Behavioral Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Developing the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (PSAS) for Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Dysfunctional Emotion Regulation in the Effect of Irrational Beliefs on Public Speaking Anxiety.","authors":"Sezai Demir, Mustafa Onur Kan","doi":"10.3390/bs15060825","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15060825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Public speaking anxiety, which is closely related to social anxiety, is a crucial factor in the development of adolescents. It affects their ability to regulate their emotions and irrational beliefs, which in turn shapes their relationships and academic success. The purpose of this present study is two-fold: (a) to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool for public speaking anxiety for adolescents, and (b) to determine the mediating role of dysfunctional emotion regulation on the effect of irrational beliefs on public speaking anxiety. To achieve this, data were collected through face-to-face interviews from a total of 1231 adolescent students, including 642 girls (age, X¯ = 14.96) and 589 boys (X¯ = 14.99), aged between 12 and 17 years old in five stages. Data collection was based on the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (PSAS) (developed in the current study), the Irrational Beliefs Scale (IBS), the Regulation of Emotions Questionnaire (REQ) and the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents (SAS-A). Data were analysed through SPSS, AMOS, JAMOVI, G-POWER and Microsoft Excel programmes. This study concludes that the Public Speaking Anxiety Scale (PSAS) has demonstrated both valid and reliable psychometric properties. The findings of this study further reveal that internal dysfunctional emotion regulation plays a partial mediating role in the effect of irrational beliefs on public speaking anxiety, and that external dysfunctional emotion regulation, on the contrary, did not have a mediating role in the effect of irrational beliefs on public speaking anxiety.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190131/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Examining the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Decision-Making: A Scoping Review.","authors":"Felix Agyapong-Opoku, Nadine Agyapong-Opoku, Belinda Agyapong","doi":"10.3390/bs15060823","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15060823","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sleep deprivation (SD) is known to impair cognitive functions, and its effect on vigilance and concentration has been explored extensively. However, its effect on the decision-making ability has been researched to a lesser extent. With varying methodologies and conflicting findings in the literature, the effect of SD on decision-making remains complex and inconsistent. Given the critical implications for fields where decision-making is essential, such as medicine, understanding the impact of SD on this cognitive process is crucial. This scoping review aimed to map the existing literature on the effects of SD on decision-making, identify research trends, and highlight inconsistencies to provide implications for practice and research. The review was conducted following PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Databases searched include APA Psych, Web of Science, Scopus, Academic Search Complete, and PubMed. Inclusion criteria focused on peer-reviewed studies from 2014 onward, exploring the impact of SD on decision-making across various tasks and designs. The final selection included 25 articles, representing 2276 participants. The review may suggest that SD, whether partial or total, impairs decision-making ability, with many studies reporting increased risky decisions. The severity of impairment varied based on the type of decision-making task and the duration of SD. However, a few studies reported insignificant effects, particularly in economic decision-making tasks. Moderating factors, such as gender and the origin of sleep loss (voluntary vs. involuntary), were also identified as influential. Sleep deprivation commonly impairs the decision-making ability, with significant implications for high-stakes professions. However, the variability in findings suggests a need for further research into the moderating factors. The review underscores the importance of adequate sleep for cognitive function and the need for policies that mitigate the risks of SD in critical decision-making environments.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189852/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Role of Stereotypes in Jurors' Indian Status Determinations and Guilt Decisions.","authors":"Kimberly Schweitzer, Dan Lewerenz","doi":"10.3390/bs15060824","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15060824","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the United States, courts say a jury must determine whether a defendant is an Indian subject to federal jurisdiction; however, jurors are provided little guidance regarding what to consider in their Indian status determinations. Given the jurisdictional and legal defense implications Indian status decisions have, we tested whether jurors consider two easily accessible potential indicators of Indian race: appearance and name. We examined whether mock jurors' (<i>N</i> = 825) stereotypes of Indians influenced their determinations of whether a defendant is an Indian and whether that defendant is guilty of the crime alleged using a fully crossed 3 (defendant photo Indian stereotypicality: high, low, and none) × 3 (defendant name Indian stereotypicality: high, low, and none) between-participants design, controlling for participants' feelings toward Indians as a group and internal and external motivations to respond without prejudice. In general, neither the defendant's name nor photo stereotypicality predicted Indian status determinations, but jurors who thought the defendant was an Indian were more likely to find the defendant guilty. Thus, mock jurors consider factors other than the defendant's name and appearance when deciding whether the defendant is Indian, but if the defendant is considered Indian, mock jurors are more likely to find the defendant guilty.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189607/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Autonomy Support Sustains Emotional Engagement in College Physical Education: A Longitudinal Study.","authors":"Qifei Xia, Shu Xuan, Tingxiao Zhang, Bobo Zong","doi":"10.3390/bs15060822","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15060822","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Traditional educational models and assessment tools have neglected the motivation and sustainability of students' emotional engagement in physical education classes. The impact of self-support on emotional engagement in physical education classes and its underlying mechanisms remain under-explored. The present study was a 6-month longitudinal study of 718 college students at two universities in a remote area of southern Shaanxi Province, China. The study aimed to examine the effects of autonomy support on affective engagement in physical education classes and to analyze the longitudinal mediating roles of self-acceptance and academic self-efficacy. The study found that physical education teacher support and parental autonomy support significantly promoted college students' emotional engagement in physical education classes. Chained longitudinal mediation analyses indicated that self-acceptance and academic self-efficacy played chained mediating roles in promoting college students' affective engagement in physical education classes in different supportive environments. This study transcends a static, cross-sectional research perspective, validates and extends self-determination theory, and promotes affective engagement in physical education learning through different autonomy supports that enhance the development of self-acceptance and academic self-efficacy in college students, providing a reference for enhancing physical education teaching and learning and improving the quality of teaching and learning.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189736/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493801","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The COVID-19 Pandemic and Associated Depression Among Emergency Medicine Interns: Results from a National Longitudinal Cohort Study.","authors":"Carrie Bissell, Lauren Fowler, Destiny Folk, Cortlyn Brown","doi":"10.3390/bs15060821","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15060821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To explore the prevalence of depression among emergency medicine (EM) interns before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The Intern Health Study is a national longitudinal cohort study examining mental health among interns across various specialties. In this secondary analysis, we focused specifically on EM interns from 2008 to 2022. Participants completed a baseline survey before their intern year and quarterly surveys throughout their intern year. Depression severity was assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9), with scores of 10 or higher indicating moderate-to-severe depression. In total, 1956 EM interns from 160 programs completed all PHQ9 surveys. PHQ9 scores at baseline (start of the intern year) were significantly lower prior to the COVID-19 pandemic compared to during it (<i>p</i> < 0.001). PHQ9 scores at month 9 were significantly higher during the COVID-19 pandemic (<i>p</i> < 0.05) compared to pre-COVID-19 pandemic interns at month 9. One-way ANOVA comparing pre-COVID-19 and during COVID-19 differences in PHQ9 from baseline to the end of intern year revealed a significant difference, with during COVID-19 differences being significantly less than pre-COVID-19. There was no significant difference in the proportion of interns with PHQ9 scores greater than 10 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic had a significant effect on the mental health of EM interns, with higher baseline depression scores observed during the pandemic. However, the smaller change in depression severity over the intern year during the pandemic suggests a complex interplay of factors that warrants further investigation. Our study is the first to examine depression among EM interns during the COVID-19 pandemic using a large, multi-year sample, providing a unique and comprehensive analysis of how the pandemic impacted mental health in this high-risk group. Unlike previous studies with smaller sample sizes, our research offers robust, generalizable insights into the trends and severity of depression in EM interns, highlighting the critical need for ongoing mental health support in medical training.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189265/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Social-Emotional and Educational Needs of Higher Education Students with High Abilities: A Systematic Review.","authors":"Marianne Nannings, Marjolijn van Weerdenburg, Petrie J A C van der Zanden, Lianne Hoogeveen","doi":"10.3390/bs15060819","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15060819","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Students with high intellectual abilities in higher education face a significant risk of underachievement due to a range of influencing factors. This systematic review explored their social-emotional and educational needs and examined interventions aimed at addressing both these needs and underachievement. A systematic literature search of a total of 118 records identified 20 social-emotional and 26 educational needs, organized into six overarching categories, illustrating the complex challenges these students face. Of the 42 records investigating an intervention, 38 focused on students directly, three on student advisors and one on teachers. While most interventions addressed multiple student needs, none fully integrated social-emotional and educational aspects. Ultimately, 17 studies examined underachievement, but only 5 implemented an intervention to reduce it. These findings underscore the need for integrated approaches to effectively support higher education students with high abilities.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189722/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychosocial Profiles of Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) Influencing PrEP Acceptability: A Latent Profile Analysis.","authors":"Anthony J Gifford, Rusi Jaspal, Bethany A Jones, Daragh T McDermott","doi":"10.3390/bs15060818","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15060818","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Despite the availability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the United Kingdom (UK), uptake among men who have sex with men (MSM) remains inconsistent, signalling a persistent 'PrEP Gap'. Empirical studies show the important role of psychosocial factors (e.g., stigma, identity, trust in science, and sexual behaviours) in PrEP acceptability and uptake. This study aimed to identify subgroups of MSM in the UK based on psychosocial predictors of PrEP acceptability. A cross-sectional survey of MSM (<i>N</i> = 500) was conducted between June and September 2023. Participants completed validated measures assessing identity resilience, internalised homonegativity, LGBTQ+ connectedness, trust in science, NHS perceptions, HIV stigma, PrEP self-efficacy, condom self-efficacy, sociosexual orientation, perceived HIV risk, and PrEP acceptability. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was used to identify distinct subgroups based on these psychosocial dimensions. Four psychosocial profiles were defined: (1) PrEP Ambivalent (15%); (2) PrEP Accepting (36.2%); (3) PrEP Hesitant (37%); and (4) PrEP Rejecting (11.8%). These profiles provide evidence for varied combinations of personal and structural factors influencing PrEP acceptability. PrEP acceptability among MSM in the UK is shaped by distinct psychosocial configurations, influenced by identity, stigma, trust, and perceived risk. These findings highlight the need for differentiated and targeted interventions for enhancing PrEP acceptability based on psychosocial profile. Audience segmentation strategies offer a promising pathway to bridge the awareness-to-engagement gap and address the nuanced barriers facing diverse subgroups within the MSM community.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189062/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Shape of You: Eye-Tracking and Social Perceptions of the Human Body.","authors":"Edward Morrison, Marianne Lanigan","doi":"10.3390/bs15060817","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15060817","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Much research has considered how physical appearance affects the way people are judged, such as how body size affects judgements of attractiveness and health. Less research, however, has looked at visual attention during such judgements. We used eye-tracking to measure the gaze behaviour of 32 participants (29 female) on male and female computer-generated bodies of different body mass index (BMI). Independent variables were sex and BMI of the model, area of interest of the body, and the judgement made (attractiveness, healthiness, and youthfulness). Dependent variables were the number and duration of fixations, and Likert ratings. Most visual attention was paid to the chest and midriff, but this pattern differed slightly depending on the judgement being made, and on the BMI of the body. The sex of the body also affected eye-gaze behaviour, possibly because most participants were female. The bodies at the lower end of healthy weight were judged most attractive and healthy, in line with previous research, but the lightest bodies were judged as most youthful. These results suggest that these social judgements cue similar but subtly different gaze behaviour, and broadly support the \"health-and-fertility\" hypothesis, that the most attractive bodies are those that indicate evolutionary fitness.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189105/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fostering Empathy Through Play: The Impact of <i>Far From Home</i> on University Staff's Understanding of International Students.","authors":"Shuanghui Sofia Shan, Sam Illingworth","doi":"10.3390/bs15060820","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15060820","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study investigates the potential of <i>Far From Home</i>, a non-digital board game, as an innovative tool for fostering empathy among university staff towards international students. International students face multifaceted challenges-linguistic barriers, cultural dissonance, and systemic inequities-yet traditional staff training often fails to cultivate the perspective-taking required for meaningful support. Using a mixed-methods approach, we analysed data from 82 participants across 10 game sessions, including surveys (n = 27), recorded gameplay observations, and semi-structured interviews (n = 6). Thematic analysis explored how role-playing as student avatars and collaborative problem-solving influenced staff empathy. The results demonstrated the game's effectiveness in bridging cultural gaps, with participants reporting a heightened awareness of structural barriers and reduced stereotyping. Notably, the emergent findings suggested a \"contrast commitment\" effect, where witnessing biassed behaviours reinforced staff's dedication to equitable practices. This study advocates for game-based training as a complement to existing programmes, with future research needed to assess longitudinal impacts. Potential applications include adapting the framework for other marginalised student groups and institutional contexts.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12190043/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advice-Taking for Objective Face Age Estimates Relative to Subjective Face Trustworthiness Estimates.","authors":"Joseph R Phillips, Gabrielle Weidemann, Natalie C Ebner, Phoebe E Bailey","doi":"10.3390/bs15060809","DOIUrl":"10.3390/bs15060809","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study examined whether advice-taking differs when making subjective face trustworthiness estimates relative to objective face age estimates. Participants (<i>N</i> = 177) completed a judge-advisor system task to measure how much weight they would give to advice regarding the age of a face (i.e., an objective estimate with a single correct answer) versus the trustworthiness of a face (i.e., a subjective estimate without a correct answer). Measures of fluid intelligence and working memory assessed cognitive resources, and participants provided ratings of perceived difficulty and confidence for each type of estimate. The difference between initial estimates and advice provided a measure of actual difficulty for each type of estimate. We found that advice-taking was greater when estimating face age than face trustworthiness. In addition, perceived difficulty, confidence, and actual difficulty were greater for face trustworthiness than age estimates. However, greater advice-taking was associated with greater actual difficulty for face age estimates, and less actual difficulty for face trustworthiness estimates. While previous research suggests that advice-taking increases with task difficulty, the current data reveal that this may depend on type of estimate. Subjective trustworthiness estimates that were more difficult to estimate than objective age estimates were associated with less advice-taking, and this may be at least partly attributable to differing motivations underlying objective (age) vs. subjective (trustworthiness) estimations.</p>","PeriodicalId":8742,"journal":{"name":"Behavioral Sciences","volume":"15 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12189425/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144493850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}