Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ最新文献

{"title":"Knowledge and Practice Regarding Household Waste Management among Middle Aged Adult People of Banepa Municipality","authors":"Dibyashwori Lakhe, Sajita Manandhar","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50585","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, 2.6 billion people of the world population do not use proper method for waste disposal. Some 1.1 billion people still disposed of waste in the open places thus face many health related problems. According to the Central Bureau of Statistics, Currently, around 450 metric tons of solid waste is generated in Kathmandu every day. The objective of this study was to assess the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Household Waste Management Among Middle Aged Adult People in Banepa Municipality. A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 60 adults using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Data was collected using pretested (r=0.85) face-to-face interview schedule with structured and semi structured Nepali version questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS version 16th by using descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and inferential statics such as chi square test. The study shows, mean age of respondents was 48.36±4.747 years. The overall mean knowledge score was 39.5±9.62 which ranged from 19 to 58. The overall mean practice score was 17.41±2.1 which ranged from 13 to 20. The study was significant on the basis of training taken (p=0.016). The findings of this study showed that majority of the respondents had low level of knowledge but good level of practices. Therefore, based on the finding of the study, the household waste management can be improved by providing various awareness programs to the family members of the community so that various kind of disease can be prevented.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47084479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome among Adolescent Girls in the Selected Schools in Kathmandu, Nepal","authors":"Pratima Manandhar, Leejana Neupane","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50582","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50582","url":null,"abstract":"The global prevalence of premenstrual syndrome is 47.8%. This study was conducted to assess to assess prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among adolescent girl students among selected schools in Kathmandu. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among total 150 students. They were selected by using proportionate stratified random sampling technique. Data were collected using standard PMS scale (r =0.81) through self-administered method. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The mean age and standard deviation was 14.43 years ± 1.143 years with range of 11-16 years among 150 respondents. Among them, majority of respondent (84.0%) had premenstrual syndrome. Assessment of severity of premenstrual syndrome found that the minority of respondents (0.6%) had mild, 54.7% had moderate, 24.0% had severe and 4.7% had very severe PMS. Premenstrual syndrome was significantly associated with family history of PMS (p=0.041), number of pads used per day during period (p=0.032), junk food consumption (p=0.007), physical exercise (p=0.020), experience of stress (p=0.006). Thus it can be concluded that, most of the adolescent girls have experienced PMS ranging from mild to very severe symptoms. Therefore, it would be good if school can organize regular screening program and adolescent girl’s friendly school environment to identify the problem on timely.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41984159","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Digital Eye strain among Undergraduate Medical students of Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital during COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"S. Karmacharya, Pranisha Singh, A. Rizyal, R. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50594","url":null,"abstract":"During Covid-19 Pandemic, there was declaration of lockdown which led to increased usage of digital devices due to starting of online classes. Increased duration of digital device usage predisposed students to Digital eye strain (DES). This study aimed at estimation of the prevalence of DES among medical students of Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital during Covid pandemic. It also analyzed the pattern of digital device usage, risk factors for DES, awareness and practice of preventive measures taken by students during online classes. This was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey which included one hundred and sixteen undergraduate medical students. The mean age of the students was 22±1.30 years. Sixty-two students (53.4%) were male and fifty-four (46.6%) were female. There was a significant increase in the duration of digital device usage during Covid -period as compared to pre-Covid period (P=<0.001). The prevalence of the DES was 68.1% of which 60.34% had mild DES and 7.76% had moderate DES. The most common ocular symptoms were burning sensation (69.8%) followed by eyesight worsening (60.3%) and eyepain (56%). This study didn’t find significant association between DES and its risk factors like duration of digital device usage, distance from screen, posture, frequency of break and level of screen during online classes. Preventive measures like uses of lubricating eyedrop and use of anti-reflective coated glasses/ blue ray cut glasses were significantly associated with less frequency of DES (P=0.03,0.01 respectively). DES is an emerging eye health problem due to increase screentime exposure, so limitation of screentime and practice of 20-20-20 rule is recommended to reduce DES related symptoms.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44433776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association between Serum Uric Acid and Blood Glucose Level in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients","authors":"Rachana Pandey, S. Humagain, P. Risal, R. Yadav, B. R. Pokhrel","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50576","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50576","url":null,"abstract":"Uric acid increases insulin resistance; likewise, hyperinsulinemia increases uric acid concentration, and both are global health problems. This study is conducted to find the association between serum uric acid and blood glucose level. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine at Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal, for a duration of six months (September 2021 - February 2022). A total of 130 diabetic patients who consented were compared with 130 non-diabetics by using non-probability convenient sampling technique. Ethical clearance was taken from the Institutional Review Committee-Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences. Venous blood was collected and fasting blood glucose, post-prandial blood glucose, and serum uric acid were measured. Data were analyzed in the Statistical Package for Social version 16.0. Analytical data were compared using Mann Whitney U test, and Spearman correlation was performed to correlate numerical parameters. Statistical significance was defined as a two-sided p-value of less than 0.05. The median of serum uric acid level was significantly higher in diabetics than non-diabetics; the level of fasting and post-prandial blood glucose positively correlated with serum uric acid (p<0.05). Hyperuricemia was more in diabetics than non-diabetics (p<0.05). Serum uric acid level increased with the increase in age and duration of diabetes.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45419425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Up-to-date Immunization Coverage among Infants Attending a Clinic at a Tertiary Hospital During the Second Wave of COVID-19 Pandemic in Kathmandu, Nepal","authors":"V. Silvanus, M. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50589","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50589","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate the utilization and quality of routine immunization (RI) services at a tertiary hospital during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic period. An observational analytical study was carried out in the Immunization Clinic of a tertiary hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal. The infant cohort was enrolled over a period of 4 months and followed up for a year (April 2021 to August 2022). Up-to-date immunization (UTD) status, overall and vaccine specific drop-out rates were quantified and reasons for missed or delayed doses were elicited from caregivers. An infant who received BCG, 3 doses of Pentavalent (DPT-HEPB-HIB) and OPV containing vaccine, one dose of fractional IPV, 2 doses of Rotavirus vaccine, 3 doses of PCV and first dose of Measles-Rubella (MR1) vaccine prior to their first birthday was categorized as UTD. Dropout rates between early and later vaccine doses were defined as the percentage of children that started their immunization series, but did not complete it for some reason. Among 227 infants (44.1% female) enrolled in the study, about three-fourths (74.5%, 95% CL 68.3% to 80.0%) were identified as UTD. Among UTD infants (n=169), two-thirds of the infants (65.1%, 95% CL 57.4% to 72.3%) had received the vaccines at the recommended age milestones. Overall dropout rate (BCG-MR1) was about 19% with highest dropout between the first and third Pentavalent dose (10%). Maximum delay was seen for MR1 vaccine. Common reasons for missed or delayed visits were that the infant received vaccine at another health facility, or the infant was ill, caregivers had travelled to village/maternal home or were busy. In conclusion, three-fourths of the infant cohort had received all of the recommended vaccines as per the National immunization schedule at our immunization clinic. However, one third had delayed their visits to the clinic. While routine immunization reporting looks at the number of vaccine doses that have been administered at an immunization clinic, this study has documented a sustained utilization of RI services during the second wave of the pandemic period. The lower dropout rate for pentavalent vaccine indicates a qualitative improvement in RI services at the tertiary hospital. However, an ongoing scrutiny of immunization data recording with a progression to digital health records and provision of timely reminders to caregivers may further help to strengthen RI services at the institutional level.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42150387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge, Awareness and Expectations of Root Canal Treatment: Patients’ Perspective","authors":"S. Gautam, A. Thapa, Rojin Joshi, Barsha Joshi, Aakash Karmacharya","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50595","url":null,"abstract":"Root canal treatment (RCT) is one of the common procedures done in order to retain the natural tooth and avoid extraction. The major reason for patient not opting for RCT is due to lack of knowledge. The factors that discourage the patient and hinder the treatment when identified will help the understanding of the clinician to adequately address the issue. Thus, this study with aim to assess the knowledge, awareness and expectation of RCT from patients’ perspective was undertaken. This survey was conducted with pre-structured questionnaire consisting of 13 questions and were distributed to random 404 patients attending the department. The completed questionnaire was the analyzed. 61.4 % of participants had knowledge of RCT. Participants with previous experience of RCT were more likely to undertake the procedure again despite the cost issue, when required, then those who had no previous experience.72% of the participants choose specialized service. In comparison to other studies the knowledge and awareness regarding RCT was higher in this study.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43988200","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of Palmaris Longus Tendon among the Undergraduate Medical Students","authors":"C. Lama, A. Pradhan, A. Shrestha, S. Dhungel","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50581","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50581","url":null,"abstract":"Palmaris longus is a thin fusiform shaped muscle which terminates as a long slender tendon and enters the palmar aponeurosis of the hand. It is also one of the most variable muscles in the body. The main objective of this study was to detect its tendon in both hands and to compare and analyse it in relation to gender and hand dominance. An observational, descriptive study was conducted over a period of 11 months from October 2021 – August 2022 in the Department of Human Anatomy of Nepal Medical College and Teaching hospital, Gokarneshwor – 8, Kathmandu, Nepal. Following tests were conducted for its detection. 1. Schaeffer’s, 2. Thompson’s, 3. Mishra’s test I, 4. Mishra’s test II and Pushpakumar’s test. The results obtained showed that presence of left palmaris longus was more in left handed individuals which was statistically significant with p – value of 0.025. Similarly, presence of right palmaris longus was more in right hand dominant participants. Among the left hand dominant participants, left palmaris longus agenesis was more common in female which was also found to be statistically significant with p-value of 0.009. The knowledge regarding the palmaris longus tendon is of growing interest to surgeons these days for its augmentation, ptosis correction and in facial paralysis management. It gains its importance for autograft as it fulfills the requirement of length, diameter and availability. Hence the study regarding the palmaris longus tendon in relation to its hand dominance and gender can be helpful to surgeons working in various fields.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41661322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perception of Pathology Online Classes for MBBS (Pre-Clinical Students): A Covid Generated Evolution","authors":"Kricha Pande, Sammi Joshi","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i4.50591","url":null,"abstract":"The unexpected COVID-19 crisis has disrupted medical education and patient care in unprecedented ways. As the pandemic occurred unexpectedly, University and its affiliated colleges, their faculty members had to hurriedly switch to online courses without reflecting on how to transform the curriculum to align well with the online learning platform. As Nepal Medical College, Teaching Hospital (NMCTH) had also embraced e-learning as teaching learning tools in undergraduate students, this study tried to focus on the participation and satisfaction rate of students regarding the same. This is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted at NMCTH. MBBS second year students (Pre-clinical years) were given a validated, anonymous, self-administered questionnaire to fill in. The following categories were looked for: 1) participation in the online classes and 2) level of satisfaction of online class in Pathology subject. The questionnaire consist a total of 14 questions and answers were given in the form of yes/ no or option wise. Out of total of 98 students, 95 students responded. Most of MBBS second year students (69%) felt that online classes were not as effective as physical classes and were also not satisfied with this method of teaching. Most of the students (88%) felt that they paid more attention in physical classes than online classes. However, they didn’t find any differences between the physical or online examinations. Mobile phones were the most used device and Microsoft teams was the preferred platform. Despite the interference of learning due to network problem, the audio and video quality was satisfactory. The participation in online classes was good. The advantages were that there was no disturbance from fellow class mates during online class as stated by 68% of participants. There was room for open discussions and interaction with teacher (60%) just as in case of physical lectures. The major disadvantage was that most of the students were not satisfied with this method of learning and they find it ineffective compared to physical classes. Thus from this study, we can conclude that students prefer physical classes and online classes cannot replace the physical classes. However, with the implementation of online classes, we can ensure that it has overcome the vent created by Covid-19 pandemic.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47593729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monkeypox Outbreak - 2022: A Brief Review","authors":"J. Rai, S. Rai","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i3.48622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i3.48622","url":null,"abstract":"Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease caused by Monkeypox virus belonging to Orthopoxvirus. The virus is present in monkeys and small rodents such as squirrels, ant-eaters and others. First human case was reported from Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970 and had been reported only from central and western African countries before 2022. This year, the first human case of monkeypox was confirmed on May 7, 2022 in UK who travelled to Nigeria. Thereafter, the disease has caused a multi-country outbreak involving all continents outside Africa. As of August 28, 2022, a total of 47,652 monkeypox cases have been reported from 99 countries that have not historically reported monkeypox and in 7 countries that have historically reported monkeypox. Of the total, 47,209 cases have occurred in countries that have not historically reported monkeypox with a highest numbers of cases (17,431) in USA. Keeping in view of an increasing number of cases “monkeypox emergency” has been declared by US government on August 4, 2022. Second highest numbers of cases have been reported from Spain (6,459), Brazil (3,984), France (3,421), Germany (3,405), Britain (3,207) and following by other countries as of August 28, 2022. No cases has been reported from Nepal as of August 28, 2022.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47128177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medico-Legal Cases Registered in the Casualty Department of a Teaching Hospital in Nepal","authors":"B. Katwal, Deepika Karki, A. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i3.48619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i3.48619","url":null,"abstract":"Medico-Legal Case (MLC) refers to any case of injury or ailment where some criminality is involved. The injury cases suggestive of criminal offense, burn injuries, vehicular accidents, suspected homicide, poisoning, and sexual assault are medico-legal cases. We conducted a descriptive study in Casualty Department of Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal from May 1, 2019 to October 31, 2020. A total of 487 cases were registered. The cases were categorized according to the type of treatment they required. The record was obtained after informed consent of participants and with due assurance of confidentiality, ethical regulations and repute of the institution and individual. The data obtained was analyzed in SPSS version 21. Out of the total, 317 were male and 170 were female. The highest recorded cases were due to road traffic accidents (RTA) accounting for 167 (34.3%). The second highest was physical assault comprising 146 cases (30%) followed by fall injury 81 cases (16.6%). The study showed 48 poisoning cases (9.6%), followed by 14 cases (2.9%) of electric shock. Alcohol intoxication and trauma were eight (1.6%) each. Similarly, suicide and blast cases were six (1.2%) each. Likewise, occupational hazard and sexual assault were found one (0.2%) each, during this study period. The most common age group for medico-legal cases was 21-30 years and above 60 years were the least common. RTAs account the major part of Medico-legal cases in our study. By imparting proper education and awareness among public and medical students the frequency of these cases can be reduced.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48632695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}