Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference最新文献

{"title":"Behaviors increasing the risk of crash injury in latino adolescent males: the influence of acculturation and parent connectedness.","authors":"Federico E Vaca, Daniel L Summers, Linda Roney, Pina Violano, Alison Moriarty-Daley, James Dziura, Craig Anderson","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"57 ","pages":"369-72"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861838/pdf/poster040.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32014180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of impaired driving assessments and special management reviews in reducing impaired driving fatal crashes in the United States.","authors":"James Fell,&nbsp;Amy Auld-Owens,&nbsp;Cecelia Snowden","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Since 1991, State Impaired-Driving Assessments (IDAs) and Special Management Reviews (SMRs) have been conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to serve as a mechanism to assess the impaired-driving problem in the State, document the existing system, recommend improvements, and garner both political and public support to fund and implement improvements. Did these assessments and reviews serve the States as intended and provide a catalyst to reduce impaired driving? Almost half of the priority recommendations from IDAs in seven States and 60% of the priority recommendations in SMR States were implemented. Barriers to the implementation of some recommendations are discussed. IDAs and SMRs implemented at varying times were examined using logistic regression analyses of the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) for the years 1990 to 2008 to determine the effect they may have triggered on impaired driving rates in fatal crashes. States receiving IDAs and SMRs were compared to similar States not receiving them. Paired comparisons of similar States (e.g. IDA-State vs. non-IDA State) did not reveal any significant differences in impaired driving rates, but IDA and SMR States as a group showed significantly greater impaired driving declines in fatal crashes compared to non-IDA and non-SMR States as a group. IDAs and SMRs appear to provide a mechanism to examine the State's impaired-driving program by an external team of experts and reveal areas where improvement is needed and confirm strategies that appear to be effective. </p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"57 ","pages":"33-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861810/pdf/ffile067.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32015567","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Do speed cameras reduce collisions?","authors":"Jeffrey Skubic, Steven B Johnson, Chris Salvino, Steven Vanhoy, Chengcheng Hu","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We investigated the effects of speed cameras along a 26 mile segment in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Motor vehicle collisions were retrospectively identified according to three time periods - before cameras were placed, while cameras were in place and after cameras were removed. A 14 mile segment in the same area without cameras was used for control purposes. Five cofounding variables were eliminated. In this study, the placement or removal of interstate highway speed cameras did not independently affect the incidence of motor vehicle collisions. </p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"57 ","pages":"365-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861844/pdf/poster049.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32014178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Self-pay trauma victims have a higher mortality rate than patients with different payment methods.","authors":"Vatsal Chikani,&nbsp;Chris Salvino,&nbsp;Khaleel Hussaini,&nbsp;Anne Vossbrink,&nbsp;Anita Ray Ng,&nbsp;Ben Bobrow,&nbsp;Jeff Skubic,&nbsp;Rogelio Martinez","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"57 ","pages":"345-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861839/pdf/poster042.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32013131","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Costs of alcohol-involved crashes, United States, 2010.","authors":"Eduard Zaloshnja, Ted R Miller, Lawrence J Blincoe","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper estimates total and unit costs of alcohol-involved crashes in the U.S. in 2010. With methods from earlier studies, we estimated costs per crash survivor by MAIS, body part, and fracture/dislocation involvement. We multiplied them times 2010 crash incidence estimates from NHTSA data sets, with adjustments for underreporting of crashes and their alcohol involvement. The unit costs are lifetime costs discounted at 3%. To develop medical costs, we combined 2008 Health Care Utilization Program national data for hospitalizations and ED visits of crash survivors with prior estimates of post-discharge costs. Productivity losses drew on Current Population Survey and American Time Use Survey data. Quality of life losses came from a 2011 AAAM paper and property damage from insurance data. We built a hybrid incidence file comprised of 2008-2010 and 1984-86 NHTSA crash surveillance data, weighted with 2010 General Estimates System weights. Fatality data came from the 2010 FARS. An estimated 12% of 2010 crashes but only 0.9% of miles driven were alcohol-involved (BAC > .05). Alcohol-involved crashes cost an estimated $125 billion. That is 22.5% of the societal cost of all crashes. Alcohol-attributable crashes accounted for an estimated 22.5% of US auto liability insurance payments. Alcohol-involved crashes cost $0.86 per drink. Above the US BAC limit of .08, crash costs were $8.37 per mile driven; 1 in 788 trips resulted in a crash and 1 in 1,016 trips in an arrest. Unit costs for crash survivors by severity are higher for impaired driving than for other crashes. That suggests national aggregate impaired driving cost estimates in other countries are substantial underestimates if they are based on all-crash unit costs. </p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"57 ","pages":"3-12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861831/pdf/ffile027.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32014005","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biomechanics of human thoracolumbar spinal column trauma from vertical impact loading.","authors":"Narayan Yoganandan,&nbsp;Mike W J Arun,&nbsp;Brian D Stemper,&nbsp;Frank A Pintar,&nbsp;Dennis J Maiman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recent studies suggest that dorsal spine injuries occur in motor vehicle crashes to restrained occupants. Compression/compression-flexion injuries occur in frontal crashes due to seat pan and vertical loading. While injuries, mechanisms and tolerances for neck injuries have been determined, thoraco-lumbar spine data are very limited. The objective of the study was to determine the biomechanical characteristics associated with such spinal injuries due to vertical loading. Upper thoracic (T2-T6), lower thoracic (T7-T11) and lumbar (T12-L5) columns from post mortem human surrogates were procured, fixed at the ends and dropped from three heights: the first two impacts designed as non-failure tests and the final was the failure test. Intermittent evaluations consisted of palpations and x-rays. Injuries were assessed using posttest x-rays and computed tomography scans. The age, stature, total body mass and body mass index of three PMHS were: 50 years, 164 cm, 66.9 kg, and 24.7 kg/m(2). The mean peak forces from 24 tests for the upper and lower thoracic and lumbar spines for varying drop heights ranged from 1.6 to 4.3, 1.3 to 5.1, and 1.3 to 6.7 kN, respectively. All peak forces increased with increasing drop heights. Injuries to the three spines included unstable vertebral body and posterior element (bipedicular and lamina) compression fractures and posterior complex disruptions. Logistic regression analysis indicated that peak forces of 3.4 and 3.7 kN are associated with 50% probability of fracture. These results indicate the initial tolerance limits of dorsal spines under vertical loading. </p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"57 ","pages":"155-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861829/pdf/ffile016.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32014967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship between Older Drivers' Performance on the Driving Observation Schedule (eDOS) and Cognitive Performance.","authors":"Sjaan Koppel,&nbsp;Judith Charlton,&nbsp;Jim Langford,&nbsp;Zafiroula Vlahodimitrakou,&nbsp;Marilyn Di Stefano,&nbsp;Wendy Macdonald,&nbsp;Barbara Mazer,&nbsp;Isabelle Gelinas,&nbsp;Brenda Vrkljan,&nbsp;Shawn Marshall","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Research question/objective: </strong>The Driving Observation Schedule (eDOS) was developed for use in the Candrive/Ozcandrive five-year prospective study of older drivers to observe the driving behavior of older drivers and monitor changes in driving behaviors over time. The aim of this study is to describe participants' driving performance during the eDOS driving task and investigate the association between driving performance and cognitive measures.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A subset of Ozcandrive participants (n = 144, 104 male [72%], 40 female [28%], Mean age = 81.49 years, SD = 3.58 years, Range: 76 - 96 years) completed the eDOS driving task. Participants drove to their selected destinations (up to 4 locations), with observations of driving behaviors (both inappropriate and appropriate) recorded for specific driving maneuvers: intersection negotiation, lane-changing, merging, low speed maneuvers and maneuver-free driving. Driving behaviors (e.g. signalling, speed regulation, gap acceptance, lane position, 'critical errors') were scored by a trained observer and participants received an overall eDOS driving task score (Maximum = 100 points). Participants also completed a series of cognitive assessments as part of the Year 2 Candrive/Ozcandrive assessment protocols.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The overall eDOS driving task score was very high (M = 95.77; SD = 5.15; Range = 65.63 - 100). Detailed analyses of participants' driving behavior revealed a high level of appropriate driving behavior (96%, n = 5,935 maneuvers), with few errors (4%, n = 252 maneuvers). While most participants' performance on the cognitive assessments was high, some scores were below the criteria for cogntive impairment (BIC) according to conventional benchmarks: (MoCA: M = 26.56, SD = 2.12, Range = 19 - 30, % BIC = 28%; MMSE: M = 29.10, SD = 1.01, Range = 26-30, %BIC = 0%; Trails B: M = 111.66, SD = 43.53, Range = 50 - 301, %BIC = 6%). There was no significant relationship observed between participants' overall eDOS driving task scores and age (r (144) = -0.17, p > 0.05), and performance on various cognitive assessments including: MoCA (r (144) = 0.07, p > 0.1), MMSE (r (144) = 0.03, p > 0.5), Trail Making Test B (r (144) = 0.09, p > 0.1).</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Preliminary analyses of the eDOS driving task revealed a high level of appropriate driving behavior among Ozcandrive older drivers. Despite some participants' cognitive performance suggesting impairment, participants' overall eDOS driving task scores were not significantly related to cognitive performance. This finding is consistent with previous research suggesting some older drivers are able to compensate well for age-related cognitive impairment.</p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"57 ","pages":"67-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861843/pdf/ffile014.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32015571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of chest injury mechanisms in nearside oblique frontal impacts.","authors":"Johan Iraeus,&nbsp;Mats Lindquist,&nbsp;Sofie Wistrand,&nbsp;Elin Sibgård,&nbsp;Bengt Pipkorn","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the use of seat belts and modern safety systems, many automobile occupants are still seriously injured or killed in car crashes. Common configurations in these crashes are oblique and small overlap frontal impacts that often lead to chest injuries.To evaluate the injury mechanism in these oblique impacts, an investigation was carried out using mathematical human body model simulations. A model of a simplified vehicle interior was developed and validated by means of mechanical sled tests with the Hybrid III dummy. The interior model was then combined with the human body model THUMS and validated by means of mechanical PMHS sled tests. Occupant kinematics as well as rib fracture patterns were predicted with reasonable accuracy.The final model was updated to conform to modern cars and a simulation matrix was run. In this matrix the boundary conditions, ΔV and PDOF, were varied and rib fracture risk as a function of the boundary conditions was evaluated using a statistical framework.In oblique frontal impacts, two injury producing mechanisms were found; (i) diagonal belt load and (ii) side structure impact. The second injury mechanism was found for PDOFs of 25°-35°, depending on ΔV. This means that for larger PDOFs, less ΔV is needed to cause a serious chest injury. </p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"57 ","pages":"183-96"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861827/pdf/ffile008.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32015990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identifying periods of drowsy driving using EEG.","authors":"Timothy Brown,&nbsp;Robin Johnson,&nbsp;Gary Milavetz","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drowsy driving is a significant contributor to death and injury crashes on our nation's highways. Predictive neurophysiologic/physiologic solutions to reduce these incidences have been proposed and developed. EEG based metrics were found to be promising in initial studies, but remain controversial in their efficacy, primarily due to failures to develop replication studies within the simulation settings used for development, and real-world validation. This analysis sought to address these short comings by assessing the utility of the B-Alert algorithms, in a replication study of driving and drowsiness. Data were collected on the National Advanced Driving Simulator from 72 volunteer drivers exposed to three types of roadways at three times of day representing different levels of drowsiness. EEG metrics, collected using the B-Alert X10 Wireless Headset were evaluated to determine their utility in future predictive studies. The replication of the B-Alert algorithms was a secondary focus for this analysis, resulting in highly variable start times within each time of day segment, leading to EEG data being confounded by the diurnal variations that occur in the basal EEG signal. Regardless of this limitation, the analysis revealed promising outcomes. The EEG based algorithms for sleep onset, drowsiness, as well as fatigue related power spectral bandwidths (i.e. lateral central, and parietal alpha) varied with time of day of the drives. Interestingly, EEG metrics of cognitive workload were also sensative to the terrain of the drives. The replicaiton of the B-Alert algorithms were a secondary focuse in the study design, Taken together, these data indicate great potential of carefully designed studies to utilize neurophysiologic metrics to identify time of day and task and road conditions that may be at greatest risk during fatigued/drowsy periods. </p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"57 ","pages":"99-108"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861841/pdf/ffile051.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32014960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Abdominal Organ Location, Morphology, and Rib Coverage for the 5(th), 50(th), and 95(th) Percentile Males and Females in the Supine and Seated Posture using Multi-Modality Imaging.","authors":"Ashley R Hayes,&nbsp;F Scott Gayzik,&nbsp;Daniel P Moreno,&nbsp;R Shayn Martin,&nbsp;Joel D Stitzel","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The purpose of this study was to use data from a multi-modality image set of males and females representing the 5(th), 50(th), and 95(th) percentile (n=6) to examine abdominal organ location, morphology, and rib coverage variations between supine and seated postures. Medical images were acquired from volunteers in three image modalities including Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), and upright MRI (uMRI). A manual and semi-automated segmentation method was used to acquire data and a registration technique was employed to conduct a comparative analysis between abdominal organs (liver, spleen, and kidneys) in both postures. Location of abdominal organs, defined by center of gravity movement, varied between postures and was found to be significant (p=0.002 to p=0.04) in multiple directions for each organ. In addition, morphology changes, including compression and expansion, were seen in each organ as a result of postural changes. Rib coverage, defined as the projected area of the ribs onto the abdominal organs, was measured in frontal, lateral, and posterior projections, and also varied between postures. A significant change in rib coverage between postures was measured for the spleen and right kidney (p=0.03 and p=0.02). The results indicate that posture affects the location, morphology and rib coverage area of abdominal organs and these implications should be noted in computational modeling efforts focused on a seated posture. </p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"57 ","pages":"111-22"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861817/pdf/ffile053.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"32014961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}