Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference最新文献

{"title":"Pedestrian injury patterns according to car and casualty characteristics in france.","authors":"Jean-Louis Martin,&nbsp;Audrey Lardy,&nbsp;Bernard Laumon","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper describes the injury patterns of pedestrians involved in collisions with cars, compares them with other road casualties and estimates the possible effect of car front profile on injury location. Injury patterns were identified using the Rhône Road Trauma Registry which covers all the casualties resulting from crashes in the Rhône Département (1.6 million inhabitants) who seek medical care in health facilities. Fatality rates were estimated from national police reports for the same years (1996-2007), and the two data sources were linked to obtain information on the front profile of the striking car. As with all groups of road users, most of the pedestrians involved in car crashes were young. However elderly people were overrepresented when the size of the exposed population was taken into account. The most frequently injured body regions were the lower extremities (50% of victims), the head/face/neck (38%) and the upper extremities (27%). Pelvic injuries were much more common for women. The most severe injuries (AIS4+) were mostly to the head and thorax, for all groups of road users. However, pedestrians sustained twice as many head injuries as thoracic injuries. When the front profiles were grouped together according to the most common car types in Europe, the risk of being killed was higher for MPVs. More specifically, the risk of sustaining an AIS2+ thoracic injury was higher in a collision with an MPV. Our study confirms that it is quite justified for the tests based on European Enhanced Vehicle-Safety Committee guidelines to be focused on the head and the lower extremities. However, no test procedure exists for thoracic injuries, which is the body region with the second highest number of severe or fatal injuries.</p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"55 ","pages":"137-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256841/pdf/file020final.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30270544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improving trauma triage using basic crash scene data.","authors":"Gabriel E Ryb,&nbsp;Patricia C Dischinger","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>to analyze the occurrence of severe injuries and deaths among crash victims transported to hospitals in relation to occupant and scene characteristics, including on-scene patient mobility, and their potential use in triaging patients to the appropriate level of care.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>the occurrence of death and ISS>15 were studied in relation to occupant, crash and mobility data readily available to EMS at the scene, using weighted NASS-CDS data. Data set was randomly split in two for model development and evaluation. Characteristics were combined to develop new triage schemes. Overtriage and undertriage rates were calculated for the NASS-CDS case trauma center allocation and for the newly developed triage schemes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Compared to the NASS-CDS distribution, a scheme using patient mobility alone showed lower overtriage of those with ISS≤15 (38.8% vs. 55.5%) and lower undertriage of victims who died from their crash-related injuries (2.34% vs. 21.47%). Undertriage of injuries with ISS> 15 was similar (16.0 vs. 16.9). A scheme based on the presence of one of many scene risk factors (age>55, GCS<14, intrusion ≥18\", near lateral impact, far lateral impact with intrusion ≥12\", rollover or lack of restraint use) resulted in an undertriage of 0.86% (death) and 10.5% (ISS>15) and an overtriage of 63.4%. The combination of at least one of the scene risk factors and mobility status greatly decreased overtriage of those with ISS<15 (24.4%) with an increase in death undertriage (3.19%). Further combination of mobility and scene factors allowed for maintenance of a low undertriage (0.86%) as well as an acceptable overtriage (48%).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patient mobility data easily obtained at the scene of a crash allows triaging of injured patients to the appropriate facility with a high sensitivity and specificity. The addition of crash scene data to scene mobility allows further reductions on undertriaging or overtriaging.</p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"55 ","pages":"337-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256812/pdf/file091final.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30271370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of head-neck responses in frontal impacts using restrained human surrogates.","authors":"Narayan Yoganandan,&nbsp;Frank A Pintar,&nbsp;Michael Schlick,&nbsp;Jason Moore,&nbsp;Dennis J Maiman","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of the study was to evaluate the head and neck kinetics of three-point belted Hybrid III dummy and Test Device for Human Occupant Restraint (THOR) in frontal impacts, and compare their responses with data from post mortem human subjects (PMHS). Surrogates were placed on a buck, capable of accommodating different anthropometry with similar initial positioning. Duplicate tests were conducted at low, medium, and high (3.6, 6.9, and 15.8 m/s) velocities. Upper and lower neck forces and moments were determined from load cell measures and its locations with respect to the ends of the neck. Head excursion-time responses were more repeatable in the Hybrid III dummy than the THOR dummy. Hybrid III dummy response was more rigid in the sagittal plane. Peak THOR motions were closer to PMHS. Based on times of occurrences of peak excursions, THOR was closer to PMHS at all velocities, while Hybrid III dummy showed biofidelity at the medium and high velocities. Controlled positioning and testing with different surrogates provide an evaluation of inter-subject responses. THOR was more likely to \"get the head where and when it needs to be\" in frontal impacts. With the importance of testing at lower speeds due to recent recognition of real-world injuries, these data suggest that THOR may be an optimal dummy for frontal impacts. Comparisons of head-neck kinetic data with PMHS are valuable in frontal impact injury assessments.</p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"55 ","pages":"181-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256835/pdf/file040final.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30271463","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparisons of the Outcome Prediction Performance of Injury Severity Scoring Tools Using the Abbreviated Injury Scale 90 Update 98 (AIS 98) and 2005 Update 2008 (AIS 2008).","authors":"Hideo Tohira,&nbsp;Ian Jacobs,&nbsp;David Mountain,&nbsp;Nick Gibson,&nbsp;Allen Yeo","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) was revised in 2005 and updated in 2008 (AIS 2008). We aimed to compare the outcome prediction performance of AIS-based injury severity scoring tools by using AIS 2008 and AIS 98. We used all major trauma patients hospitalized to the Royal Perth Hospital between 1994 and 2008. We selected five AIS-based injury severity scoring tools, including Injury Severity Score (ISS), New Injury Severity Score (NISS), modified Anatomic Profile (mAP), Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) and A Severity Characterization of Trauma (ASCOT). We selected survival after injury as a target outcome. We used the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (AUROC) as a performance measure. First, we compared the five tools using all cases whose records included all variables for the TRISS (complete dataset) using a 10-fold cross-validation. Second, we compared the ISS and NISS for AIS 98 and AIS 2008 using all subjects (whole dataset). We identified 1,269 and 4,174 cases for a complete dataset and a whole dataset, respectively. With the 10-fold cross-validation, there were no clear differences in the AUROCs between the AIS 98- and AIS 2008-based scores. With the second comparison, the AIS 98-based ISS performed significantly worse than the AIS 2008-based ISS (p<0.0001), while there was no significant difference between the AIS 98- and AIS 2008-based NISSs. Researchers should be aware of these findings when they select an injury severity scoring tool for their studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"55 ","pages":"255-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256842/pdf/file028final.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30271989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Testing and Contrasting Road Safety Education, Deterrence, and Social Capital Theories: A Sociological Approach to the Understanding of Male Drink-Driving in Chile's Metropolitan Region.","authors":"José Ignacio Nazif","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Three theories offer different explanations to the understanding of male drink-driving. In order to test road safety education, deterrence, and social capital theories, logistic regression analysis was applied to predict respondents' statements of having or not having engaged in actual drink-driving (DD). Variable for road safety education theory was whether a driver had graduated from a professional driving school or not. Deterrence theory was operationalized with a variable of whether a driver had been issued a traffic ticket or not. Social capital theory was operationalized with two variables, having children or not and having religion identification or not. Since both variables 'years of formal education' and 'years of driving experience' have been reported to be correlated to alcohol consumption and DD respectively, these were introduced as controls. In order to assess the significance of each variable statistically, Wald tests were applied in seven models. Results indicate on the one hand that road safety education variable is not statistically significant; and on the other, deterrence theory variable and social capital theory variable 'having children' were both statistically significant at the level of .01. Findings are discussed in reference to Chile's context. Data were taken from the \"Road Users Attitudes and Behaviors towards Traffic Safety\" survey from the National Commission of Road Safety of the Government of Chile (2005). The sample size was reported to be 2,118 (N of male drivers was 396). This survey was representative of Chile's Metropolitan Region road users' population.</p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"55 ","pages":"313-23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256825/pdf/file051final.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30271994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Child posture and shoulder belt fit during extended night-time traveling: an in-transit observational study.","authors":"Jason L Forman,&nbsp;Maria Segui-Gomez,&nbsp;Joseph H Ash,&nbsp;Francisco J Lopez-Valdes","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding pediatric occupant postures can help researchers indentify injury risk factors, and provide information for prospective injury prediction. This study sought to observe lateral head positions and shoulder belt fit among older child automobile occupants during a scenario likely to result in sleeping - extended travel during the night. An observational, volunteer, in-transit study was performed with 30 pediatric rear-seat passengers, ages 7 to 14. Each was restrained by a three-point seatbelt and was driven for seventy-five minutes at night. Ten subjects used a high-back booster seat, ten used a low-back booster seat, and ten used none (based on the subject height and weight). The subjects were recorded with a low-light video camera, and one frame was analyzed per each minute of video. The high-back booster group exhibited a statistically significant (p<0.05) decrease in the mean frequency of poor shoulder belt fit compared to the no-booster and low-back booster groups. The high-back booster group also exhibited statistically significant decreases in the 90(th) percentile of the absolute value of the relative lateral motion of the head. The low-back booster group did not result in statistically significant decreases in poor shoulder belt fit or lateral head motion compared to the no-booster group. These results are consistent with the presence of large lateral supports of the high-back booster which provided support to the head while sleeping, reducing voluntary lateral occupant motion and improving shoulder belt fit. Future work includes examining lap belt fit in-transit, and examining the effects of these observations on predicted injury risk.</p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"55 ","pages":"3-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256839/pdf/file004final.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30273326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prescription medication usage and crash culpability in a population of injured drivers.","authors":"Patricia Dischinger,&nbsp;Jingyi Li,&nbsp;Gordon S Smith,&nbsp;Shiu Ho,&nbsp;Kimberly Auman,&nbsp;Dawn Shojai","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Unlabelled: </strong>There has been increasing concern regarding the role of prescription drug use in the causation of traffic crashes. The goal of this research is to describe the prevalence of prescription drug use among injured trauma patients and determine the association between classes of drugs and crash culpability, a surrogate measure of crash risk.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Patient records, including chronic medication usage, for all drivers admitted to a trauma center following a traffic collision in 2008 (N=1,558) were linked with police crash reports to determine crash culpability. Multivariable analyses explored the association between medication use and crash culpability among non-drinking drivers. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were compared among drivers who were and were not using central nervous system (CNS)-acting medications (single and multiple).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>61.5% of all drivers were using any medications and usage increased with age, as did numbers of prescriptions per driver. Logistic regression analyses revealed that drivers who used CNS medications had an increased risk of culpability; those on more than one such medication had a crude (unadjusted) odds ratio of 2.16 for having caused the crash. Among drivers less than 45 years old, CNS medications did not significantly increase the risk of crash culpability. However, among drivers aged 45 or greater, the odds ratios for one, two, or 2+ CNS medications vs. none increased dramatically from 1.89 to 4.23 to 7.99, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results suggest that special attention should be given to older drivers (45+) using two or more CNS-acting agents.</p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"55 ","pages":"207-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256838/pdf/file082final.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30271465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Demographics, Velocity Distributions, and Impact Type as Predictors of AIS 4+ Head Injuries in Motor Vehicle Crashes.","authors":"Narayan Yoganandan,&nbsp;Michael Fitzharris,&nbsp;Frank A Pintar,&nbsp;Brian D Stemper,&nbsp;James Rinaldi,&nbsp;Dennis J Maiman,&nbsp;Brian N Fildes","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The objective of the study was to determine differences between the United States-based NASS and CIREN and Australia-based ANCIS databases in occupant-, crash-, and vehicle-related parameters for AIS 4+ head injuries in motor vehicle crashes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to examine roles of the change in velocity (DV), crash type (frontal, far-side, nearside, rear impact), seatbelt use, and occupant position, gender, age, stature, and body mass in cranial traumas. Belted and unbelted non-ejected occupant (age >16 years) data from 1997-2006 were used for the NASS and CIREN datasets, and 2000-2010 for ANCIS. Vehicle model year, and occupant position and demographics including body mass index (BMI) data were obtained. Injuries were coded using AIS 1990-1998 update. Similarities were apparent across all databases: mean demographics were close to the mid-size anthropometry, mean BMI was in the normal to overweight range, and representations of extreme variations were uncommon. Side impacts contributed to over one-half of the ensemble, implying susceptibility to head trauma in this mode. Odds of sustaining head injury increased by 4% per unit increase in DV (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.03-1.04, p<0.001; adjusted for other variables); one-half for belted compared to unbelted occupants (OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.37-0.61, p<0.001); nearside, then far-side had significantly higher odds than frontal, and no difference by gender or position (front-left, front-right). Similar crash- and occupant-related outcomes from the two continents indicate a worldwide need to revise the translation acceleration-based head injury criterion to include the angular component in an appropriate format for improved injury assessment and mitigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"55 ","pages":"267-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256840/pdf/file062final.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30271991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Driving simulator performance in patients with possible and probable Alzheimer's disease.","authors":"Anthony C Stein, Richard M Dubinsky","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Drivers with more advanced stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been previously associated with an increased rate of motor vehicle accidents. Drivers suffering from early AD are also involved in, and may even cause motor vehicle accidents with greater frequency than \"normal\" drivers. Consequently there is considerable public concern regarding traffic safety issues for those with AD and subsequently for society, but there has been little research in understanding whether deterioration in driving ability is progressive, or has a sudden onset once the disease has reached a certain severity. The purpose of this study was to identify possible degradation in simulated driving performance that may occur at the earliest stages of AD, and compare these decrements to a control group of normal drivers.Using a single blind design, seventeen AD subjects, eight at a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of 0.5 (possible AD) and nine at a CDR of 1 (probable AD), were compared to 63 cognitively normal, elderly controls. All subjects were trained to drive a computerized interactive driving simulator and then tested on a 19.3 km (12 mile) test course.The AD subjects demonstrated impaired driving performance when compared to the controls. The simulated driving performance of the CDR 1 AD subjects was so degraded that it would be regarded as unsafe by standard assessment criteria. The CDR 0.5 subjects made similar errors, suggesting that driving impairment may occur at the earliest stages of the disease. Further work will be necessary to determine the significance of these findings.</p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"55 ","pages":"325-34"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256816/pdf/file099final.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30271995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of race and ethnicity on the effect of graduated driver licensing laws in the United States.","authors":"Eduardo Romano, James Fell, Robert Voas","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To determine if graduated driver licensing (GDL) law effects were the same for different racial/ethnic groups of young drivers.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data files were analyzed using descriptive pre- and post-GDL law analyses and logistic regression. Analyses were conducted on 8,036 drivers aged 15 to 17 killed in single-vehicle crashes from 1999 to 2008. Whites, African-Americans, Asians, Hispanics, and Native Americans/Others were examined. Two analyses were conducted: one of all states, and one of the 23 states that adopted a GDL law between 1999 and 2008.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Although GDL laws had varying degrees of success in reducing the likelihood of drinking and driving among young drivers of different racial/ethnic groups, that variation did not occur in fatal crashes where speeding was a factor, except for Hispanics. GDL laws showed similar reductions for White, African-American, and Asian young drivers in single-vehicle fatal crashes; however, young Hispanic drivers were not as affected by GDL as were Whites and African-Americans. Our analysis of states with GDL laws enacted between 2000 and 2007 showed no change for young Hispanic drivers in fatal crashes before and after a GDL law was adopted. Overall, GDL reductions were largest for young White drivers (p<.01), followed by African-Americans (p<.05), Asians (p<.05), and Hispanics (p<.10; not significant). GDL laws had no apparent effect on speeding-related fatal crashes of these novice drivers.</p><p><strong>Implications: </strong>Reasons for these findings are hypothesized and discussed: (1) differences in drinking patterns of the racial/ethnic groups; (2) differences in driving exposure among the groups; and (3) differences in the influence of parents on youthful drivers entering the GDL phases.</p>","PeriodicalId":87875,"journal":{"name":"Annals of advances in automotive medicine. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. Annual Scientific Conference","volume":"55 ","pages":"51-61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3256832/pdf/file016final.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"30273331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}