Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Hypertonic Sodium Lactate on Intracranial Pressure in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis on Clinical Trial Studies","authors":"R. Mosaed, Arash Akhavan Rezayat, Behnaz Rohani, Aida Ayati Afin, F. Najmeddin, Shahideh Amini, Maryam Taghizadeh-Ghehi, Mohamad Afshar Ardalan, A. Najafi, M. Mojtahedzadeh","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.4037.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.4037.1","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Intracranial pressure (ICP) elevation leading to cerebral edema is a critical condition that should be identified and treated immediately. In this study, we systematically reviewed the articles investigating the role of hypertonic sodium lactate (HSL) in patients with traumatic brain injury. Method: PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched to find published articles on the effects of HSL on ICP in patients with a traumatic brain injury until December 2020. Animal studies, case reports, and studies, including liver and renal failure patients, cardiac dysfunction, or hypovolemic shock, were excluded. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of eligible articles. Information was gathered based on the following: Demographic data, methods, intervention, and outcomes. Results: Our initial search with the predefined search strategy proceeded 113 studies. Finally, seven studies were eligible for systematic review, which three of them were eligible for meta-analysis. A random meta-analysis of three articles comparing ICP before and after the infusion of HSL showed a reduced ICP following the use of HSL in traumatic brain injuries (P=0.015). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated hypertonic sodium lactate's undeniable role in managing increased ICP in patients with brain injury. Nevertheless, conducting more clinical studies for assessing the possible side effects of HSL seems crucial.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89763033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of KIAA0319, DYXIC1 and DCDC2 Gene Polymorphisms in Children with Dyslexia in Indian Population","authors":"Shilpa Reddy Ganasyam, Manaswini Namilakonda, Sujatha Madireddy, V. Ananthapur, Srinadh Buragadda, Sunitha Tella","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.3258.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.3258.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background:Dyslexia is a typical learning disability that does not affect intelligence but causes problems with reading, writing, and spelling. It is influenced by certain genes, due to which several researchers have attempted to identify the susceptible gene. Dyslexia is incurable and diagnosis is difficult because it always overlaps with other learning disabilities. Hence, timely assessment and intervention consequently give the best results. Therefore, our aim was to find the relation between dyslexia and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several candidate genes like DYX1C1, KIAA0319, and DCDC2 in Indian population. Methods:In the present study, 103 individuals with dyslexia and 100 controls in the age group between 6 to 15 years were taken. Thirteen SNPs in the KIAA gene, seven SNPs of DCDC2, and three SNPs of the DYX1C1 gene were analysed by the Mass Array technique. Results:The association of dyslexia with SNPs rs3756821, rs6935076, rs4576240 of the KIAA gene was found significant. A significant association was found with rs600753 of the DYX1C1 gene and dyslexia and we could not find any association of the DCDC2 gene with dyslexia. Conclusions:Prerequisite genetic analysis is necessary for the diagnosis of dyslexia as it is a crucial educational barrier. Treatment is known to be most effective if dyslexia is identified in the early stages for effective intervention for children before they experience prolonged reading failure. Further, it helps in prenatal diagnosis for early intervention.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81817417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Short-Term Therapeutic Effects of Anti-Gravity Treadmill Training on Brain Functional Activities and Walking Capacity in Children With Cerebral Palsy","authors":"M. Ashtiyani, Parmida Moradi Birgani, M. Soleimani, Seyed Behnamedin Jameie, A. Shahrokhi, Mohammad Reze Deevband, Mohammad Mehdi Mirbagheri","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.3683.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.3683.2","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is one of the most common causes of motor disability in childhood. Since CP is a corollary to brain damage, persistent treatment should accompany an alteration in brain functional activity in line with clinical improvements. Methods: Fourteen children with spastic hemiplegia CP were randomly divided into 2 groups. The study group (8yrs-5mos) underwent 45min AlterG training sessions 3 times/week for 8 weeks, while the control group (8yrs-2mos) received the same amount of occupational therapy (OT). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted to quantify brain activation during the performance of passive tasks including ankle plantarflexion to dorsiflexion and knee flexion to extension over the range of motion. Walking capacity was assessed using the Timed-Up-and-Go, 10-meter, and 6-minute walk tests. All evaluations were performed before and after training and compared between the two groups. Results: We were able to detect the signatures of ankle and knee passive movement tasks in the fMRI and characterize them in terms of activated voxels. The pre-post activation changes following the completion of training course showed that the elicited motor cortex activation was greater for the ankle than the knee tasks. For the ankle, primary motor cortex, precentral gyrus and corpus callosum showed significant enhancement in most study participants. The results indicated 16.1% more active voxels in the study than control groups. Similarly, clinical outcome measures improved over twice as much in this group. Conclusions: AlterG training could be a potentially effective therapeutic intervention for improving gait and balance impairments in children with CP.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77672438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Hydro-Alcoholic Root Extract of Delphinium Denudatum Wall on Mecamylamine-Precipitated Nicotine-Withdrawal and Corticosterone Levels in Rats","authors":"R. Jain, Rahul Raghav, M. Waseem, A. Jabin, Sonali Jhanjee","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.2559.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.2559.1","url":null,"abstract":"This study evaluates the effects of hydro-alcoholic root extract of Delphinium denudatum Wall (Jadwar, family; Ranunculaceae) for its ability to attenuate the nicotine-withdrawal in nicotine-dependent rats. The physical dependence on nicotine was induced in male adult Wistar albino rats (175-250 g) by subcutaneous implantation of Alzet mini osmotic pumps which supplied nicotine at 9.0mg/kg/day, while control rats received saline via osmotic pumps. For seven days four separate test doses of hydro-alcoholic root extract of Delphinium denudatum Wall (200, 400, 800, 1600 mg/kg) were given orally. On the 7th day, a mecamylamine injection (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was given to precipitate nicotine-withdrawal. The global Gellert’s–Holtzman rating scale was used to rate somatic signs of withdrawal for 15 minutes, followed by a measurement of motor activity. Drug Bupropion was used as a positive control. Serum levels of nicotine (cotinine) and corticosterone were done by ELISA. In nicotine-dependent rats, oral administration of Delphinium denudatum Wall root extract suppressed the hyper-locomotion and decreased the corticosterone levels at all dosages. Higher doses (800 and 1600 mg/kg) of extract, significantly attenuated nicotine withdrawal whereas, lower doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) had no significant effect. These results suggest that hydro-alcoholic root extract of Delphinium denudatum Wall may prove to be a potential therapeutic agent to attenuate nicotine dependence and facilitate tobacco smoking cessation.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90977602","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Smartphone Distractions on Cognitive Performance in Adolescents: An Electroencephalography Approach","authors":"T. A. Suhail, K. P. Indiradevi, E. Suhara, Suresh A. Poovathinal, Ayyappan Anitha","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2295.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.2295.2","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The dependence on smartphones has become widespread among all age groups in every realm of daily life. There has been increased concern about the adverse effects of problematic smartphone use and media multitasking among adolescents. Recent studies used various performance measures like questionnaire surveys to examine the association between smartphone addiction and learning performance, and such studies have yielded mixed findings. The current study investigates the effects of media multitasking on cognitive performance using Electroencephalography (EEG) features and a self-report questionnaire survey. Methods: The patterns of smartphone use among adolescents in South India were investigated in this study, using a questionnaire survey. Further, the impact of smartphone usage on cognitive task performance was examined using EEG features. For this, EEGs of twenty-two healthy subjects were recorded during learning tasks before and after using a social networking site on smartphones. Subsequently, various EEG features were extracted, including ratios of wavelet decomposed EEG bands, attention index, and Sample entropy. Finally, these cognitive performance indices were evaluated and compared with a control group. Results: A total of 600 healthy individuals (341 males, 259 females) participated in the survey among whom, 310 (50.91%) belonged to the high-user group. Performance degradation (p=0.005), sleep problems (p=0.040) and mental stress (p=0.049) were more prevalent among the high-user group. A significant decline in EEG-based cognitive performance indices was also observed in the phone-use group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the importance of controlling phone use when engaged in cognitive tasks. The study also offers an insight to develop neurofeedback techniques that enhance cognitive skills.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78907613","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Theta Beta Ratio in children with Attention deficit/hyperactive disorder and specific Learning Disorder during active EEG","authors":"Fatemeh Gholamali Nezhad, Mahdieh Mirmohammad, R. Rostami, Hanieh Ahmadi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3359.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.3359.1","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Theta-Beta Ratio (TBR) has been claimed as a biomarker to diagnose Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, the effectiveness of this index to differentiate between different groups of disorders is still under discussion. The primary purpose was to determine to what extent active TRB can differentiate between children with ADHD and specific Learning Disorder (sLD) as the most common comorbid disorder. Methods: Two groups of school-aged children with sLD (N=15) and ADHD (N=15) were diagnosed through a process of clinical interview and observation. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded in both groups during active condition. The implemented cognitive task was the visual continuous performance task (VCPT). TBR in sites of CZ and Fz, and cognitive measures of VCPT were calculated in the aforementioned groups. Results: There was no significant differences in cognitive measures (containing Commission, Omission, Reaction Time, and Variability of Reaction Times) shown in two matched groups of children with sLD and ADHD. According to TBR, two groups demonstrated no significant results in comparison. Conclusion: TBR cannot be considered as a reliable biomarker to differentiate between those groups of psychological disorders that contain primary cognitive deficits and require the allocation of attention and working memory loads.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"85 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79361972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the Efficacy of Matrix Therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, and Cognitive Rehabilitation in Attention Bias Modification and Craving Reduction in Stimulant Drug Users","authors":"S. Esmaeili, F. Taremian, Mazaher Rezaei, N. Vousooghi, Hosein Mostafavi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3227.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.3227.1","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Previous studies have shown that Matrix, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and cognitive modification treatments could lead to numerous psychological improvements in patients suffering from substance use disorders. Previous research has shown that other therapeutic interventions could be useful in managing stimulant abuse in addition to Matrix treatment The present study aimed at comparison of the effectiveness of matrix therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive rehabilitation treatments in attention bias modification and craving reduction in amphetamine drug users. Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and three-month follow-up. Forty subjects taking amphetamine were selected by convenient sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups, including the matrix therapy, cognitive rehabilitation and rTMS as intervention groups and control groups (10 subjects in each group). The matrix group received 24 treatment sessions, 3 sessions per week and cognitive rehabilitation group recivied 15 treatment sessions (3 sessions per week). The group with rTMS treatment participated in a total of 10 sessions every other day. Questionnaires and dot-Probe tasks were performed as the cognitive software before and after the therapeutic interventions and one month after the interventions as a follow-up test. Results: The results showed that the effect of time on craving assessment in three stages was significant in all the study's four groups. In the experimental groups of Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation, the effect of time on the severity of addiction dependence and attentional bias was significantly different in three stages. In the control group, the effect of time in three stages of assessment of addiction severity and attention bias was not significant. Also, there was a significant decrease in the mean of craving in Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation groups from pre-treatment to post-treatment and from pre-treatment to follow-up stages. The mean addiction severity was significantly decreased from pre-treatment to post-treatment and from pre-treatment to follow-up stage in the Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation groups. Conclusion: The current study's findings indicated that all three interventions effectively reduced amphetamine craving and attentional bias. All three approaches produced positive therapeutic outcomes.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"96 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85895031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Psychological and Psychophysiological Responses to Challenge Variations for Virtual Hand Training in Game-based Smart Rehabilitation System","authors":"A. Asgharzadeh Alvar, A. Esteki, Iraj Abdollahi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3532.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.3532.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Maintaining motivation is one of the most important characteristics of rehabilitation strategies for successful treatment. Understanding the underlying mechanism of mental state is helpful for developing new therapeutic methods based on virtual reality and serious game technologies. Objective: The present study aims to develop a cost-benefit game-based hand rehabilitation system and assess the influence on the psychological state of subjects when they interact with a virtual reality environment in different task difficulty levels. Methods: First, we introduced a low-cost smart hand rehabilitation system based on the Leap Motion tracker; then, the experimental study was performed with 20 healthy participants. Their mental states were evoked using interaction with two separate games in four different difficulty levels. Three measures from the SAM self-reported test described as a psychological response to this condition, and also four features were extracted from Photoplethysmogram signal in order to quantify psychophysiological responses of Autonomic Nervous System. Results: Comparison of the different difficulty levels revealed significant changes in arousal and dominance correspond to under challenging and over the challenging condition, respectively. The results of psychophysiological feature analysis showed significant differences only for the standard deviation of intervals between consecutive heartbeats. Conclusion: The developed system is a low-cost smart solution that can be useful for upper limb neurological rehabilitation. Regulating difficulty parameters of the implemented game can be used to influence the motivation of users through rehabilitation procedures. It seems Photoplethysmogram is an appropriate psychophysiological indicator of mental states, but further studies are required.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83235879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Personality and aesthetic preferences in architecture: a review of the study approaches and assessment methods","authors":"Mohsen Dehghani Tafti, M. Ahmadzad-Asl, M. Fallah Tafti, G. Memarian, Sarvenaz Soltani, F. Mozaffar","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3257.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.3257.2","url":null,"abstract":"It is often believed and expected that a clear relationship exists between human personality and human preferences in architecture. However, by reviewing the findings of previous studies, it is found out that such expectation is not necessarily true, as there is no consistency among previous findings. This study provides a critical review and overall classification of various research approaches and assessment methods used in previous studies. In addition, the theoretical and practical shortcomings of each approach have been introduced. Next, the psychological approach is recommended as a more feasible one, and the studies carried out using this approach are structurally analyzed. The theoretical frameworks, strategies and the execution tactics of these researches were critically reviewed. Finally, a systematic quadruple model was suggested for evaluating aesthetic experiences and judgments. After presenting the manifest and the hidden variables with this model, machine learning helped to discover the hidden patterns in the personality and human preferences.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85506318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Different tDCS Protocols on Drug Craving and Cognitive Functions in Methamphetamine Addicts","authors":"Samira Rezvanian, M. Saraei, Hossein Mohajeri, Peyman Hassani Abharian","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.1929.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2021.1929.1","url":null,"abstract":"Background and objective: Drug craving is considered to be a major problem in addiction treatment. Neuroimaging research has revealed various areas for drug craving, among which two key areas are the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the cerebellum. The DLPFC is involved in different cognitive tasks like the inhibitory control over seductive options harboring the promise of immediate reward. The cerebellum considered to be related to cognition and memory and gets activated by drug-related cues. Therefore based on the previous researches we decided to study the effects of applying tDCS on six different protocols in reducing Drug Craving and increasing Cognitive Functions in Methamphetamine Addicts. Methods: The present study is a semi-experimental, with pre/post-test, and a control group. Based on a simple sampling method, 15 male methamphetamine addicts in two rehabilitation centers in Tehran were recruited. The participants were 18-65 years old with a minimum 12-month history of methamphetamine dependence. Visual Analog Scale (VAS), The Go/No-Go Task and The N-Back Task was administered before and after single session of tDCS. tDCS applied on six protocols which were: 1. The right DLPFC anodal and the left DLPFC cathodal stimulation 2. The right DLPFC cathodal and the left DLPFC anodal stimulation 3. The right DLPFC anodal and the right arm cathodal stimulation 4. The left DLPFC anodal and the left arm cathodal stimulation 5. The right cerebellar hemisphere (O2) anodal and the left cerebellar hemisphere (O1) cathodal stimulation 6. The right cerebellar hemisphere (O2) cathodal and the left cerebellar hemisphere (O1) anodal stimulation. The data were analyzed by covariance method using SPSS-22 software Results: Study results indicated while single session tDCS effects on craving were not significant, it increased cognitive inhibition especially in protocol 2: The right DLPFC cathodal and the left DLPFC anodal stimulation Conclusion and discussion: Single session of tDCS has an insignificant effect on craving but it can increase cognitive inhibition significantly. These findings extend the results of previous studies on the effects of brain stimulation for drug craving reduction in other drug type settings.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81682893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}