Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ最新文献

{"title":"Determinants of hormonal contraceptive use and its effects among married women of reproductive age group in Kathmandu, Nepal","authors":"S. Shrestha, V. Silvanus, B. Shakya","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46038","url":null,"abstract":"The prevention of unwanted pregnancy, unsafe abortion and maternal mortality remains an important part of the practice of medicine. Several forms of hormonal contraception have been used to control female fertility. These are associated with benefits and risk. The current study aimed to study the determinants of hormonal contraceptive use and its effects among married women of reproductive age group in Kathmandu. This is a community based cross sectional study among 250 married women using hormonal contraceptives aged between 15-49 years residing in wards 8 and 9 of Gokarneshwor Municipality. The information was obtained using self-constructed structured questionnaire. Height, weight and blood pressure were recorded and hypertension was defined as per Joint National Committee (JNC) VII guidelines. Around one third of the participants were of 30-34 years and Depo-Provera was the most commonly used hormonal contraceptive. There were several side effects among the users and commonest were menstrual irregularities and weight gain. Around 47 participants had hypertension and 120 had raised BMI. The factors associated with hormonal contraceptive use were socioeconomic status, religion, BMI and monthly income of family of the study population. The present study provides valuable information regarding significant positive correlation of age, BMI and duration of hormonal contraceptive use with systolic and diastolic BP.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":"78 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41306516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among school children in Kirtipur Municipality, Kathmandu","authors":"Amulya Dahal, Dev Bahadur Roka, Shivneel Prasad, Srishti Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46027","url":null,"abstract":"Intestinal parasitic infections are a major cause of morbidity in developing countries including Nepal. Most common intestinal parasites reported in Nepal are Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana, Hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica. This study aimed to find out the prevalence of various intestinal parasitic infections among school children in Kirtipur Municipality, Kathmandu. A cross-sectional observational study was carried out with prepared questionnaire and stool examination between October to November, 2021. Altogether, 409 stool samples were randomly collected from different schools and examined by direct smear method. Out of 409 stool samples, 73 (17.8%) were positive and 336 (82.1%) were negative. Among positive cases, helminthic infection was seen in 45 (11.0%) and protozoan infection was found in 28 (6.8%). Altogether eight species of intestinal parasites were detected, the most common was A. lumbricoides (34.2%), followed by protozoa G. lamblia (23.3%), E. histolytica (15.1%), T. trichiura (10.96%), Hookworm (6.8%), Enterobius vermicularis (4.11%), Taenia solium (4.11%) and H. nana (1.37%) respectively. Study showed that, there was 63 (86.30%) single infections, 9 (12.33%) double infections and 1 (1.37%) multiple infection. The present study reveals that intestinal parasites are abundant among students of Kirtipur Municipality, Kathmandu. The situation strongly calls for the use of control measures including treatment of infected individuals, improvement of health status of infected students by health education, public health awareness and also develop the health care facilities and aware the people for the utilization of health services.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43115117","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphometric profile of achilles tendon in male - a cadaveric study","authors":"C. Lama, U. Chalise, A. Shrestha, S. Dhungel","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46039","url":null,"abstract":"The Achilles tendon is a conjoined tendon of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles and occasionally may have a small contribution from plantaris muscle. Despite being the strongest and thickest tendon in the body it is a frequent site of degenerative changes, inflammation and rupture. The main objective of this study was to measure and analyze the various parameters of Achilles tendon in cadavers. An observational, descriptive study was conducted from August 2021 to February 2022 in the Department of Human Anatomy of Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Attarkhel, Gokarneshwor – 8, Kathmandu, Nepal which included forty lower limbs of twenty male cadavers. The various parameters recorded were (a) mean length of right Achilles tendon was 16.65 ± 1.72 cm, (b) mean proximal width of right Achilles tendon was 5.50 ± 1.07 cm, (c) mean proximal circumference of right Achilles tendon was 10.67 ± 2.20 cm, (d) mean distal width of right Achilles tendon was 2.22 ± 0.54 cm, (e) mean distal circumference of right Achilles tendon was 4.27 ± 0.67 cm, (f ) mean length of left Achilles tendon was 16.35 ± 1.49 cm, (g) mean proximal width of left Achilles tendon was 5.25 ± 0.88 cm, (h) mean proximal circumference of left Achilles tendon was 10.57 ± 1.78 cm, (i) mean distal width of left Achilles tendon was 2.05 ± 0.27 cm and mean distal circumference of left Achilles tendon was 4.0 ± 0.42 cm. The present morphometric evaluation of Achilles tendon in cadavers can be of substantial help to clinicians before determining its pathological conditions and can also be of help to surgeons during the surgical repair and reconstruction of damaged tendon.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42316823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance among people working in community pharmacy: a cross-sectional study at Banke District in Nepal","authors":"A. Chaudhary, A. Gupta, B. Kc, Niraj Prasad Sah, D. Sarraf","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46042","url":null,"abstract":"The burden of ADRs is high globally and it accounts for considerable morbidity, mortality, and extra cost to the patients. Pharmacovigilance plays a significant role in the detection, assessment, understanding and reporting of ADRs. Objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of pharmacovigilance among people working in community pharmacies in the Banke District. A prospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among people working in community pharmacies in Banke district from February to March 2022 using a 20 item semi-structured questionnaire. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethical review committee (501/078-079). Data were entered in Microsoft Office Excel 2010 and descriptive statistics like mean, frequency, percentage and standard deviation were calculated. Data were analyzed using SPSS-22 and data were presented as tables. Only 46 (22.89%) respondents knew the definition of pharmacovigilance. Mean knowledge score of the respondents was 2.87±2.05 out of the maximum possible score of 10. Only 40 (19.9%) respondents had knowledge score ≥50%. Out of 201, 180 (89.55%) respondents thought that reporting of adverse drug reaction will be beneficial in the future. A total of 136 (67.66%) respondents had positive attitude towards pharmacovigilance. One hundred and seventy seven (88.06%) had not seen ADR reporting form. A total of 166 (82.59%) respondents had poor practice towards pharmacovigilance. Majority of the respondents had poor knowledge, positive attitude and poor practice of pharmacovigilance. There is urgent need of educational programs on pharmacovigilance to raise awareness.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46989068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Medication adherence among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: an interventional study in a tertiary care hospital of Nepal","authors":"A. Yadav, Najma Khatun, P. Chhetri","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46021","url":null,"abstract":"Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a significant health problem, associated with mortality and morbidities. Low medication adherence is common in patients with COPD. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate medication adherence after educational intervention was provided to COPD patients. In this interventional study, conducted at a tertiary care center of Nepal from July 2019 to December 2019, a total of 114 patients were divided randomly into two groups: intervention group (patients who received an educational intervention) and control group (patients who received no educational intervention) by using simple randomization technique. The outcomes of educational intervention are then compared between the intervention group and the control group with the aid of the leaflet. A structured questionnaire and the pre-validated Self-Administered Medication Adherence Questionnaire were used to collect information like demographic details and medication adherence. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS-20 program. Out of 114 patients, only 93 patients came for follow-up after one month. There was a significant improvement in the medication adherence scale score in the intervention group compared to the control group (p <0.05) and the level of adherence was found to be high in the intervention group after one-month follow-up. The major reasons for medication non-adherence were financial problems and symptomatic relief in both groups. This study showed that educational intervention among COPD patients plays an essential role in improving medication adherence through proper counseling about their disease and its maintenance.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41385627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study of variations in origin and course of cystic artery in relation to Calot’s triangle","authors":"A. Pradhan, C. Lama, S. Dhungel","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46028","url":null,"abstract":"Calot’s triangle is an anatomical space and also known as “triangle of cholecystectomy”. It is bounded medially by Common hepatic duct, laterally by cystic duct, and superiorly by the under surface of liver and its main contain is Cystic artery. The variation in the origin and course of the cystic artery can cause serious problems resulting, severe arterial bleeding during any surgical procedures. Hence, variations in the Calot’s triangle are very important for the surgeons. An observational cross sectional study was carried out in Department of Anatomy of two Medical Colleges in Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 30 embalmed human cadavers were dissected, in 27 cases (90.0%), cystic artery arose from right hepatic arteries, the mean length was 11.47 mm. One (3.3%) cystic artery arose from proper hepatic artery, one (3.3%) from superior mesenteric artery and one (3.3%) from accessory hepatic artery and the length of the cystic arteries were found to be measured as 15.88 mm, 27.49 mm and 24.17 mm respectively. The cystic artery was also found to be lying inside and outside the Calot‘s triangle in 96.7% and 3.3% respectively. In 26 cases (86.7%) cystic arteries were observed as passing posterior to the common hepatic duct. Further in 2 cases (6.7%) cystic arteries were found to be lying anterior to the common hepatic duct. Result also showed as in 1 case (3.3%) it was running anterior to the bile duct and in 1 case (3.3%) between right and left hepatic ducts. In conclusion the variations in the origin and course of the cystic artery are essential in performing cholecystectomy (open or laparoscopic).","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42992969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Knowledge regarding obstetric danger signs among mother attending antenatal clinic at Scheer Memorial Adventist Hospital, Banepa, Kavre","authors":"Nirmala Manandhar, M. Tamang","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46016","url":null,"abstract":"Knowledge about obstetric danger signs is very crucial for preventing obsterric complication. Globally there was 211 maternal deaths per 1,00,000 live birth in 2017. The maternal mortality ratio for Nepal is 239 deaths per 1,00,000 live births in 2016. A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted to assess the knowledge regarding obstetric danger signs among pregnant mother attending ANC at Scheer Memorial Adventist Hospital, Banepa, Kavre, Nepal. Total 100 respondents were selected using non probability purposive sampling technique through a semi-structured interview questionnaire. Data were analyzed in SPSS-16 using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency, standard deviation and percentage) and inferential statistic Chi Square. The study shows that mean age of the respondents was 25.56±4.307. More than half of the respondents (53%) were from 15-25 age group. Majority of respondent (97%) were literate. Fifty six percent of respondents had adequate knowledge on obstetric danger signs, while 27% of respondents had moderate knowledge and few respondents (17%) had inadequate knowledge. There is no any significant relationship with knowledge with selected variable age, educational status, gravida, week of gestation and -number of ANC visit. Thus it is concluded about that the entire pregnant mother requires some interventions for the awareness regarding obstetric danger signs from the beginning of ANC visit. ANC visit should be focused more than eight times as recommended by WHO.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44682035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on adverse effects of COVISHIELD vaccine among hospital employees of Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital","authors":"L. Tuladhar, A. Khapung, N. Dhakal, D. Regmi, A. Sapkota, Jyotsana Pokharel","doi":"10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i2.46024","url":null,"abstract":"Nepal government provided COVISHIELD vaccine first to the hospital employees and other front liners in January 2021. The objective of our study was to observe the adverse effects of the COVISHIELD among hospital employees of Nepal Medical College and Teaching Hospital (NMCTH). This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted from March to August 2021. The study was commenced after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee of NMCTH. Self-reported socio-demographic details and symptomatic adverse effects reported after the first and second dose of COVISHIELD were noted. The data were entered in SPSS 16 and analysed. Out of 436 participants, 360 (82.6%) and 243 (55.7%) had reported adverse effects after the first and second dose of the COVISHIELD respectively. The adverse effects reported following COVISHIELD were common and predictable.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43242497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"COVID-19: The Pandemic","authors":"Bodh Bikram Karki","doi":"10.37080/nmj.183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37080/nmj.183","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic had a great impact on all walks of our lives. The global public health of this intensity is the first of its kind to affect education, economics, transportation across the globe. At first, it was havoc. However, we tackled this great stride with social distancing, lockdowns quarantine.  In dire straits of global crisis, we have put our efforts to continuously publish this issue to disseminate medical scientific information and knowledge to the readers. \u0000The COVID-19 has infected millions of people globally and claimed numerous lives. It originated in Wuhan city of China, December 2019. It hugely affected worldwide economics, medical educations, treatment strategies, transportations. With its impact on overall health and society, the pandemic has certainly made us think about the “new normal”’. \u0000Initially, Nepal was not affected. However, as time passed, Nepal was not spared too. The government stated measures like lockdown which helped in controlling the movements and thus the infection rate. Initially, we had few countable labs equipped with RT-PCR to present the scenario of most of the hospitals having their own lab. There was a time when health care providers as front-liners were deprived of personal protective equipment (PPE). Mask was scared, PPE was not affordable. Fighting COVID 19 without the protective gears is great professionalism and dedication shown by health care workers like doctors, nurses, paramedics in the care of the patients. \u0000As COVID 19 took a long turn, knowledge about its course, duration, and treatment strategies were studied in great detail. Today due to the scientific publication of research articles worldwide, healthcare providers are efficiently managing this pandemic. In this grave situation, we have brought this edition of NMJ. We hope the research findings presented in this issue will help the scientific community in better patient care. \u0000We are thankful to all authors and reviewers for their contributions to Nepal Medical Journal. We extend our deep gratitude to all those who helped us directly and indirectly in bringing this issue. We wish the same continued support in the future to help us impart scientific knowledge to the medical world. \u0000The Editorial BoardJuly 2021, Kathmandu, Nepal","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91193304","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prophylactic Oral Rinse Usage Against Transmission of COVID 19 – A Comprehensive Review","authors":"Sharika Gopinath, Rithesh Kulal","doi":"10.37080/nmj.214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37080/nmj.214","url":null,"abstract":"The recent outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has engulfed the entire global community, causing widespread public health concerns. Despite various attempts to control the disease’s spread, the epidemic continues to rise due to the community spread of the infection. The oral cavity has been suggested as a possible reservoir for Covid-19 transmission due to the close proximity to the patient during dental treatment, the high generation of aerosols, and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. Pre procedural rinsing of mouthwashes have been widely used as a standard measure due to their ability to reduce the number of microorganisms in the oral cavity. Mouthwashes like chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), povidone-iodine (PVP-I), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and certain herbal products can be suggested as a possible solution to reduce the viral load in the oral cavity. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review on certain mouthwashes, their antiviral activity against Covid -19.","PeriodicalId":87122,"journal":{"name":"Nepal Medical College journal : NMCJ","volume":"189 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88469183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}