Psycho-social medicine最新文献

{"title":"Manual for the psychotherapeutic treatment of acute and post-traumatic stress disorders following multiple shocks from implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD).","authors":"Jochen Jordan,&nbsp;Georg Titscher,&nbsp;Ludmila Peregrinova,&nbsp;Holger Kirsch","doi":"10.3205/psm000099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/psm000099","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>In view of the increasing number of implanted cardioverter defibrillators (ICD), the number of people suffering from so-called \"multiple ICD shocks\" is also increasing. The delivery of more than five shocks (appropriate or inappropriate) in 12 months or three or more shocks (so called multiple shocks) in a short time period (24 hours) leads to an increasing number of patients suffering from severe psychological distress (anxiety disorder, panic disorder, adjustment disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder). Untreated persons show chronic disease processes and a low rate of spontaneous remission and have an increased morbidity and mortality. Few papers have been published concerning the psychotherapeutic treatment for these patients.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study is to develop a psychotherapeutic treatment for patients with a post-traumatic stress disorder or adjustment disorder after multiple ICD shocks.</p><p><strong>Design: </strong>Explorative feasibility study: Treatment of 22 patients as a natural design without randomisation and without control group. The period of recruitment was three years, from March 2007 to March 2010. The study consisted of two phases: in the first phase (pilot study) we tested different components and dosages of psychotherapeutic treatments. The final intervention programme is presented in this paper. In the second phase (follow-up study) we assessed the residual post-traumatic stress symptoms in these ICD patients. The time between treatment and follow-up measurement was 12 to 30 months.</p><p><strong>Population: </strong>Thirty-one patients were assigned to the Department of Psychocardiology after multiple shocks. The sample consisted of 22 patients who had a post-traumatic stress disorder or an adjustment disorder and were willing and able to participate. They were invited for psychological treatment. 18 of them could be included into the follow-up study.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>After the clinical assessment at the beginning and at the end of the inpatient treatment a post-treatment assessment with questionnaires followed. In this follow-up measurement, minimum 12 months after inpatient treatment, posttraumatic stress was assessed using the \"Impact of Event Scale\" (IES-R).</p><p><strong>Setting: </strong>Inpatient treatment in a large Heart and Thorax Centre with a Department of Psychocardiology (Kerckhoff Heart Centre).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>From the 18 patients in the follow-up study no one reported complaints of PTSD. 15 of them reported a high or even a very high decrease of anxiety and avoidance behaviour.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The fist step of the treatment development seems to be successful. It shows encouraging results with an acceptable dosage. The second step of our work is in process now: we evaluate the treatment manual within other clinical institutions and a higher number of psychotherapists. This leads in the c","PeriodicalId":88305,"journal":{"name":"Psycho-social medicine","volume":"10 ","pages":"Doc09"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/psm000099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32010995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Letter from the editor.","authors":"Jörn von Wietersheim","doi":"10.3205/psm000100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/psm000100","url":null,"abstract":"Out of reasons of better organization and structure, the scientific societies, which carry P-S-M, have decided to close the open access journal GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine and to run it from 2014 on as a section in GMS German Medical Science. New manuscripts should be submitted there. We thank all authors and reviewers and the scientific societies for contributing to GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine.","PeriodicalId":88305,"journal":{"name":"Psycho-social medicine","volume":"10 ","pages":"Doc10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/psm000100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32010996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The causal representation of outpatients with Crohn's disease: is there a link between psychological distress and clinical disease activity?","authors":"Ingrid Banovic,&nbsp;Daniel Gilibert,&nbsp;Anne Andronikof,&nbsp;Ahmed Jebrane,&nbsp;Ivan Ajdukovic,&nbsp;Jaques Cosnes","doi":"10.3205/psm000098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/psm000098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>Because of the fluctuating and occasional character of Crohn's disease (CD), patients have to cope with a changeable condition of health. Personal perceived control is known to be an important element of adaptation to their medical condition. The objectives of this work are to determine if perceived personal control is predictive of the clinical activity of the disease and of psychological distress (depression, anxiety).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS), the causal dimension scale and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI; assessing perceived severity) were administered to 160 patients affected by Crohn's disease. Indicators of inflammation (CRP), disease duration and clinical activity of the disease were also asessed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Globally, CD patients perceive their disease as being personally neither controllable nor uncontrollable. Whereas psychological distress is significantly higher when the disease is active, the relationship between the variables appears complex. The feeling of personal control is explained by the clinical activity of the disease (p=.0001) and by the perception that CD is unstable (p<.00001) and globally impacts the life of patients (p=.001). Nevertheless perception of personal control does not explain the clinical activity of the disease. Finally, psychological distress is explained by the perception that the medical team is unable to control the disease (p=.00001) and by the global consequences of the disease on life (p<.005).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Psychological treatments should take these dimensions into account so as to improve the well-being and medical conditions of patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":88305,"journal":{"name":"Psycho-social medicine","volume":"10 ","pages":"Doc08"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/psm000098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32010994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The German Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS-C) - psychometric analysis and evaluation of the construct.","authors":"Birgit Kröner-Herwig,&nbsp;Jennifer Maas","doi":"10.3205/psm000097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/psm000097","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The Pain Catastrophizing Scale, adapted for children (PCS-C) by Crombez et al. (2003), was translated into German (SKS-D) and evaluated regarding its factorial structure, its reliability and validity. The association of catastrophizing with various pain characteristics and disability measures was examined as well as its association to neighboring constructs.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>The paper-and-pencil version of the SKS-D was used in two different samples of children and adolescents. Analyses were conducted on a subgroup of participants from an epidemiological sample [n=898; age: M=12.9 (SD=1.4)] who had experienced monthly headaches in the 6-months period before and a clinical sample [n=60; age: M=12.6 (SD=0.8)] seeking treatment for recurrent headaches.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Exploratory factor analysis (PCA) suggested a one-factor model in contrast to the 3-factor model suggested by Crombez et al. (2003). The unidimensional scale showed distinct homogeneity and satisfying reliability. The clinical sample showed significantly higher scores than the epidemiological group. Also girls scored higher than boys. The catastrophizing explained a considerable amount of variance in pain and disability parameters in both samples thus underlining its validity. The psychological variables internalising, anxiety sensitivity and somatosensory amplification showed significant small to moderate associations with pain catastrophizing and also with pain and disability. After controlling for the above mentioned psychological variables, catastrophizing still yielded an independent contribution to the explanation of variance in pain and disability parameters.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The PCS-C in its German form is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing catastrophizing in children with recurrent pain, in particular headache, in the age of 10-16 years. Pain catastrophizing is suggested to be assessed especially in pediatric pain patients as it is a significant moderator of pain and disability. In children with a distinct tendency to catastrophize cognitive restructuring should become a target of pediatric pain therapy, as a reduction of catastrophizing cognitions may indirectly help to ameliorate pain and disability.</p>","PeriodicalId":88305,"journal":{"name":"Psycho-social medicine","volume":" ","pages":"Doc07"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-08-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/psm000097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39973780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring the quality of life of people with dementia in nursing homes in Germany - the study protocol for the Qol-Dem Project.","authors":"Martin Nikolaus Dichter,&nbsp;Margareta Halek,&nbsp;Olga Dortmann,&nbsp;Gabriele Meyer,&nbsp;Sabine Bartholomeyczik","doi":"10.3205/psm000096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/psm000096","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>QUALIDEM is a standardized dementia-specific quality of life (Qol) measurement, which was developed and validated in the Netherlands. A German version has been available since 2008. This study protocol describes the design and methodology for the quality of life of people with dementia (Qol-Dem) project.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This project aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the German version of the QUALIDEM.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Due to the lack of both a universal definition of Qol and of standards to verify the validity of Qol measurements, this study is divided into three phases. The aim of the first theoretical phase is the development of a dementia-specific Qol model as a result of a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. The second empirical phase consists of the three following steps: (a) an investigation of the scalability and internal consistency of the measure, (b) an evaluation of the interrater and intrarater reliability, and (c) an extensive evaluation of the validity of the QUALIDEM. The resulting Qol model (phase 1) will be used for the selection of appropriate comparators for validity testing. In the third phase, the QUALIDEM will be adapted, if necessary, based on the knowledge generated in the first two phases.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The findings of the Qol-Dem project should deliver an accurate assessment of the psychometric properties of the German version of the QUALIDEM. The results will contribute to the further development of the instrument. Furthermore, the results will contribute to the theoretical development of the concept of Qol among people with dementia.</p>","PeriodicalId":88305,"journal":{"name":"Psycho-social medicine","volume":" ","pages":"Doc06"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/psm000096","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"39973945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The German version of the Material Values Scale.","authors":"Astrid Müller,&nbsp;Dirk J M Smits,&nbsp;Laurence Claes,&nbsp;Olaf Gefeller,&nbsp;Andreas Hinz,&nbsp;Martina de Zwaan","doi":"10.3205/psm000095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/psm000095","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>The Material Values Scale is an instrument to assess beliefs about the importance to own material things. This instrument originally consists of the three subscales: 'centrality', 'success', and 'happiness'. The present study investigated the psychometric properties of the German version of the MVS (G-MVS).</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>A population-based sample of 2,295 adult Germans completed the questionnaire in order to investigate the factorial structure. To test construct validity, additional samples were gathered among patients with compulsive buying (N=52) and medical students (N=347) who also answered the Compulsive Buying Scale (CBS) and the Patient Health Questionnaire depression scale (PHQ-8).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In the German population-based sample we could not confirm the 3-factor model but rather suggest a 2-factor solution with a first collapsed factor 'centrality/success', and the second factor 'happiness'. Patients with compulsive buying showed the highest scores on the G-MVS. While G-MVS scores among compulsive buyers and medical students were significantly related to compulsive buying scores, the correlation between the G-MVS and the depression measure appeared substantially lower. We did not find any gender differences regarding materialism, neither in the population-based sample nor in the students' or compulsive buyers' samples. However, age was negatively related to G-MVS scores.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Confirmatory factor analyses suggest a 2-factor model of the G-MVS. Overall, the results indicate the use of the G-MVS as a brief, psychometrically sound, and potentially valid measure for the assessment of material values.</p>","PeriodicalId":88305,"journal":{"name":"Psycho-social medicine","volume":"10 ","pages":"Doc05"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/psm000095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31626950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The effect of forced choice on facial emotion recognition: a comparison to open verbal classification of emotion labels.","authors":"Kerstin Limbrecht-Ecklundt,&nbsp;Andreas Scheck,&nbsp;Lucia Jerg-Bretzke,&nbsp;Steffen Walter,&nbsp;Holger Hoffmann,&nbsp;Harald C Traue","doi":"10.3205/psm000094","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/psm000094","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This article includes the examination of potential methodological problems of the application of a forced choice response format in facial emotion recognition.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>33 subjects were presented with validated facial stimuli. The task was to make a decision about which emotion was shown. In addition, the subjective certainty concerning the decision was recorded.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The detection rates are 68% for fear, 81% for sadness, 85% for anger, 87% for surprise, 88% for disgust, and 94% for happiness, and are thus well above the random probability.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This study refutes the concern that the use of forced choice formats may not adequately reflect actual recognition performance. The use of standardized tests to examine emotion recognition ability leads to valid results and can be used in different contexts. For example, the images presented here appear suitable for diagnosing deficits in emotion recognition in the context of psychological disorders and for mapping treatment progress.</p>","PeriodicalId":88305,"journal":{"name":"Psycho-social medicine","volume":"10 ","pages":"Doc04"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/psm000094","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31531355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct, indirect, and intangible costs after severe trauma up to occupational reintegration - an empirical analysis of 113 seriously injured patients.","authors":"Benjamin Anders, Oliver Ommen, Holger Pfaff, Markus Lüngen, Rolf Lefering, Sonja Thüm, Christian Janssen","doi":"10.3205/psm000092","DOIUrl":"10.3205/psm000092","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Although seriously injured patients account for a high medical as well as socioeconomic burden of disease in the German health care system, there are only very few data describing the costs that arise between the days of accident and occupational reintegration. With this study, a comprehensive cost model is developed that describes the direct, indirect and intangible costs of an accident and their relationship with socioeconomic background of the patients.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study included 113 patients who each had at least two injuries and a total Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) greater than or equal to five. We calculated the direct, indirect and intangible costs that arose between the day of the accident and occupational reintegration. Direct costs were the treatment costs at hospitals and rehabilitation centers. Indirect costs were calculated using the human capital approach on the basis of the work days lost due to injury, including sickness allowance benefits. Intangible costs were assessed using the Short Form Survey (SF-36) and represented in non-monetary form. Following univariate analysis, a bivariate analysis of the above costs and the patients' sociodemographic and socioeconomic characteristics was performed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At an average Injury Severity Score (ISS) of 19.2, the average direct cost per patient were €35,661. An average of 185.2 work days were lost, resulting in indirect costs of €17,205. The resulting total costs per patient were €50,431. A bivariate analysis showed that the costs for hospital treatment were 58% higher in patients who graduated from lower secondary school [Hauptschule] (ISS 19.5) than in patients with qualification for university admission [Abitur] (ISS 19.4).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The direct costs of treating trauma patients at the hospital appear to be lower in patients with a higher level of education than in the comparison group with a lower educational level. Because of missing data, the calculated indirect costs can merely represent a general trend, so that the bivariate analysis can only be seen as a starting point for further studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":88305,"journal":{"name":"Psycho-social medicine","volume":"10 ","pages":"Doc02"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/bc/16/PSM-10-02.PMC3687242.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31531353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Emotional ambivalence and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in soldiers during military operations.","authors":"Lucia Jerg-Bretzke,&nbsp;Steffen Walter,&nbsp;Kerstin Limbrecht-Ecklundt,&nbsp;Harald C Traue","doi":"10.3205/psm000093","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/psm000093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This pilot study examined the extent to which a specific mechanism of emotion regulation - namely, ambivalence concerning the expressiveness of German soldiers' emotions - affects the severity of PTSD symptoms after a military operation.</p><p><strong>Methodology: </strong>A survey was conducted at three points in time among 66 soldiers deployed on military crisis operations. The Harvard Trauma Questionaire (HTQ), the Ambivalence over Emotional Expressiveness Questionnaire (AEQ-G18), and a questionnaire on the particular stress of German soldiers during military operations were used.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The study showed a significant correlation between emotional ambivalence and traumatization. Furthermore, it was shown that the subjective stress of soldiers leading up to deployment is more pronounced when emotional ambivalence is stronger in the context of military operations. This particular stress is greater before and during the military operation than after. Compared to a male control sample, the average AEQ-G18 scores of the soldier sample examined here are considerably lower.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This pilot study clearly indicates that the AEQ-G18 could be a suitable predictor of the psychological burden on soldiers. The correlations between emotional ambivalence on the one hand and the particular and post-traumatic stressors on the other hand are not only statistically significant in the present pilot study, but may also be relevant as risk factors. It is, therefore, necessary to conduct more extensive studies on soldiers participating in military operations to verify the results of this pilot study.</p>","PeriodicalId":88305,"journal":{"name":"Psycho-social medicine","volume":"10 ","pages":"Doc03"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/psm000093","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31531354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A short form of the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE-6): Development, psychometric properties and validity in an intercultural non-clinical sample and a sample of patients at risk for heart failure.","authors":"Matthias Romppel,&nbsp;Christoph Herrmann-Lingen,&nbsp;Rolf Wachter,&nbsp;Frank Edelmann,&nbsp;Hans-Dirk Düngen,&nbsp;Burkert Pieske,&nbsp;Gesine Grande","doi":"10.3205/psm000091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3205/psm000091","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>General self-efficacy has been found to be an influential variable related to the adaptation to stress and chronic illness, with the General Self-Efficacy (GSE) Scale by Jerusalem and Schwarzer being a reliable and valid instrument to assess this disposition. The aim of this study was to construct and test a short form of this scale to allow for a more economical assessment of the construct.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The item characteristics of the original scale were assessed using an intercultural non-clinical sample (n=19,719). Six items with the highest coefficient of variation and good discrimination along the range of the trait were selected to build a short form of the instrument (GSE-6). Subsequently, the psychometric properties and the concurrent and predictive validity of the GSE-6 were tested in a longitudinal design with three measurements using a sample of patients with risk factors for heart failure (n=1,460).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Cronbach's alpha for the GSE-6 was between .79 and .88. We found negative associations with symptoms of depression (-.35 and -.45), anxiety (-.35), and vital exhaustion (-.38) and positive associations with social support (.30), and mental health (.36). In addition, the GSE-6 score was positively associated with active problem-focused coping (.26) and distraction/self-encouragement (.25) and negatively associated with depressive coping (-.34). The baseline GSE-6 score predicted mental health and physical health after 28 months, even after controlling for the respective baseline score. The relative stability over twelve and 28 months was r=.50 and r=.60, respectively, while the mean self-efficacy score did not change over time.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The six item short form of the GSE scale is a reliable and valid instrument that is useful for the economical assessment of general self-efficacy in large multivariate studies and for screening purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":88305,"journal":{"name":"Psycho-social medicine","volume":"10 ","pages":"Doc01"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.3205/psm000091","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"31255187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}