Atmospheric Pollution Research最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of MERRA-2 black carbon aerosols and ground observation at a high-altitude mountainous site in southern China","authors":"Cheng Liu ,&nbsp;Lichen Deng ,&nbsp;Aijun Yan ,&nbsp;Xinjie Liu ,&nbsp;Jiening Huang ,&nbsp;Xinrui Miao ,&nbsp;Yue Qian ,&nbsp;Renguo Zhu ,&nbsp;Xiaozhen Fang ,&nbsp;Wei Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black carbon (BC) is an important light-absorbing component of atmospheric aerosols and plays a crucial role in regional/global climate and human health. In contrast to the predominant focus on urban BC aerosols in existing literature, this study comprehensively compared and studied the temporal variations of BC concentration at a high-altitude mountainous site (Mt. Lushan) in southern China based on long-term (2008–2022) ground observations and elevation-corrected MERRA-2 reanalysis. Results indicate that both the observed and MERRA-2 annual mean BC concentrations show a downward trend over the years. However, the observed decline rate (−0.115 μg m⁻³ yr⁻¹) is considerably larger than that of MERRA-2 (−0.045 μg m⁻³ yr⁻¹), mainly attributed to MERRA-2's static emission inventory after 2013. Both datasets capture a “V-shaped” monthly variation pattern, but MERRA-2 overestimates winter BC by 68 % and underestimates summer BC by 8 %. Despite notable discrepancies during winter and at night, the diurnal variations of MERRA-2 and observed BC exhibit a consistent unimodal distribution, with its peak occurring between 12:00 and 17:00 local standard time (LST). This pattern contrasts with those observed in urban areas. A comparison reveals that using ground-level MERRA-2 reanalysis against the observation at Mt. Lushan results in larger biases than that using station elevation-matched product. This suggests that station elevation plays a significant role in the temporal variation of BC concentration, and it is preferable to use model-level BC data from MERRA-2 that corresponds to the actual station altitude for comparison at such high-altitude sites. These results could provide a referenced evaluation and promote the understanding on the applicability and accuracy of the MERRA-2 BC variation pattern over high-altitude sites.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102644"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation on vehicle emission factors in urban tunnels through mobile measurements with an optimized estimation method","authors":"Chaowen Jiang ,&nbsp;Chao Lin ,&nbsp;Yu Zhao ,&nbsp;Zhiwen Luo ,&nbsp;Tianyi Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban traffic pollution, driven by vehicle exhaust emissions, necessitates accurate assessment through Emission Factors (EFs). While tunnel measurements are commonly used, previous studies relied on fixed sampling points near tunnel entrances and exits, making results vulnerable to external influences. This study aims to elucidate the spatial patterns of EFs within tunnels and their influencing factors using multi-season mobile measurements, providing a reference for optimizing the selection of fixed testing points. Through the mobile measurements of Lianhuashan Tunnel in Dalian, real-time particulate matter concentration data were collected during vehicular transit, and variations in EFs at different locations were analyzed. The average EFs in spring, summer, and winter were 3.07 ± 0.84, 0.56 ± 0.12, and 0.90 ± 0.41 (mg/veh/km), respectively. Factors influencing the distribution characteristics of EFs within the tunnel include complex traffic conditions, characteristics specific to the EFs calculation equation employed in mobile measurement, and the influence of natural wind direction at the tunnel exit. Congestion or intermittent movement causes uneven EFs distribution. In cases of short sampling distances, small fluctuations in pollutant concentrations may result in overestimated EFs. Reverse winds at the exit may also inflate EFs due to pollutant accumulation. It is suggested that the optimal locations for fixed measurements lie within the range of 30 %–84 % of the tunnel length from the entrance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102646"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the NO2 pollution and its connection with PM2.5 and O3 in Dazhou based on source apportionment","authors":"Xu Liu ,&nbsp;Pulong Chen ,&nbsp;Congwu Huang ,&nbsp;Tijian Wang ,&nbsp;Tao Niu ,&nbsp;Mengmeng Li ,&nbsp;Rong Li ,&nbsp;Hao Wu ,&nbsp;Yawei Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dazhou, as one of the key construction cities in the Sichuan-Chongqing economic belt, has experienced accelerated economic development, accompanied by a dense population, extensive infrastructure construction, and rapid industrial growth. Consequently, air pollution has become increasingly severe, with the mass concentration of NO₂, a primary pollutant, being a significant constraint on air quality management in the city. This study utilizes the WRF-CMAQ (Weather Research and Forecasting Model-Community Multi-scale Air Quality) model to quantitatively analyze the main sector sources of NO₂ in Dazhou during different seasons in 2022. The findings reveal that industrial sources contribute the most to NO₂ pollution in spring and winter, while transportation sources dominate in autumn. Additionally, the correlation between PM_2.5, O₃, and NO₂ concentrations, which exhibit significant seasonal variations, was examined. Notably, in summer, a negative correlation between O₃ and NO₂ concentrations was observed, while a positive correlation between PM_2.5 and NO₂ concentrations was evident in winter. Furthermore, the correlation between NO₂, O₃ and PM_2.5 concentrations across different sectors was analyzed using ISAM (The Integrated Source Apportionment Method). In spring, the energy sources of NO₂ and the transportation sources of O₃ are significantly negatively correlated, with a correlation coefficient of −0.94. Additionally, the residential sources of NO₂ are significantly positively correlated with the transportation sources of PM_2.5, with a correlation coefficient of 0.96. In autumn, the energy sources of NO₂ exhibit the most significant correlations with the industrial sources of O₃ and the transportation sources of NO₂ and PM_2.5. In winter, the correlations among various sectors for O₃ pollution are not significant, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.02 to 0.63. The highest correlation is observed between the industrial sources of NO₂ and the residential sources of PM_2.5, reaching 0.98. This study analyzed the main source sectors of NO₂ in Dazhou City and the correlation with the source sectors of O₃ and PM_2.5 by using the CMAQ-ISAM source apportionment method, revealing the importance of seasonal cooperation in air pollution control in Dazhou and emphasizing its significance for long-term pollution management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102645"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144572821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Reanalysis-based retrieval of near-surface ozone concentrations and its implications for ozone pollution events across China","authors":"Lili Wang ,&nbsp;Xingchuan Yang ,&nbsp;Haili Zhou ,&nbsp;Yang Yang ,&nbsp;Jiantao Dong ,&nbsp;Shuo Dong ,&nbsp;Wenji Zhao ,&nbsp;Minghui Tao ,&nbsp;Pengfei Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ozone (O₃) pollution has become a serious environmental issue in China, posing a significant threat to human health. However, existing satellite-based surface ozone concentration retrieval products are often restricted by data gaps and low spatial resolution, which limit their accuracy and applicability. Therefore, this study integrated reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and ground-based observations, employing the XGBoost machine learning algorithm to estimate near-surface ozone concentrations across China at a high spatial resolution of 1 km. The model performed excellently in sample-based 10-fold cross-validation, achieving an R² of 0.91 and an RMSE of 13 μg/m³. Case studies of ozone pollution in two typical industrial cities (Tianjin and Dongguan) revealed the spatial heterogeneity of ozone pollution, supporting fine-scale regional monitoring. With the advantages of high spatial resolution and full coverage, our dataset successfully captured a prolonged ozone exposure event in eastern China from 12 June to July 15, 2023. This dataset holds great potential for applications in ozone exposure assessment and environmental impact studies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102643"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144564025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between synoptic meteorology and daily surface O3 variation over China","authors":"Lihua Zhou ,&nbsp;Yong Luo ,&nbsp;Jianbin Huang ,&nbsp;Like Ning ,&nbsp;Huihui Yuan","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102642","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102642","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The diurnal variation of ozone (O₃) in China is severely affected by weather processes. In this study, the influence mechanism was further extracted through the coherent wave analysis (CWA) and multivariate empirical orthogonal function (MEOF) methods. The multi-factor time series correlation indicates that there is a significant correlation between the daily O₃ and meteorological factors variability within 1–3 weeks. Considering the high-altitude circulation, O₃ pollution often occurs behind the trough and in front of the ridge. Under this circulation pattern, hot and dry, less cloudy weather often occurs, which leads to an increase in the level of solar radiation reaching the ground. Higher temperatures and solar radiation promote photochemical reactions, and dry weather is not conducive to the removal of O₃ either. These conditions are all conducive to the generation and accumulation of O₃ in terms of dynamics, thermodynamics and photochemistry, etc. This further explains that the fluctuations of the mid-latitude westerlies have guided this change process. Atmospheric circulation drives the near-surface weather patterns, which further affect the near-surface O₃ patterns. This composite pattern further dominated the diurnal variations in the four key polluted areas. The dominant effect of the T/RH pattern on the diurnal variation of O₃ is greater than that of the dynamic field. The leading four PCs of the T/RH/O₃ field explain 57.4 %, 43.6 %, 32.9 % and 39.6 % of the NCP, YRD, PRD, and SCB O₃ variability, respectively. However, the leading four PCs of the SP/W/O₃ field explain 30.3 %, 36.7 %, 12.4 %, and 23.7 % of them, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102642"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating the role of meteorological parameters in the transport of air pollutants from LPG tank trailer explosion in Jaipur, India","authors":"Gourav Suthar ,&nbsp;Amit Singh Chandel ,&nbsp;Saurabh Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution is a growing concern, especially during episodic events that significantly impact air quality and public health. This study examined the impact of air pollutants from an Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) tank trailer explosion in Jaipur, focusing on pollutant transport and the role of meteorology in air quality changes in Jodhpur. The air quality across three phases Pre-Event, During-Event, and Post-Event was assessed by examining variations in pollutant (i.e., PM_2.5, PM₁₀, CO, NH₃) concentrations and their relationships with meteorological parameters. During the Pre-Event, PM_2.5 was low, while PM₁₀ were moderate. During the Event period, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations surged severely to 380 μg/m³ and 430 μg/m³, respectively. CO peaking at 18.3 mg/m³, and NH₃ at 17.2 μg/m³, reflecting severe air quality deterioration. The Air Quality Index (AQI) level was 372 in the Pre-Event and reached 435 during the Event. Air Pollutant concentrations and AQI improved post-event due to wind and atmospheric mixing. Meteorological factors, including humidity, boundary layer height, and wind speed, played a critical role in the transport and dispersion of pollutants, with their combined effect contributing significantly to pollutant behavior and air quality fluctuations. This study supports Sustainable Development Goals <strong>(SDG) 3</strong> by addressing air pollution health risks, SDG 11 by emphasizing sustainable urban air quality management, and SDG 13 by examining meteorological impacts on pollution dispersion.</div><div>Overall, the study underscores the importance of meteorological conditions in shaping pollutant dispersion and highlights the need for targeted air quality management strategies to mitigate health risks from episodic pollution events.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102639"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522400","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application of a land-use regression model to investigate the effect of urban greenbelts on ambient PM10 and PM2.5 mitigation during seasons of light and heavy pollution","authors":"Y.M. Sun ,&nbsp;Y.L. Guan ,&nbsp;A. Przybysz ,&nbsp;C.Y. Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Greenbelts located close to traffic pollution sources can significantly attenuate air pollution by intercepting and assimilating the pollutants on a lasting basis. However, the impact of greenbelts can be affected by neighbouring land use. This paper investigated the effects of urban greenbelts on the mitigation of ambient PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 in Wuhan, China using a land-use regression (LUR) approach. Traffic-related pollution emissions had a crucial impact on PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 levels. The effect of greenbelts on PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 mitigation can be decreased by adjacent traffic pollution sources, but enhanced by increasing the width of the greenbelt. In addition, meteorological factors had a variable impact on PM levels during the seasons of light and heavy pollution. According to the LUR model, the combined effects of the greenbelt, traffic PM sources and meteorological factors were characterized by the threshold impact of greenbelt width on PM mitigation, with a width of 40 m having a significant and positive effect on PM levels. In addition, these effects varied with thresholds in different pollution conditions, and were less evident in the heavily polluted season. The combined effect of urban greenbelt on PM reduction should be explored in real-life conditions, which will have important practical significance for urban planning and construction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102641"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144535910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Health impacts and drivers of long-term ozone and nitrogen dioxide exposure in urban China","authors":"Zhaoli Yang ,&nbsp;Fangliang Li ,&nbsp;Rongmin Ye ,&nbsp;Huiping Ge ,&nbsp;Hongyu Li ,&nbsp;Shulian Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiaxin Wang ,&nbsp;Yuan Zhao ,&nbsp;Hong Gao ,&nbsp;Tao Huang ,&nbsp;Jianmin Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Air pollution is a significant global health hazard and a major risk factor for mortality. Like many regions experiencing rapid economic development and urbanization, China continues to face persistent air pollution, with increasing O₃ levels and NO₂ as critical pollutants. This study analyzed the spatiotemporal distribution of O₃ and NO₂ in urban China from 2015 to 2020 using online monitoring data. Concentration-response functions (CRFs) were employed to assess health impacts. The result reveals that, while NO₂ pollution has declined during the six-year period, its level was still above air quality standard, and O₃ levels have escalated. The study identified a 62,100 increase in combined O₃- and NO₂-related deaths in 2020 compared to 2015, with the highest health burdens occurring in Central China. Critically, a major factor increasing health risks from air pollution is population aging, since the elderly exhibit heightened biological susceptibility to pollutant exposure. This underscores a growing challenge not only for China but also for aging societies worldwide. Taking the vulnerability of the aging population into account, new age-sensitive air quality standards and measures to mitigate health consequences of criteria air pollutants become imperative.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102640"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144501232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An integrated modeling framework for PM2.5 source apportionment in the Yangtze River Delta using WRF-CMAQ and ISAM","authors":"Qianqian Li ,&nbsp;Youliang Chen ,&nbsp;Hamed Karimian ,&nbsp;Qin Fan ,&nbsp;Raihan Abbasi","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102637","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102637","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the increasing complexity of the PM_2.5 pollution problem and the diversity of emission sources, source apportionment analysis has become an important tool to better understand the nature of PM_2.5 pollution. In this study, the PM_2.5 emission sources in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration were analyzed using a two-layer nested the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, combined with the Integrated Source Apportionment Method (ISAM) pollution source analysis module. Based on a comprehensive analysis of sectoral PM_2.5 source data for the autumn and winter seasons, key characteristics emerged: Nanjing was dominated by industrial sources, Hangzhou was prominent in residential sources, Hefei had a relatively complex pollution composition, and Shanghai saw a significant decrease in contributions from transportation sources in autumn. From a seasonal perspective, the overall PM_2.5 concentration was higher in winter than in autumn. This was particularly marked by increased contributions from agricultural, industrial, and power generation sources, indicating either greater emission intensity or poorer atmospheric dispersion conditions during winter. By tracking the transport pathways across the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) urban agglomeration in both seasons, we found the following: In winter, the contribution percentages from local sources, intra-regional transport, and extra-regional transport were 15.05 %–36.3 %, 35.60 %–62.10 %, and 16.9 %–36.23 %, respectively. In autumn, the respective contributions were 26.00 %–45.13 %, 31.51 %–56.44 %, and 17.56 %–27.59 %. Overall, compared to autumn, the contribution of local sources to PM_2.5 decreased during winter, while the proportion from long-range transport increased.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 10","pages":"Article 102637"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144522401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Particulate matter and carbonaceous content in aerosols from Haiphong and Hanoi cities, Northern Vietnam","authors":"Catherine Guigue ,&nbsp;Pauline L. Martinot ,&nbsp;Sandrine Chifflet ,&nbsp;Léa Guyomarc'h ,&nbsp;Pamela A. Dominutti ,&nbsp;Jean-Luc Jaffrezo ,&nbsp;Thanh Ngo-Duc ,&nbsp;Van Hoi Bui ,&nbsp;Cam Tu Vu ,&nbsp;Gaëlle Uzu ,&nbsp;Marc Tedetti ,&nbsp;Xavier Mari","doi":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102638","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.apr.2025.102638","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Airborne particulate matter (PM) and its carbonaceous content (elemental carbon, EC and organic carbon, OC, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs) were investigated in Haiphong and Hanoi, two major cities in the Northern Vietnam, aiming at elucidating the relative importance of local and regional atmospheric pollution. The monthly average ranges of PM_2.5 were 14–37 μg m⁻³ in Haiphong, and 35–102 μg m⁻³ in Hanoi, respectively, during the period 2020–2023. EC, OC and PAH concentrations annually averaged 2.1 ± 1.3 μg m⁻³, 4.9 ± 3.1 μg m⁻³ and 4.4 ± 2.6 ng m⁻³ in Haiphong PM₁₀ from Oct. 2012 to Oct. 2013, and 1.3 ± 0.9 μg m⁻³, 9.1 ± 6.2 μg m⁻³ and 5.9 ± 5.8 ng m⁻³ in Hanoi PM_2.5 from Oct. 2019 to Dec. 2020, respectively. Seasonal variations were observed, with higher values during the dry season (winter) compared to the wet season (summer), as expected according to monsoon meteorological conditions. However, spatial variations and correlations between EC, OC, and PAHs, along with other markers of human activities (such as levoglucosan, secondary inorganic aerosols and metals), emphasized city-specific influence of local emission sources <em>versus</em> those transported from distant locations. Hanoi, highly urbanized, appeared to be yearly dominated by the local emissions while Haiphong, less urbanized and located near the sea, allowed to highlight seasonal variations in emission origin. While PM values exceeded up to 15 times international air quality recommendations, health risk assessment related to inhaled PAHs, in line with previous results relying on metals, remained low to moderate.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8604,"journal":{"name":"Atmospheric Pollution Research","volume":"16 11","pages":"Article 102638"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144562889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}