Atmospheric Pollution Research最新文献

{"title":"PM2.5-bound PAHs in Chinese typical non-ferrous smelting area: appointment and risk assessment associated with specific industrial and biomass sources","authors":"Jianwu Shi ,&nbsp;Xiajiao Wu ,&nbsp;Xinyu Han ,&nbsp;Yaoqian Zhong ,&nbsp;Jian Yang ,&nbsp;Ying Cao ,&nbsp;Senlin Tian ,&nbsp;Ping Ning","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102635","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102635","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The non-ferrous smelting industry (NSI) is a key source of atmospheric organic compounds, leading the serious impacts on the surrounding environment and the health of residents over industrial concentration areas. In this study, nine sampling sites were arranged in the NSI aggregation area for seasonal monitoring of PM_2.5-bound PAHs. Our results revealed that total concentration of PM_2.5-bound PAHs was 10.9 ± 4.70 ng/m³. These values reached 49.1 ng/m³ near the NSI, which were 2.8–4.2 times greater than the concentration of the background sample. Seasonal vary caused by sources and meteorology resulted in an average concentration in winter (16.2 ± 2.08 ng/m³) that was 2.6 times higher than that in summer. Based on appointment of specific sources, NSI sources account for 23.5 %–28.5 % of PAHs and biomass burning (BB) contributes significantly to PAHs, up to 28.9 % in spring. The long-range transportation of BB smoke in Southeast Asia is considered the major reason, combined with trajectories and fire spots. Risk assessment showed vehicle and NSI emissions accounted for over 71.1 % of the cancer risk from PM_2.5-bound PAHs exposure. Residents have a higher cancer risk in winter, and the incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk values of adults around the NSI exceed the threshold value (10⁻⁶). The results indicate that residents living near NSI areas face higher health risks, and suggest controlling and managing PAHs emissions related to the NSI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102635"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144518528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel algorithm for using the Sky Quality Meter as a night cloud detector and aerosol concentration meter","authors":"S. Cavazzani ,&nbsp;P. Fiorentin ,&nbsp;C. Bertolin ,&nbsp;S. Ortolani ,&nbsp;A. Bertolo ,&nbsp;R. Binotto","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102636","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102636","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The measurement of aerosol optical depth (AOD) has great multidisciplinary importance (e.g. climate change, human health, meteorological models). This work describes a novel algorithm for AOD measurement using a Sky Quality Meter (SQM). SQM measures night sky brightness (NSB) and it is mainly used for monitoring light pollution (LP). The algorithm adds the ability to estimate the AOD under clear sky conditions to the already published use of the SQM as a night cloud detector (CD).</div><div>The aerosol concentration meter (ACM) algorithm is applied to two-year measurements (2021–2022) at three sites. Two sites are of astronomical importance, such as the Ekar astronomical observatory (Asiago, Italy) and the La Silla astronomical observatory (Chile). The two sites allow calibration of the algorithm under high-LP and practically no-LP conditions. In addition, the Padua site (Po Valley, Italy) tests the algorithm in critical conditions of atmospheric dust concentration and LP. An accurate error analysis is described, and the algorithm is validated through comparison with Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data. The complexity of the NSB-aerosol interaction in relation to the scattering phenomenon in the three sites of Padua, Ekar and La Silla involves limits on the AOD daily analysis, but SQM-ACM algorithm has its best application in monthly AOD statistics with respective relative errors of 0.10, 0.07 and 0.04.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102636"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144549382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Potential respiratory hazards of fungal exposure in the residential indoor environment: a systematic review","authors":"Hai Xiao ,&nbsp;Jianghong Yang ,&nbsp;Hongwei Lou ,&nbsp;Mingxin Luo ,&nbsp;Qin Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As concern over indoor environmental health increases, the health risks associated with microbial exposure have received growing attention. Fungi, as ubiquitous airborne microorganisms, release spores and metabolites that can trigger allergic responses and contribute to the onset or exacerbation of respiratory diseases such as asthma and rhinitis. However, systematic evaluations of the relationship between indoor fungal contamination and respiratory health remain limited, especially under real-world exposure conditions. This review was conducted via comprehensive literature search on Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar, covering studies from 1990 to 2025. A total of 94 studies were included, comprising 31 on fungal sources, 48 on respiratory health impacts, and 15 on prevention strategies in residential environments. Findings show that building deterioration, especially causing Penicillium and Aspergillus proliferation, is a major fungal source, and building materials affect species distribution. Filamentous fungi from various environmental sources are associated with allergic rhinitis, asthma, tonsillitis, adenoid hypertrophy, and impaired lung function. Current mitigation approaches focus on chemical and physical control measures. This review provides an integrated overview of fungal exposure sources in indoor environments, their respiratory health implications, and the underlying mechanisms, offering scientific insights for prevention and control of fungus-related diseases in residential settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102634"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501233","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal multisite low-cost sensor measurements to estimate spatial and temporal variability of particulate matter pollution in Nairobi, Kenya","authors":"Ezekiel W. Nyaga ,&nbsp;Michael R. Giordano ,&nbsp;Matthias Beekmann ,&nbsp;Daniel M. Westervelt ,&nbsp;Michael Gatari ,&nbsp;John Mungai ,&nbsp;Godwin Opinde ,&nbsp;Albert A. Presto ,&nbsp;Emilia Tjernström ,&nbsp;V. Faye McNeill ,&nbsp;R. Subramanian","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ambient concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in sub-Saharan African cities like Nairobi can vary significantly due to the distribution and intensity of local and regional emission sources. We assess the spatiotemporal variability of PM_2.5 in Nairobi using low-cost sensor and reference instrument data from urban background (2020–2022) sites and from several source-specific sites (June to December 2021). To our knowledge, this work represents the longest and most spatially differentiated dataset for this city.</div><div>Data from urban background sites demonstrates seasonal variation driven by precipitation. PM_2.5 concentrations were higher during the warm-dry (JF, 17.1–18.8 μg m⁻³) and cool-dry (JJAS, 21.0–25.5 μg m⁻³) seasons and lower during the rainy seasons of MAM (14.8–17.0 μg m⁻³) and OND (13.2–17.2 μg m⁻³). Seasonal differences are systematic, and larger than the inter-annual variability. Our analysis of source-specific PM_2.5 measurements (June to December 2021) reveals for the more polluted JJAS season the highest PM_2.5 recorded at traffic/residential sites (28.8–29.1 μg m⁻³), followed by urban background (23.3–24.1 μg m⁻³) and sub-urban background (22.5 μg m⁻³). The traffic/residential impacted sites demonstrate noticeable morning and evening peaks associated with traffic and residential emissions, while diurnal profiles for urban background and sub-urban background sites remain flat during the day but display noticeable evening peaks, pointing again to the impact of residential emissions. At the urban background site and during the JJAS season, an additional midday peak is probably related to residential cooking emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572660","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-time nowcasting of NO2 products from geostationary environment monitoring spectrometer using a conditional generative adversarial network","authors":"Jeong-Eun Park ,&nbsp;Yun-Jeong Choi ,&nbsp;Goo Kim ,&nbsp;Sungwook Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In East Asia, megacities like Seoul, Tokyo, and Shanghai frequently recording high nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations due to traffic and industrial activity require urgent efforts to enhance short-term monitoring and forecasting systems. This research presents a deep-learning (DL) model for nowcasting atmospheric NO₂ concentration products derived from the geostationary environment monitoring spectrometer (GEMS) on the Geo-Kompsat-2B satellite from 1-h to 3-h. The DL model utilizes pairs of GEMS NO₂ products as input and output datasets. The nowcasting DL model was developed using a data-to-data (D2D) translation method incorporating conditional generative adversarial network techniques. The D2D-nowcast NO₂ model was trained and tested for 1, 2, and 3-h predictions. The test results of the D2D model demonstrated excellent statistical performance, including a correlation coefficient of 0.805, a root-mean-square error of 0.162 ⨉ 10¹⁶ molecules/cm², and a bias of 0.046 ⨉ 10¹⁶ molecules/cm² for the 3-h prediction. Furthermore, the D2D-nowcast NO₂ concentrations were validated using the Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument and Pandora NO₂ measurements, demonstrating high agreement. Consequently, this study aims to support real-time operational monitoring by supplementing temporal gaps in satellite observations without relying on numerical models and provides valuable supplements for decision-making by air quality forecasters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144329527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reconstructing top-down global black carbon emissions using remote sensing and models","authors":"Shuo Wang ,&nbsp;Luoyao Guan ,&nbsp;Jason Cohen ,&nbsp;Kai Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black Carbon (BC) is both an absorbing component and air pollutant that significantly impacts environment, climate, and human health. Currently, the monitoring of BC emissions relies primarily on bottom-up inventories, which often lack spatial and temporal validation or verification from satellite-based observational platforms. This gap limits our understanding of BC's concentration and variability over time and space. This study reconstructs a BC emission inventory based on separate bottom-up and top-down Kalman Filter estimations from 2002 to 2009 yielding a variable enhancement factor in different areas. EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) is employed to identify 9 unique BC source regions contributing over 77 % of the variance, in alignment with climatological patterns of NO₂ and UVAI (Ultraviolet Aerosol Index) observations during this period. Simplified inversion emission estimation provides a medium to high confidence inventory that effectively captures both geographic and temporal variations of BC across different regions and percentiles. The emission difference between our inversion and a priori estimation is not uniform, with BC emissions globally underestimated by a factor of 1.8–4.0. Urban and rapidly developing regions including Europe, China, United States, and India are highly underestimated in the a priori inventory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144313082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characteristics and sources of volatile organic compounds and their impacts on ozone formation in a coastal city of southeastern China","authors":"Chende Gai ,&nbsp;Chuanyou Ying ,&nbsp;Xugeng Cheng ,&nbsp;Fei Jiang ,&nbsp;Jing Lin ,&nbsp;Zhixiong Chen ,&nbsp;Lei Shu ,&nbsp;Jun Hu ,&nbsp;Dongsheng Jiang ,&nbsp;Mengmiao Yang ,&nbsp;Jane Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ozone (O₃) pollution is a severe environmental issue, highlighting the critical role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a precursor of O₃, in urban air pollution control. In this study, we analyzed continuous hourly measurements of VOCs and O₃ in 2022 in a coastal city of southeast China, Fuzhou, to characterize VOC seasonal variations and sources, as well as their contributions to O₃ formation in the region. The results show that the annual mean concentrations of VOCs is 18.3 ± 10.4 ppbv, which is much lower than cities in northern and central China. According to the emission ratios, VOCs in Fuzhou are significantly impacted by liquefied petroleum gas and natural gas (LPG/NG) (30.6 %), but are less affected by vehicle exhaust emissions (20.9 %) than those in Chinese megacities, because of the consumption of clean energy increased to 30 % in Fuzhou. Seasonally, VOC sources exhibit a higher proportion of the solvent source in summer, driven by increased production from the agricultural fertilizers, integrated circuits, and beverage production. In autumn, the elevated industrial VOC emissions, including cement and petrochemical industries, contribute a high proportion of 23.1 % to the total VOC. The proportion of LPG/LPG source in winter is higher than in other seasons, mainly due to the growth in VOCs emissions and the increase in emissions from burning sources. The LPG/NG and vehicle exhaust source are the primary contributors to O₃ formation potential (OFP) throughout the year, except in summer when vehicle and solvent emissions become the leading contributors to OFP. Finally, we identified multiple elevated O₃ events associated with increases in VOCs. We conservatively estimate that on average of these events, a 59.4 % increase in VOCs and a 37.3 % increase in NO₂ could lead to a rise of 38.5 % in O₃ concentrations on the following day under comparable local meteorological conditions. This study provides policymakers with new scientific references to formulate effective VOC control measures for curbing O₃ pollution in southeastern China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic microfibers in different indoor environments of Chennai, India","authors":"A Angel Jessieleena ,&nbsp;Iniyan K.E. ,&nbsp;Amit Singh Chandel ,&nbsp;Sancia Verus D’Sa ,&nbsp;Nilofer M. ,&nbsp;Indumathi M. Nambi","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microplastics, particularly microplastic fibers, are one of the emerging pollutants of concern. However, recent studies emphasized the predominance of artificial and natural microfibers over microplastic fibers. Despite this, research focusing on all types of microfibers, commonly grouped as anthropogenic microfibers (MFs) remains limited, especially in residential indoor environments. Therefore, this study explored the indoor MFs deposition in the residential homes of Chennai, India, a first such study in the country. Additionally, workplaces, including offices, laboratories, and hostel rooms, were examined. Bedrooms (16,736 ± 7,263 MF/m²/day) and student hostels (5,572 ± 2,898 MF/m²/day) recorded highest contamination in respective categories, and this could be attributed to the abundance of textile products in both the rooms. MFs&lt;500 μm dominated in both residential (78.8 %) and workplace (65.9 %) samples. The observed diameter of MFs (2.02–36.4 μm) indicate their potential to penetrate human lungs. μ-FTIR analysis revealed the distribution of semi-synthetic (48.2 %), natural (29.3 %) and synthetic (22.5 %) MFs, underscoring the need to consider all categories of MFs. Further classification revealed textiles (rayon - 94.5 ± 6.40 %, cotton - 68.1 ± 6.12 %, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) - 48.1 ± 11.5 %) as a significant source of contamination. The detection of black rubber/latex MFs indicates additional contributions from road dust. Surface morphological analysis further highlighted the primary role of indoor/local sources in MFs contamination. Overall, the study emphasizes the need to monitor all categories of MFs and calls for comprehensive investigations into the impact of various sources on indoor MFs contamination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144321622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Year-long variability of the mixing layer height at an urban Mediterranean location and association with air pollution levels","authors":"K. Petrinoli ,&nbsp;D.G. Kaskaoutis ,&nbsp;A. Bougiatioti ,&nbsp;E. Liakakou ,&nbsp;G. Grivas ,&nbsp;P. Kalkavouras ,&nbsp;N. Mihalopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102612","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102612","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the planetary boundary layer characteristics and the association with atmospheric pollutants in Athens, aiming to assess the effects of boundary-layer dynamics on pollution levels. Ceilometer (CL31) profiles of backscatter coefficient (BSC) were used to compute the mixing layer height (MLH) based on the gradient method under cloudless conditions, revealing higher values in summer (mean: 955 m) and lower in winter (mean: 556 m). The annual mean MLH displayed a pronounced diurnal pattern depending on season with a mean value of 902 ± 337 m at noon, decreased to 525 ± 336 m at midnight. The MLH maximized at 15:00 (UTC+2) (mean: 1293 ± 337 m) closely related to surface heating and turbulent mixing conditions. MLH variations are interrelated with the local wind patterns, with stronger winds mostly from northeast directions during May–September, facilitating higher MLH and dispersion of pollutants. PM_2.5, Black Carbon (BC) and NO_x concentrations were strongly linked to variations of MLH, exhibiting negative correlations with it, while O₃ exhibited a similar diurnal pattern with MLH (maximizing during early afternoon) due to its photochemical production and possible intrusion from upper atmospheric levels. Apart from changes in the emission sources due to domestic heating during wintertime, the shallow MLH along with stable atmospheric conditions, further exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants near the surface, with emphasis on BC. Two case studies regarding enhanced BC levels due to residential wood burning and transported smoke plumes were analyzed to assess the impacts of MLH variations on pollutant concentrations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102612"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144281084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Widening cost-benefits gap of emission control measures in India from 2017 to 2022","authors":"Mengyuan Zhang ,&nbsp;Shuai Wang ,&nbsp;Zhiwei Han ,&nbsp;Chenliang Tao ,&nbsp;Yuan Wang ,&nbsp;Mano N. Kumar ,&nbsp;Sunil Dahiya ,&nbsp;Peng Wang ,&nbsp;Hongliang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102615","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102615","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Indian government has implemented stricter emission reduction policies to alleviate pollution in recent years, though their impact on air quality remains uncertain. This study uses the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model to simulate PM_2.5 and O₃ concentrations in India from 2017 to 2022, assessing the response of pollutant emissions and evaluating effects on air quality and public health. We assess the total costs of emission reduction policies and potential lives saved through improved air quality, providing a preliminary estimate of policy effectiveness. While emissions of SO₂, PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and black carbon declined, emissions of NH₃, VOC, and organic carbon increased, with CO and NOx remaining stable. The total cost of emission reductions increased from $31.9 billion in 2017 to $47.4 billion in 2022, with NO_x reductions accounting for over 70 % of the total. Despite these efforts, PM_2.5 and maximum daily 8-h average (MDA8) O₃ concentrations generally rose in most years, showing a synchronized pattern. This contributed to an increase in premature deaths, from 2.1 million to 2.4 million, with cardiovascular diseases due to PM_2.5 exposure accounting for over 40 % of these deaths. The increasing costs of emission reductions, excluding a brief decline in 2020, led to negative health benefits and a widening cost-benefit gap. By 2022, net benefits were recorded at -$126.7 billion, marking a 14 % decrease from 2018. These findings highlight the need for future policies to improve cost-effectiveness and maximize health benefits for sustainable air quality improvements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102615"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144290835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}