Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Effect of Alectra vogelii (Benth) Aqueous Extract on the Growth Parameters of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) Varieties in Zaria, Kaduna State","authors":"A. Basheer, S. Alonge, B. Abubakar","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.19","url":null,"abstract":"A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Alectra vogelii (Benth) aqueous extracts on the growth parameters of cowpea (Vigna ungiucuata (L.) Walp). The experiment was carried out in the Orchard of the Department of Agronomy, Institute of Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria in 2018. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of Alectra vogelii whole plant was carried out at National Research Institute and Chemical Technology (NARICT), Zaria. Alectra vogelii aqueous extract was applied on four varieties of cowpea: Sampea 7, Sampea 9, Sampea 10 and IAR-00-1074 at 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 g/l, and the treatment were laid in complete randomized design with three replications. The growth parameters evaluated included plant height, number of leaves and root noodles at 5, 7 and 9 weeks after planting (WAP). Data obtained for growth parameters were analyzed using Analysis of Variance with Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test used to separate means that were significant. The result for phytochemical composition of A. vogelii whole plant showed the presence of five active phytochemical constituents: Saponins (46.50%), flavonoids (16.04%), tannins (0.247%), cyanogenic glycoside (0.212%) and alkaloids (0.08%). Significant difference (P≤0.05) was found in the effect of the extracts on growth parameters of cowpea. There is marked reduction in the growth parameters with increase in A. vogelii aqueous extract concentration. This implies that, A. vogelii extracts inhibits growth of cowpea with 200mg/l having the highest effect. Thus, the inhibitory action of A. vogelii can probably be attributed to the active phytochemicals present in the extracts Therefore, it is recommended that, A. vogelii residues should be well removed from farms as may inhibit the growth of cowpea due to their allelochemicals content.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"83 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91485706","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Proximate Analysis and Production of Bio-ethanol from Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) White Cultivars obtained from Samaru Zaria","authors":"U. Sani, S. Abubakar, F. Suleiman, H. O. Olabode","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.18","url":null,"abstract":"This study entails the production of bioethanol from the peels of sweet potato of white cultivar variety obtained in Zaria, Kaduna State Nigeria. Fresh cultivar with the proximate composition of 72% moisture content, 9.71% ash content, 24.52% crude fiber, 78.74% total carbohydrate and crude protein of 6.42% were hydrolyzed with 3% sulphuric acid solution at 130oC and 60 minutes in an improvised reactor to generate 54.5ml of hydrolyzate after steam pretreatment step. The fermentable reducing sugar of 10.68% was achieved through glucose standardization with UV-spectrophotometer at 540nm wavelength. The fermentation of the hydrolyzate –yeast/media mixture (155ml) at 30oC for 72hours was achieved by commercial grade saccharomyces cerevisiae to yield 20.5g/54.5ml, which corresponds to 0.8198g/ml specific gravity and 93.6% ethanol concentration. The molecular sieve was eventually adopted in dehydrating the bioethanol to 99.9% (0.8072g/ml) concentration and the final yield of 1.61% per 50g of w. cultivar. FTIR spectrum that declares the ethanolic identity with the stretching vibrations of O-H, C-O and C-H at 3391, 1055 and 2981cm-1 respectively with the symmetric stretching vibration of the methyl groups at 2930cm-1.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"479 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77776001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Isolation and Molecular identification of Phenol tolerating bacteria from petroleum contaminated sites","authors":"S. M. Dankaka, N. Abdullahi","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.25","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.25","url":null,"abstract":"This research was conducted to isolate and identify phenol tolerating bacteria from petroleum contaminated sites. Two bacterial species were isolated from petroleum contaminated sites (NWPK and NWPKD). The isolation was based on morphological, microscopic and molecular identification. The total viable counts of phenol utilizing bacteria from NWPK and NWPKD are 2.71x107 and 4.0x106 cfu/g respectively. The isolates showed capacity of phenol tolerance at 500 mg/L, 1000 mg/L and 1500 mg/L when grown on phenol tolerant nutrient agar. The NWPK showed its capacity to tolerate phenol at 2.3x107, 2.5x107 and 1.0x107 cfu/g of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L of phenol concentration respectively while NWPKD tolerate 1.5x107, 3.8x107 and 1.0x107 cfu/g of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L of phenol respectively. The isolates were identified as Citrobacter and Acinetobacter species respectively based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. These isolates showed their ability to withstand and survive high phenol concentrations in the environment.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80643737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Influence of Parents’ Education on Growth Pattern of Children Aged 5-12 Years From Kazaure Emirate, Jigawa State, Nigeria","authors":"A. Gudaji, S. Adebisi","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.10","url":null,"abstract":"Anthropometry is defined as the measurements of different parts of the body and is widely used in surveys as an indicator of nutritional and health status. Studies revealed that large number of socio-economic variables are associated with the physical development of children. These variables consist of parental profession, income, education, birth order, family size, and urbanization. Materials used for the study were Stadiometer, non-elastic measuring tape, Skin fold caliper. The study involved a cross-sectional survey comprising of 863 pupils randomly selected from public primary schools in Kazaure emirate. The subjects were noted for sex and age. A stadiometer was used to measure height to the nearest 0.1 cm and weight to the nearest 0.5 kg. A non-elastic measuring tape was used for the measurement of head, neck, chest, mid upper arm, hip, waist and calf circumferences to the nearest 0.1cm respectively. A Harpenden skin fold caliper was used for the measurement of biceps and triceps skin fold thicknesses to the nearest 0.1 mm respectively. The study participants were apparently healthy public primary school pupils aged between 5 - 12years, from Kazaure Emirate and ofHausa ethnic group (parents and grandparents are Hausa). Based on lack of parents’ formal education, males had higher values of neck circumference (NC) and chest circumference (CTC) than females with statistical difference at p<0.05. However,females had higher values ofcephalic index (CI) than males with statistical difference at p<0.05.Based on the level of education of parents (primary, secondary and tertiary education), males had higher values of height (HT), weight (WT), BMI, head circumference (HDC), NC, CTC, waist circumference (WC) and calf circumference (CC) than females with statistical difference at p<0.05. However, females showed higher mean values of triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) and hip circumference (HC) than males with statistical difference at p<0.05. Males had higher values ofhead length (HDL), head breadth (HDB), facial length (FL) and facial breadth (FB) than females with statistical difference at p<0.05. Conversely, females showed higher mean value ofcephalic index (CI) than males with statistical difference at p<0.05.Males had higher values of right humerus length (RHML), left humerus length LHML), right ulna length (RUL), left ulna length (LUL), right radial length (RRL), left radial length (LRL), right hand length (RHNL), left hand length (LHNL), right hand breadth (RHNB) and left hand breadth (LHNB) than females with statistical difference at p<0.05. Males had higher values of right tibial length (RTBL), left tibial length (LTBL), right fibula length (RFBL), left fibula length (LFBL), right foot length (RFTL), left foot length (LFTL), right foot breadth (RFTB) and left foot breadth (LFTB) than females with statistical difference at p<0.05.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72738180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Aqueous Extract of Petroselinum crispum on Liver and Hematological Parameters in Carbon Tetrachloride (CCl4) - Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Wistar Rats","authors":"M. Ismail, M. Mohamed, M. Ismail, S. Abbas","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.30","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, focus on plant research has increased to show the potential of some medicinal plants in discovery of novel compounds which could be used in treatment of some diseases. Petroselinum crispum is widely used traditionally as a food additive and herbal remedy for many ailments. This study is aimed to assess the effects of Petroselinum crispum on some liver enzymes and some haematological parameters in Carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) - induced hepatotoxicity in male wistar rats. A total of 25 wistar rats were used, which were divided into 5 groups of 5 rats each. Group 1: (control); Group 2: received IP injection of 120mg/kg mixture of CCL4 and olive oil (1:1), Groups 3, 4 and 5 were orally administered 250, 500 and 1000mg/kg extract + IP injection of 120mg/kg mixture of CCL4 and olive oil for 21 days respectively. On the 22nd day, the animals were sacrifice using chloroform anesthesia and the effects of the aqueous extract were assessed by quantifying liver enzymes such as serum aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total serum protein (TP). The haematological parameters were assessed by analysis of parked cell volume (PCV), red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), haemoglobin (Hb) concentrations and platelet count (PLT) and followed by histopathological studies of the liver tissues. The three doses of the plant extract used in this study, showed some level of protective effect on CCL4-induced hepatotoxicity as evident by the significant reduction (P < 0.05) in serum levels of AST, ALT, and ALP along with the improved histopathological liver sections compared to CCL4 -treated animals. However the extract is more effective in the 500mg/kg compared to the 250mg/kg and 1000mg/kg. Also the results obtained for all the haematological parameters used in the study showed no significant difference among all the groups (P > 0.05).","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84118110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Entropy-Based QoS Route Stability Technique for Vehicular Ad Hoc Network","authors":"A. Abubakar, A. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.17","url":null,"abstract":"Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) has received significant considerations with the prominent introduction of real-time application that triggers research activities on area of Quality of Service (QoS). QoS provisioning for guaranteeing a data route to be available and stable for a longer period remains the most challenging tasks VANET. Therefore QoS of routing is highly affected by mobility features of vehicles in VANET environment. We propose simple QoS routing strategies capable of providing optimal paths with certain QoS requirements route stability based on received entropy. Extensions were added to the messages used during route discovery/reply with route stability information for optimal and stable route. Results obtained indicate improvements in terms of average network throughput, average network delay and percentage of packet drop.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89877503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative bacteriological analysis of frozen and fresh chicken meats sold around old site Bayero University Kano","authors":"H. Abdu, A. Abubakar","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.30","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.30","url":null,"abstract":"Foodborne pathogens are serious public healthproblems that greatly affect the cost of food production and healthcare while poultry are often associated with foodborne disease outbreaks. This study aimed at investigating the occurrence and distribution of bacterial pathogens associated with chicken meats sold around Bayero University, Kano old site. A total of twenty (20) meat samples comprised of 10 frozen and ten freshly slaughtered chicken were purchased from different selling outlets around the study area. The samples were processed using standard cultural and biochemical procedures. The results of the study showed the mean aerobic mesophilic bacterial count of 5.93 x 106 CFU/g and 3.12 x 106  CFU/g for frozen and freshly slaughtered chicken meat samples respectively. The coliform counts were 420.1 and 347.7 CFU/100g for frozen and freshly slaughtered chicken meat samples respectively. The distribution of different bacterial species revealed E. coli (26.0%), Klebsiella spp (4.0%), Salmonella spp (19.5%), Campylobacter spp. (14.6%) and Staphylococcus aureus (30%) in frozen chicken meat samples while freshly slaughtered chicken meat samples revealed E. coli (21.0%), Klebsiella spp (8.9%), Salmonella spp (30%), Campylobacter spp. (15.0%) and Staphylococcus aureus (24.0%). This showed that frozen chicken meats were more contaminated than freshly slaughtered chicken meats which might be associated with poor handling and storage conditions.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80208302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of thermal- nuclear effects from pair-creation in the final fate very-massive stars","authors":"L. Garba, E. Chidi, F. S. Koki","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.28","url":null,"abstract":"Thermonuclear conditions found in explosive massive-stars requirethe use of not only efficient, accurate but thermodynamically consistent stellar equation of state (EOS) routines.The use of tables to describe EoS involved in stellar models is very much needed in understanding the final fate of massive stars. Many massive-low metallicity stars end their life as pair creation supernova (PCSN) through the creation of electron-positron pairs.We used thermodynamically consistent EoS tables to numerically evaluate the thermonuclear effects of the electron electron-positron pair creation in rotating 150 and 200 Massive starsat SMC and rotating and non-rotating 500 M⊙at LMC.As expected, the effect of rotationofreducing the oxygen core masshad increasedthe thermal energy within the threshold of the pair-creation instability.Similarly, lower mass loss stars with SMC model produced higher thermal energies,which can cmpletely explode the stars as PCSNe without remnant.On the other hand, the non-rotating 500 M⊙ might have only reached the instability region due to its lower metallicity (compared to solar metallicity) that iscapable of suppressing the mass loss such that the thermonuclear energy maintains certain amount of elements into the pair creation region. At the final explosion of the stars, the helium core mass educed the thermal energies in trying to avoid the pair-creation region. Many implications of these results for the evolution and explosion of massive stars are discussed.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84506321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of lipid profile in-patients with Nephrotic syndrome in Kano Metropolis","authors":"S. Isah, S. Abubakar, S. Danladi, B. Gwaram, M. Akram, J. Nnodim, P. Okafor","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.29","url":null,"abstract":"Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a complex kidney disease associated with numerous complications which can subsequently lead to cardiovascular disease among others. This study was aimed at assessing the lipid profile, serum and urinary proteins of patients with Nephrotic syndrome (NS) in Kano metropolis. A total of 50 NS patients and 25  apparently healthy volunteers(controls) were recruited for the study, made up of 32 males and 18 females with the age range of 4-70 years. Blood and urine sample were collected from the participants. Serum urea and creatinine were determined using urease  berthelot’s reaction and Alkaline picrate methods. Serum total protein and albumin were assayed using Biuret and bromocresol green binding method through the manual colorimetrictechnique. Serum lipid profile were measured by an enzymatic spectrophotomeric method and the precipitation enzymatic method was specifically used for evaluating the levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Urine protein was determined using sulphur salicylic acid test. SPSS software package version 21 was used for the analysis of data. High frequency of NS of 40(80%) was observed in patients of <18 years while patient of >46 years had a lower frequency of 4(8%). Males recorded higher frequency of 32(64%) and the frequency of NS among females was 18(36%), thus the male to female ratio for NS was 1.78:1. The mean values of serum creatinine, urea, urinary protein (UP), total cholesterol (T.C), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), T.C/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, LDL/HDL-C ratio were significantly higher (p<0.05) in patients with NS than the healthy volunteers. Total protein (TP), albumin (Alb), globulin, HDL-C ratio were significantly lower (p<0.05) in NS when compared to healthy volunteers. There was positive correlation between UP and TC, TG and LDL, however, negative correlation was observed between UP and HDL-C with no statistical significance. Dyslipidemia, decreased serum protein and increase serum creatinine, Urea as well as UP were associated with NS. In conclusion, lipid profile and UP analysis may be a useful tool for diagnosis of NS and early diagnosis can reduce the disease morbidity.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76309643","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of compost and irrigation systems on the growth indices and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.)","authors":"H. Isa, M.A. Waiya","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.27","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i1.27","url":null,"abstract":"Field trial was conducted during the 2017 dry season from March to June at Bayero University, Kano and Birji village both in Sudan savannah to determine the effect of compost rates and irrigation intervals on the growth and yield of onion (Allium cepa L.) The treatments were conducted in five rates of compost (0 t ha-1, 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1,15 t ha -1 and 20 t ha-1) and three irrigation intervals (5, 10 and 15 days). The treatments were laid out in a split plot design and replicated three times. Irrigation intervals were assigned to the main plot while compost rates were assigned to the sub plot. The gross plot size was 1.5 m x 2.0 m (3.0 m2) consisting of 10 rows of 2 m length. Data on growth and yield parameters were collected, weighed and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Treatment means were separated using Student-Newman-Keuls Test. The result ssize was 1.5 m x 2.0 m (3.0 m2) consisting of 10 rows of 2 m length. Data on growth and yield parameters were collected, weighed and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA). Treatment means were separated using Student-Newman-Keuls Test. The result showed that compost rates and irrigation intervals had significant effect on cropgrowth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate and cured bulb yield. Application of 10 t ha-1 of compost had the heaviest cured bulb yield. Interactions between compost rates and irrigation intervals were significant on all the measured parameters as well as the cured bulb yield of onion at both locations. The optimum rate of compost was 15 t ha1 at both locations, while that of irrigation intervals were 10 and 5 days for BUK and Birji village, respectively. Therefore, these levels were recommended to be used by farmers of the study areas.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75715411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}