Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal最新文献

{"title":"Electroencephalograph Emotion Classification Using a Novel Adaptive Ensemble Classifier Considering Personality Traits","authors":"Mohammad Saleh Khajeh Hosseini, Mohammad Pourmir Firoozabadi, Kambiz Badie, Parviz Azad Fallah","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2022.3830.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2022.3830.2","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The study explores the use of Electroencephalograph (EEG) signals as a means to uncover various states of the human brain, with a specific focus on emotion classification. Despite the potential of EEG signals in this domain, existing methods face challenges. Features extracted from EEG signals may not accurately represent an individual's emotional patterns due to interference from time-varying factors and noise. Additionally, higher-level cognitive factors, such as personality, mood, and past experiences, further complicate emotion recognition. The dynamic nature of EEG data in terms of time series introduces variability in feature distribution and interclass discrimination across different time stages. Methods: To address these challenges, the paper proposes a novel adaptive ensemble classification method. The study introduces a new method for providing emotional stimuli, categorizing them into three groups (sadness, neutral, and happiness) based on their valence-arousal (VA) scores. The experiment involved 60 participants aged 19–30 years, and the proposed method aimed to mitigate the limitations associated with conventional classifiers. Results: The results demonstrate a significant improvement in the performance of emotion classifiers compared to conventional methods. The classification accuracy achieved by the proposed adaptive ensemble classification method is reported at 87.96%. This suggests a promising advancement in the ability to accurately classify emotions using EEG signals, overcoming the limitations outlined in the introduction. Conclusion: In conclusion, the paper introduces an innovative approach to emotion classification based on EEG signals, addressing key challenges associated with existing methods. By employing a new adaptive ensemble classification method and refining the process of providing emotional stimuli, the study achieves a noteworthy improvement in classification accuracy. This advancement is crucial for enhancing our understanding of the complexities of emotion recognition through EEG signals, paving the way for more effective applications in fields such as neuroinformatics and affective computing.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139346844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expressional Study of Permeability Glycoprotein and Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 in Drug-resistant Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.","authors":"Mandeep Kaur, Tulika Gupta, Mili Gupta, Navneet Singla, Parampreet S Kharbanda, Yogender Singh Bansal, Daisy Sahni, Bishan Das Radotra, Sunil Kumar Gupta","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2554.3","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.2554.3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>About 30% of patients with epilepsy do not respond to anti-epileptic drugs, leading to refractory seizures. The pathogenesis of drug-resistance in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) is not completely understood. Increased activity of drug-efflux transporters might be involved, resulting in subclinical concentrations of the drug at the target site. The major drug-efflux transporters are permeability glycoprotein (<i>P-gp</i>) and multidrug-resistance associated protein-1 (<i>MRP-1</i>). The major drawback so far is the expressional analysis of transporters in equal numbers of drug-resistant epileptic tissue and age-matched non-epileptic tissue.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We have studied <i>P-gp</i> and <i>MRP-1</i> drug-efflux transporters in the sclerotic hippocampal tissues resected from the epilepsy surgery patients (n=15) and compared their expression profile with the tissues resected from non-epileptic autopsy cases (n=15).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Statistically significant over expression of both <i>P-gp</i> (P<0.0001) and <i>MRP-1</i> (P=0.01) at gene and protein levels were found in the MTLE cases. The fold change of <i>P-gp</i> was more pronounced than <i>MRP-1</i>. Immunohistochemistry of the patient group showed increased immunoreactivity of <i>P-gp</i> at blood-brain barrier and increased reactivity of <i>MRP-1</i> in the parenchyma. The results were confirmed by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our results suggested that <i>P-gp</i> in association with <i>MRP-1</i> might be responsible for the multi-drug resistance in epilepsy. <i>P-gp</i> and <i>MRP-1</i> could be important determinants of bio availability and tissue distribution of anti-epileptic drugs in the brain which can pharmacologically inhibited to achieve optimal drug penetration to target site.</p>","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11016880/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81673958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Assessments of Electrocardiographic Parameters in the Patients with Drug-Resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy; A Case-Control Study","authors":"J. Mehvari, Zeinab Jaafari, Mohamad Zare, N. Tabrizi, Alireza Khosravi Farsani","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.4724.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.4724.1","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the substantial cause of death in patients with epilepsy (PWE). Electroconductive disorders leading to life-threatening arrhythmia are mostly hypothesized to play a crucial role; however, there is paucity of knowledge in variable among the patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) compared to the healthy controls. Methods: The current case-control study has been conducted on 50 drug-resistant TLE patients as the cases and 50 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects selected from their first-degree family members. ECGs were taken when admitted at the hospital (base line), immediately after a seizure incidence and within an hour after the end of the seizure from the cases compared with a random ECG of the controls considering parameters including PR-, RR-, and corrected QT interval (QTc), P wave duration and heart rate (HR) variability. Results: Shorter corrected QTc interval was notified among the drug-resistant TLE patients compared to the controls (P-value=0.017) in the base line taken ECGs, while the assessments immediately after the seizure revealed significant differences in terms of RR-interval (P-value=0.005) and heart rate (P-value=0.005). Post-ictal ECGs did not differ between the groups (P-value>0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, shortened QTc interval at base line ECGs, shortened RR interval and increased HR during the seizure were the ECG elements affected in drug-resistant TLE patients; however, to generalize the outcomes, further studies are required.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75660581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Administration in Treating Spinal Cord Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Evidence","authors":"Amirmohammad Toloui, H. A. Ramawad, N. Aboutaleb, M. Yousefifard","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.562.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.562.2","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The present systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to investigate platelet-rich plasma as an effective treatment for spinal cord injury in animal models. Method: An extensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases. The included studies were summarized based on the investigated outcomes, including functional recovery and cavity size. Data were recorded as mean and standard deviation. The relationship between variables and the outcomes was investigated based on the “meta” command in the STATA 17.0 statistical program. Results: In total, 9 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. Pooled data analysis showed that the administration of platelet-rich plasma significantly improved the motor function of animals (SMD= 1.5; 95%CI: 0.9 - 2.1; p< 0.0001). In subgroup analysis based on the severity of the injury, platelet-rich plasma administration significantly improved the motor function of animals in both moderate (SMD= 2.59l 95%CI: 1.59 - 3.59; p< 0.0001; I2= 30.22%) and severe injuries (SMD= 1.22; 95%CI: 0.64 - 1.79; p< 0.0001; I2= 56.35%); However, the recovery of function was significantly more in animals with moderate spinal cord injury (Meta-regression coefficient= -1.36; 95%CI: -2.68 - -0.09; p= 0.035). In the assessment of cavity size, pooled data analysis showed that PRP administration results in a significant reduction in cavity size (SMD= -2.2; 95%CI: -3.44 - -0.95; p< 0.0001). Discussion: This meta-analysis showed that the administration of platelet-rich plasma can significantly improve motor function and reduce the cavity size in animals with moderate to severe spinal cord injuries.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76880104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Peer-Mediated Social Signals Alter Risk Tolerance in Teenage Boys Based on How far they are from Their Peers","authors":"AmirHossein Tehrani-Safa, Reza Ghaderi, Mohammad Herasat, Atiye Sarabi-Jamab","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.5331.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.5331.1","url":null,"abstract":"During early adolescence, peer influences play a crucial role in shaping learning and decision preferences. When teens observe what their peers are doing, they can learn and change their behavior, especially when they are taking risks. Our study incorporated an economical behavioral task and computational modeling framework to examine whether and how early male adolescents' risk attitudes change when they see information about their peers' choices. We recruited 38 middle school male students aged 12-15 years. The experiment consisted of three sessions: The first session and the third session were designed to evaluate the risk attitude of the participants. In the second session, participants were asked to guess the choices made by their peers, and then the computer gave them feedback on the correctness of their predictions. Each participant was randomly assigned to risk-taking or risk-averse peers. Our results revealed that teenagers who predicted risk-averse peers exhibited significant declines in their risk attitudes during the last session. On the other hand, participants with risk-seeking peers exhibited a significantly higher level of risk attitudes after predicting their peers. The data showed that these peer-biased changes in risk attitudes are proportional to the gap between teens' and their peers' risk perspectives. Results showed that their perspectives aligned closer after receiving the information, and approximately a third of the gap was eliminated. This shift may be part of an adaptive process that involves social integration.  ","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90248552","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uncovering the Neurobiological Consequences of High-Voltage Electrical Field Exposure on the Visual Working Memory of Macaques and Also Using Spiking Neural Network Model","authors":"H. Aliyari, Mohsen Hosseinian, M. Menhaj, H. Sahraei, Mohsen Shabani, M. Kazemi","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.2368.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.2368.1","url":null,"abstract":"High-voltage (HV) power transmission lines running near cities and villages can cause severe damage (Mental and physical). Due to the magnetic and electric fields they produce. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-voltage (HV) electric fields on the spiking neural network model of the brain and biological and behavioral models of visual working memory. To achieve this goal, macaques were studied for their cognitive functions, expression of the NMDA receptor gene, MRI-assisted analysis of brain anatomy, and variations in blood sodium and potassium concentrations. The experimental group of macaques was exposed to a 3kV/m high-voltage field for four hours a day for one month. Computational models were then evaluated using experimental parameters. According to the results, it was observed that being exposed to high-voltage electric fields led to a reduction in the expression of the NMDA receptor gene, as well as a decrease in the levels of Sodium and potassium ions in the blood plasma. Additionally, analysis assisted by MRI showed a decrease in the volume of the hippocampus and amygdala after exposure to the electric field. In conclusion, the results of cognitive, genetic, blood, and MRI tests, along with the spiking neural network model, elucidate the mechanism of the visual working memory deterioration in macaques due to high-voltage electric field exposure.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79355819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"EEG Oscillations during Prehypnosis and Hypnosis in Subjects with High and Low Dissociative Experiences","authors":"Hoda Taghilou, Mazaher Rezaei, M. Nazari, Alireza Valizadeh","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.1206.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.1206.2","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Hypnosis is a multifaceted phenomenon and refers to suggestions that are used to create desirable changes in behavior, experience and physiology. Most EEG research in hypnosis have allocated people into two groups of high and low hypnotizables. Hence, the empirical data are somewhat controversial, and there is no general agreement about the neurophysiology of hypnosis. On the other hand, dissociation theory of hypnosis posits that people candidates for hypnosis are typically prone to dissociation and individuals divide into two groups with high dissociative (HD) and low dissociative (LD). If this assumption is true, we can expect such a state should be visible as a distinct pattern of changes in absolute power and functional connectivity between brain districts after a hypnotic induction in high but not low dissociative suggestible. Methods: The final sample consisted of 20 participants who scored six or higher on the SHSS: C. then we completed DES on them. To assess the electrical activity of the brain during hypnosis, nineteen channel EEG was recorded from 10 HD and 10 LD participants with their eyes closed before (baseline) and after the induction of hypnosis. We use EEG to measure absolute power and functional connectivity using coherence (COH). We expected that the two groups would have dissimilar pattern of EEG signals in spite of equivalent hypnotizability. Findings: We found that in in bands of delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma, both groups were different from the baseline to hypnosis. In addition, both groups showed different connectivity in hypnosis in four bands (delta, theta, alpha, and beta). Conclusion: These findings indicate that although the two LD low and HD groups had equal hypnotizability, the episodic prospection tasks did not involve the same neural networks in the two groups.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89779750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A New Dipeptide H-MGL Partially Ameliorates Memory Impairment in an STZ-Induced Alzheimer Model in Male Rats","authors":"Sarieh Ghasempour, N. Maghsoudi, H. Manaheji, Rasoul Ghasemi, Ali Jaafari Suha, J. Zaringhalam","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.401.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.401.3","url":null,"abstract":"Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is identified by the gradual decline in memory and cognitive function. It is classified by the deposition of Aβ plaques, the build-up of intracellular neurofibrillary tangle and neuron loss. Neurotrophic factors play critical role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, the utilization of such neurotrophins has encountered certain difficulties and side effects. Novel technological advancements prioritize innovative dipeptides usage, which offer fewer side effects. The present study endeavors to analyze the compound hexamethylenediamide bis-(N-monosuccinyl-glutamyl-lysine) (Lab name: H-MGL), a newly discovered neurotrophin mimetic dipeptide, with the aim of alleviating memory impairment in an intracerebroventricular single dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Alzheimer model in rats. We arranged 4 groups consist of sham, groups receiving STZ and STZ+H-MGL (1 and 2mg/kg). The H-MGL was administered consecutively for 14 days following STZ injection subsequently, the Morris Water Maze test was performed. The findings suggest that administration of STZ caused significantly increment in mean escape latency and mean traveled distance in acquisition days. H-MGL at a dosage of 1mg/kg failed to yield any notable improvement in rats when compared to STZ. By contrast, a dosage of 2mg/kg of H-MGL led to a significant decrease in the latency to first platform crossing and frequency of platform crossings. Consequently, the aforementioned findings have engendered the notion that H-MGL partially ameliorate cognitive impairment so it may hold promise for having low side effects to alleviate cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease, or potentially decreases the symptoms associated with its progression.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87207091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Neurofeedback Training Along with Swimming Exercise on the Electroencephalographic Changes and Visual Image-Induced Craving in Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients","authors":"Atefeh Fadaei, M. Najafi, H. Miladi-Gorji, Mohammad Ali Tajik Mansoury, Mohammad Afkar","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2023.886.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.32598/bcn.2023.886.4","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: In this study, we investigated whether neurofeedback (NFB) training and swimming exercise would decrease the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes and visual image-induced craving in methamphetamine (METH)-dependent patients. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial design. 32 METH-dependent patients were allocated randomly to four groups; control, NFB, Swim, and NFB/Swim. The EEG and visual image-induced craving were recorded before and after the intervention in all four groups. Results: We found that the NFB, Swim, and NFB/Swim groups showed significantly lower absolute power for 4 frequency bands. Also, the swim and NFB/Swim groups had less and greater relative power in the alpha and delta bands, respectively. In addition, NFB/Swim group exhibited an increase in delta/alpha power ratio than the control and the NFB groups. Also, the NFB/Swim group showed a significant reduction in visual image-induced craving score than the control, swim, and NFB groups. Conclusion: This study provides novel evidence that the NFB training along with swimming exercise during METH-abstinence was effective in the normalization of METH-induced EEG changes, which may help patients to manage their cravings.","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85283687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Therapeutic Impacts of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy and Risperidone on Children with Autism: A Clinical Trial.","authors":"Asmaa S Mohamed, Hosam M Ahmad, Ahmed A Abdelrahman, Usama F Aly, Khaled A Khaled","doi":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3122.1","DOIUrl":"10.32598/bcn.2021.3122.1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>In this research, we investigated any possible effect of receiving hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) or risperidone on the core symptoms of autism in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This study was a randomized, controlled clinical trial in Minia and Assiut University hospitals in Egypt with three parallel groups. One hundred and eighty children with autism, aged 5-8 years were divided into three equal groups (n=60). Group 1 (G1) received 40 sessions of HBOT within two months, group 2 (G2) received risperidone (dose: 0.25 mg per day in children weighing less than 20 kg and 0.5 mg per day in cases weighing more) for six months, and group 3 (G3) as the control group, received a placebo for six months. The assessment was done using childhood autism rating scale (CARS) and autism treatment evaluation checklist (ATEC) at the beginning of the study (baseline) and after one year.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean total CARS and ATEC scores significantly decreased (improved) by varying degrees in the three groups after a year of follow-up compared to the baseline scores, but the best results were found in G1, G2, and G3, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Using HBOT or risperidone is effective in treating the core symptoms of autism in children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, but using HBOT gives better results than risperidone therapy.</p><p><strong>Highlights: </strong>Non-pharmacologic therapy can be used for the treatment of the core symptoms of autism.Both hyperbaric oxygen therapy and risperidone reduce the core symptoms of autism.Hyperbaric oxygen therapy gives better effects than risperidone in reducing the core symptoms of autism.</p><p><strong>Plain language summary: </strong>Since the long-term use of drug therapy in children with autism leads to the occurrence of side effects in addition to the difficulty in complying with the drugs for long-term use, efforts have begun to use non-traditional alternative treatments, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy. The current study assessed the therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and risperidone on the core symptoms of autism. The results revealed that both hyperbaric oxygen therapy and risperidone reduced the core symptoms of autism, but hyperbaric oxygen therapy gave better therapeutic results than risperidone.</p>","PeriodicalId":8728,"journal":{"name":"Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10693815/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85444687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}