume":"47 10","pages":"377-379"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/SITA.200690050","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50951413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of cyclic GMP signaling in the melanocyte response to hypergravity","authors":"K. Ivanova, I. Block, P. Das, R. Gerzer","doi":"10.1002/SITA.200600102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/SITA.200600102","url":null,"abstract":"The human skin acts as a first barrier of defense to protect the internal organs from various chemical and physical environmental stress factors like solar ultraviolet radiation (UV) and mechanical stimuli. Human melanocytes (located strategically in the basal layer of the skin epidermis) represent a crucial protective barrier against UV irradiation and oxidative stress by generating the radical-scavenging pigment melanin. However, melanin is also known to act as a photosensitizer that generates active oxygen species upon UV irradiation, which may initiate pigmentary disorders like vitiligo due to loss of melanocytes as well as oncogenic melanocyte transformation. Melanocytes may further act as a protective immune barrier at the dermo-epidermal junction and thus participate in immune surveillance. For melanocytes it is known that the second messenger cyclic guanosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cGMP) plays a key role in UVB-induced melanogenesis involving nitric oxide (NO) signaling. Moreover, cGMP is involved in NO-induced perturbation of melanocyte-extracellular matrix interactions that may lead to loss of melanocytes and support melanoma metastasis. In the frame of the current space exploration, investigations on the influence of altered gravity on melanocyte physiology are of special interest. As cGMP appears to play an important signaling role in melanocyte physiology, a brief overview is presented on the role of the guanylyl cyclase-cGMP signaling, with a focus on the melanocyte response to hypergravity. An estimation of the gravity impact on melanocyte function may be of importance to asses the risk of astronauts to develop pigmentary disorders, particularly melanoma and other relevant skin cancers, during long-term spaceflights.","PeriodicalId":88702,"journal":{"name":"Signal transduction","volume":"25 2","pages":"406-413"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/SITA.200600102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50950751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The use of the random positioning machine for the study of gravitational effects on signal transduction in mammalian cells","authors":"D. Grimm, J. Bauer, M. Infanger, A. Cogoli","doi":"10.1002/SITA.200600103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/SITA.200600103","url":null,"abstract":"A comprehensive survey is provided on the application of a random positioning machine (RPM) for studies on gravitational effects on mammalian cells. The RPM is suitable to simulate microgravity conditions and allows performing a high number of on-ground experiments wherein mammalian cells are exposed to reduced gravity. Most of these experiments have been performed either to prove or extend observations made during spaceflights or to develop and prepare new spaceflight experiments. They did not only bring a tremendous number of observations, but they helped to elucidate three dominant cellular pathways that are affected by weightlessness. The apoptotic, the immune-activating and the bone differentiation pathways are discussed.","PeriodicalId":88702,"journal":{"name":"Signal transduction","volume":"6 1","pages":"388-396"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2006-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1002/SITA.200600103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50950759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}