Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences最新文献

{"title":"A Solventless Process for the Synthesis of Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids","authors":"S. A. Rufa’i, H. Yaqub, M. Ibrahim","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.8","url":null,"abstract":"Benzyl imidazole (1a) was successfully synthesized from the N-alkylation of imidazole with benzyl bromide. The product (1-benzylimidazole) was further alkylated using neat butyl bromide to yield an imidazolium ionic liquid, (1-Benzyl-3-butylimidazoliumbromide (2a)). Similarly, 1-methylimidazole (1b) was reacted with benzyl bromide to yield 1-Methyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide (2b). The synthesized compounds were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and elemental compositions were established on the basis of C, H, N elemental analyses. Proton NMR of both ionic liquids 2a and 2b reveals the presence of downfield signals at 10.08 and 11.681 ppm respectively, which were assigned to the C-2 proton of the imidazole rings in the respective 2a and 2b confirming the successful synthesis of the two ionic liquids.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89195272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Heavy Metals Content in Laboratory Wastewater: A Case Study of Selected Units of Bayero University, Kano-Nigeria.","authors":"M. Bashir, S. Mohammed, M. Atiku, A. U. Bello, H. Yakasai","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.20","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants due to their toxicity, persistence in the environment and bio-accumulative in nature. They contribute immensely in the environmental pollution and their sources include weathering of metal bearing rocks, mining, industrial and agricultural activities. Laboratory is a major point of research activities. This study is aimed at accessing the level of heavy metals in some laboratories wastewater in Bayero University, Kano. Four different laboratories where selected (Biochemistry, Chemistry, Microbiology and Central Laboratory complex) from Bayero University Old Campus. The wastewater samples were collected four times with one week interval and some heavy metals were determined using microwave plasma atomic emission spectrometry (MP-AES). The average mean concentrations of Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni and Pb in each laboratory were compared with WHO standard in wastewater. The Results obtained from Biochemistry Laboratory for Cd, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni and Pb are 0.0067±0.0001, 0.0000±0.0000, 0.000±0.0000, 0.010±0.001, 0.027±0.0001 and 0.106±0.0001 mg/L respectively. Similarly Central laboratory with 0.07±0.001, 0.47±0.002, 0.00±0.00, 0.31±0.003, 0.10±0.002 and 0.20±0.001 mg/L. While Microbiology Laboratory with 0.00±0.00, 0.00±0.00, 0.00±0.00, 0.063±0.001, 0.027±0.001 and 0.093±0.0001 mg/L respectively. And Chemistry laboratory with 0.000±0.00, 0.607±0.0001, 0.053±0.002, 2.183±0.001, 0.127±0.0001 and 0.263±0.0002 respectively. Among all the laboratories, chemistry laboratory was found to have higher average mean concentrations of Mn, Ni and Pb and are above WHO Standard. However some heavy metals like Cr and Cd were found to be lower compared to WHO Standard. Therefore the wastewater studied contained some heavy metals which contribute to the environmental pollution and measures should be taken by the management concerned to ensure good laboratory waste management.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76126777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacteriological and Physico-Chemical Analysis of Lapai Water Supply","authors":"J. Baba, G. Soda, Y. Azeh, E. Bala","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.6","url":null,"abstract":"Bacteriological and Physico-chemical analysis of Lapai water source was investigated. Lapai is the headquarters of Lapai Local Government Area of Niger state, Nigeria. Bacteriological quality of water samples was determined by enumeration through Total Viable Count and Coliform count using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method. The Isolates were subjected to Series of Biochemical tests for characterization and identification. The physicochemical parameters were determined according to the standard analytical methods for the examination of water and waste water and Romanian standard. Findings from this work includes the following: Maximum Total Viable Count (TVC) and Coliform count were recorded to be 2.45 x 107cfu/mg and > 1100 MPN index/100ml,while minimum TVC and Coliform count were recorded to be 1.05 x 107cfu/mg and 0MPN index/100ml in the water samples. Total bacteria count and identified from all the water sources in Lapai metropolis indicated that Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp occurred most with five (5) and four (4) isolates respectively.The conductivity data for the raw water samples indicated that State low-cost (LN), IBB Hostel (LE) and Emir Palace (LW) analysed were 250, 120 and 580 μs/cm. The pH, conductivity, chloride, nitrate and total hardness decreases with increasing treatment time in the column for the borehole water samples. While, the pH, temperature, turbidity, conductivity, total suspended solid (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), and total solids (TS), BOD, COD, nitrate, phosphate, ammonia and heavy metal analysis for the surface water (stream/river) samples also decreases with increasing treatment time in the packed column. Treatment of the water using nanocellulose revealed a decrease in all the investigated parameters with increasing treatment time. Most water samples examined did not meet up with the WHO standard for portable water, and the presence of these bacteria are potential pathogens that can significantly affect microbiology water quality, resulting to great health risk.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79136327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypocholesterolemic Potential of Momordica charantia Butanol Fraction on Albino Rats Fed High Fat Diet","authors":"M. Atiku, A. Sani, B. Kurfi, S. Bala, H. Ibraheem","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.22","url":null,"abstract":"Hypercholesterolemia is characterized by high blood cholesterol. It is a leading cause of disease burden accounting for one-third of ischemic heart diseases and one-fifth of stroke and reports reveal a rising prevalence across many low- income countries including Nigeria. While the quest for a therapeutic remedy is ongoing, this study investigated the effect of Momordica charantia butanol fraction (MCB) on lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL-c and HDL-c) of hypercholesterolemic and normolipidemic albino rats. Crude extract of M. charantia was fractionated by liquid-liquid extraction. Acute toxicity (LD50) of MCB was determined. The components of the MCB were examined by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Biochemical analyses of serum lipids were performed by reflectance photometry. Twenty-eight albino rats were divided into seven groups of four rats each. Group 1 (Control) fed on basal diet (BD). Group 2 fed on high fat diet (HFD). Group 3 and 4 fed on HFD and orally administered MCB at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. Group 5 fed on HFD and administered 100mg/kg of Atorvastatin. Group 6 and 7 fed on BD and administered MCB at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg respectively. The LD50 of MCB was found to be ≥ 3807.89mg/kg. All treated groups showed a significant (P< 0.05) suppression of body weight compared to control and untreated HFD group (group 2). Also, a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the levels of TC, TG and LDL-c was observed in all treated high fat diet groups (group 3, 4 and 5) compared to group 2. However, HDL-c levels of treated HFD groups significantly (P<0.05) increased compared to group 2. No significant difference (P>0.05) in the level of all lipid profile parameters of treated basal diet groups (group 6 and 7) compared to the control. These findings illustrated that MCB possess hypocholesterolemic potential and may be valuable for preventing hypercholesterolemia induced by high fat diet.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84219109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Nutritional Status, Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Secondary School Students in Kano, Nigeria","authors":"A. Gadanya, B. Hamza, S. Abubakar","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.26","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.26","url":null,"abstract":"Poor nutritional status during adolescence is an important determinant of health outcome and sustainable development. Roughly 19.7% of the world’s adolescents reside in Africa. Nigeria has about 21% of its population as adolescents. Adequate nutrition knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) among adolescents are necessary for improved nutrition status. However, there is limited data on nutrition KAP among adolescents to inform decision-making in the Northern Nigeria. The study assessed the nutritional status, knowledge, attitude and practices of secondary school girls in Kano, Nigeria. Descriptive research design was used for data collection, 137 students 10-22 years were randomly selected for the study. Data was collected using modified KAP questionnaire developed by the Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nation (FAO-UN). Height, weight was measured and used for the calculation of Body Mass Index (BMI). Data were analyzed using SPSS-20. Correlation analysis was used to assess relationship between Nutritional knowledge, attitude and practices. P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results obtained indicated that majority of the participants (55.42%) were underweight, 43.06% normal, 0.79% overweight and 0.73% obesed. Nutritional Knowledge was found to be 62.77% good, 21.39% fair and 15.84% poor. Nutritional attitude and practice were found to be 16.06% good, 50.36% fair, 33.58% poor, and 1.46% good, 15.33% fair, and 83.21 poor respectively. Correlation between knowledge and attitude, knowledge and practice, as well as practice and attitude were 0.338 (p=0.001), 0.058 (p= 0.504) and 0.235 (p= 0.006) and respectively. Therefore, the study reveals poor nutritional status, adequate knowledge and no significant correlation was found between knowledge and practice.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74802288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Docking Study, Drug-Likeness and Pharmacokinetic Properties (ADMET) Prediction of Some Novel Thiophene Derivatives as Salmonella typhi Inhibitors","authors":"E. Anebi, M. T. Ibrahim, Gideon Adamu Shallangwa, S. Isyaku, S. Abdulsalam, A. Danmallam","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.29","url":null,"abstract":"Typhoid fever is a gram- negative bacterial infection caused by the bacterium called Salmonella Typhi, a rod-like shaped pathogen. Salmonella typhi is both food-born and water-born pathogen. This disease is affecting people in both developed and underdeveloped countries. In this research, geometry optimization was carried out using density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory in finding the most stable structures of all the studied molecules. Molecular docking studies was carried out on novel thiophene derivatives (anti-typhoid agents) against S. Typhi target (DNA gyrase B) with the pdb ID: 1TM2 to virtually screened the studied molecules. The drug-likeness and pharmacokinetic properties of the investigated molecules were also evaluated using SWISSADME and pkCSM online web tools, respectively. The molecular docking virtual screening carried out on the anti-typhoid agents has explored their theoretical binding affinities (which ranges between -7.1 to 7.8 kcal/mol) and poses with the active sites of the S. Typhi target (DNA gyrase B). Compound A11 with the highest binding affinity of -7.8 Kcal/mol interacted with the following amino acid residues LYS35, THR247, ASP166, VAL164, TRP170, ALA222, PHE41, TR266, ASP116 and PHE41 in the active site of the receptor via conventional hydrogen bond, carbon hydrogen bond, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, respectively. The drug-likeness of the studied compounds showed good response to the Lipinski’s rule of five filtering criterion by not violating more than one of the filtering criterion thereby confirming their drug-likeness properties and oral bioavailability, respectively. Their ADMET properties showed that they were all absorbed in the intestinal at a rate above 80% and well distributed in the brain and the central nervous system. They were all found to be both substrate and inhibitors of 3A4 which indicated their metabolic properties. And based on their predicted total clearance values, they can be excreted out. All the reported compounds had a negative AMES toxicity which mean they were all non-toxic. With reference been made to an approved already existing anti-typhoid agent ciprofloxacin with a binding affinity of -7.3 Kcal/mol to the investigated molecules (most especially compound A11), All the reported molecules have higher binding affinities than the ciprofloxacin, having good pharmacokinetic properties therefore proves the tendency of their effectiveness when been administered as drug.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88614784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"QoS Enhancement of Wireless Campus Network Using Throughput Parameter","authors":"A. Ibrahim, A. Abubakar","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.28","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.28","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, broadband wireless systems developed themselves as one of the fastest growing and emerging sector in the field of telecommunications. It is a network of multiple interconnected local area networks in a limited geographical area. Quality of Service (QoS) is considered as one of the key issue in Wireless Campus Network due to the bottleneck and the competition among different kinds of traffic flow on the network. In this paper a Short-Term and Long-Term models are developed to enhancements QoS performance for Wireless Campus Network using throughput parameter. The models were designed and simulated using Optimized Network Engineering Tool, OPNET IT GURU Academic Edition with linkages between wireless workstations suitable for implementation to determine the performance of the network throughput. The two versions contain the same number of wireless workstations, but with some additional access points and multiple processors in the long-term model, a point-to - point protocol (PPP) was used to link the access points to the routers and the cloud while using 100BaseT cable to connect. In each case, the wireless network throughput was obtained. The findings obtained from these models showed that, relative to the short-term model, the Long-Term model achieves higher wireless network performance. That may be due to the fact that while in both models the total number of wireless workstations is the same, the long-term model topology includes additional access points and double processors resulting in the observed minimum throughput.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85903678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nutritional, antinutritional and sensory properties of composite pounded tubers from yam (Dioscorea esculenta), cassava (Manihot esculata) and sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas)","authors":"O. Ariyo, B. Balogun, M. Atojoko, M.T. Ogundare","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.13","url":null,"abstract":"Indigenous foods are essential in promoting food diversity and nutrition. Combinations of staples have been developed to improve the nutrient contents of indigenous diets. The study investigated the nutritional, anti-nutritional composition and sensory properties of composite pounded tubers from yam, cassava and sweet potato. The tubers were processed and the composite pounded tubers sample was compared against 100 % pounded yam (control). The results showed that crude protein (g/100 g), fat (g/100 g), fibre (g/100 g) and beta-carotene (mg/100 g)were higher in the composite pounded tubers (1.36;, 0.13;1.34; and 1091.60) compared to 100% pounded yam (1.04; 0.03; 0.75; and 1024.9), respectively. Moisture content (g/100 g), potassium (mg/100 g) and ascorbic acid (mg/100 g) were higher in 100 % pounded yam (71.65; 563.40; and 3.82) compared to composite pounded tubers (65.6; 529.4; and 1.32), respectively. The saponin (0.04, 0.14) mg/100 g, oxalate (0.37, 0.01) mg/100 g, and cyanide contents (0.0, 0.51) mg/100 g were within the safe limits. The sensory properties of the test samples were generally accepted by the panelists. These composite pounded tubers from yam, cassava and sweet potato is nutritious, acceptable and safe for human consumption.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74738061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Removal of Erichrome Black T from Aqueous Solution using Yam Peel Activated Carbon","authors":"M. Ladan, F. Usman, M. Maikudi","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.24","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.24","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was carried to evaluate the adsorption potential of yam peel activated carbon as adsorbent for the removal of Erichrome Black T (EBT). The adsorbent was characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM).The Adsorption was carried out as a function of adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration, pH and temperature using batch method. Equilibrium data were analyzed through isotherms, kinetic and thermodynamic modelling. The experimental adsorption isotherm data fitted well with Freudlinch in comparison to the other models tested. The n values obtained were greater than one indicating a favorable physical adsorption. The mean free energy (Ea.) from D-R was found to be <8 kJ/mol indicating physiosorption of the adsorbate onto adsorbent. Kinetics data were analyzed using pseudo first order, pseudo second order Elovich and intraparticle diffusion models. The results revealed that the adsorption was best described by pseudo second order model. Study of the thermodynamic behavior revealed a negative value of ΔG and positive values of ΔH and ΔS indicating spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. The results of this study reveal that the yam peel can be utilized as a good adsorbent for the removal of dye from aqueous solution.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73858306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Generalized Hukuhara Derivatives of Solving of Second Order Linear Homogeneous ODEs by Generalized Triangular Fuzzy Number Using Fuzzy Laplace Transform","authors":"A. Tahir, H. Habib","doi":"10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v14i2.4","url":null,"abstract":"Second order linear homogeneous ordinary differential equations are solved using fuzzy Laplace transform method with generalized Hukuhara differentiability concept. The results obtained is in this study is in the form of generalized triangular fuzzy number. Existence and uniqueness of solution are also obtained. However, based on the cases presented, the results have shown that relationship existed between the FLT of second order and its kth derivative for k ≥1.","PeriodicalId":8734,"journal":{"name":"Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80831465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}