Post-Soviet geography and economics最新文献

{"title":"Regional Population Change in Kazakhstan during the 1990s and the Impact of Nationality Population Patterns: Results from the Recent Census of Kazakhstan","authors":"R. Rowland","doi":"10.1080/10889388.2001.10641188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641188","url":null,"abstract":"An American geographer specializing in population change and urbanization in the countries of the former USSR examines nationwide and regional total, urban, and rural population change in Kazakhstan for 1989-1999, using data from the recently released 1999 census of Kazakhstan. Of particular interest is the analysis of nationality data in the census, available at a level of detail not matched since the last Soviet census in 1989. For the first time in more than a decade, a detailed investigation is possible of changes in the regional and rural-urban populations of major nationality groups in Kazakhstan during the 1990s. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: 018, R12, R23. 10 figures, 15 tables, 35 references. I n a recent paper in Post-Soviet Geography and Economics, this author investigated national and regional urban population trends in Kazakhstan up to 1998 based on official population estimates for 1998 (Rowland, 1999). Although nationality influences on such trends were addressed briefly, that study was especially limited by the general lack of detailed nationality population data for urban and rural areas in the late 1990s. In addition, the population data that were utilized for the late 1990s, both general and nationality, were only estimates rather than actual enumerations. Subsequently, the final results of the 1999 census of Kazakhstan have been published (Agentsvo, 1999a, 2000a, 2000b, 2000c). The first available volumes provide relevant data on oblast-level total, urban, and rural populations in general for both 1989 (the year of the last census of the former Soviet Union or FSU) and 1999 (Agenstvo, 2000a). Additional volumes also provide oblast-level data for the nationalities of Kazakhstan by the total, urban, and rural populations of 1989 and 1999 (Agenstvo, 2000c). In addition, some nationality data are also available in the 1999 census volume on migration (Agenstvo, 2000b). Therefore, the purpose of this paper will be to investigate general national and regional total, urban, and rural population trends in Kazakhstan from 1989 to 1999, a period of considerable political, economic, and social change in the republic. In addition, national and regional total, urban, and rural population trends for the major nationalities will be investigated for this period. Furthermore, regional population distribution and redistribution trends of the total general population and the major nationalities will also be discussed. The impact of regional nationality population patterns on the more general regional population trends will also be assessed at the total, urban, and rural levels. •Professor, Department of Geography, California State University, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407-2397. The author would like to thank Jane Rowland for her excellent typing.","PeriodicalId":85332,"journal":{"name":"Post-Soviet geography and economics","volume":"42 1","pages":"571 - 614"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641188","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59653364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defining Place and People in Afghanistan","authors":"N. Allan","doi":"10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186","url":null,"abstract":"A geographer specializing in the human geography of South and Central Asia's mountainous regions explores the highly variable territorial and human content of Afghanistan, seen through its formation in the 19th and 20th centuries and shifting notions of a frontier between Central and South Asia. Considerable attention is focused on ethnic groups, as popular definitions of Afghanistan's ethnic groups and their spatial organization reflect biased Western notions of ethnicity. The geographical unit of place in Afghanistan, manteqa, is explored for its role in organizing rural society. Attempts at reconstruction should focus on traditional migration destinations from mountainous to plains areas. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H10,100,053. 80 references.","PeriodicalId":85332,"journal":{"name":"Post-Soviet geography and economics","volume":"42 1","pages":"545 - 560"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641186","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59653312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Potential of Energy as a Geopolitical Binding Factor in Asia","authors":"Amy Myers Jaffa","doi":"10.1080/10889388.2001.10641183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641183","url":null,"abstract":"A specialist on geopolitical issues involving the world's energy resources explores the implications of rising energy demand in Asia as a function of future economic development in high-population countries (e.g., China, India) in the region. A focus is on issues and challenges in managing energy security and the potential for cooperation and conservation vis-a-vis competition in energy resource allocation. Included in the analysis is consideration of the role of rising oil output from Russia and the possible development of new hydrocarbon resources in Kazakhstan, the Russian Far East, and East Siberia as a potential source of supply for China. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L71, 010, Q41. 2 tables, 40 references. From Daniel Yergin's award-winning book The Prize (Yergin, 1991) to Kent Calder's less notable, but still influential volume Asia's Deadly Triangle (Calder, 1996), authors who have tackled the difficult subject of oil have tended to emphasize the competition for scarce resources as the driving force of oil geopolitics, especially where Asia is concerned. Calder warned in his 1997 book that \"expansionist, confrontational strategies, not to mention the acquisition of nuclear weapons, offer some attractive prospects of gain to regional powers, such as preferential access to energy resources and sea lanes in the South China Sea (ibid., p. 136). In an analysis that became common wisdom among China watchers, Calder noted that this strategic rivalry, if unchecked, represents \"a recipe for disaster\" and will increase the likelihood of conflict in Asia. Author Michael Klare jumped on this bandwagon more recently with a similarly sexily titled book, Resource Wars (Klare, 2001), proclaiming that \"clearly it is not possible to explain the dynamics of global security affairs without recognizing the pivotal importance of resource competition\" (ibid., p. 14). But energy markets could just as easily be oversupplied as undersupplied in the coming decades, depending on the energy policies undertaken by key consuming countries such as the United States, China, and Japan in the coming decade. The September 11 attack on the United States casts its shadow over this question of energy resources in several different ways. First, it makes even clearer than before the inherent risks associated with heavy reliance on oil supplies from the volatile Middle East. But the war of terror also raises the possibilities that this dependence could be reduced if large consuming nations band together on energy policy in a fashion similar to that currently evident in the construction of an international coalition against terrorism. Signs that Russia, the United States, and China can join forces on common strategic goals where terrorism is concerned leaves open the question of whether there could be other areas for cooperation, including the energy arena. 'Senior Energy Advisor, James A. Baker III Institute For Public Policy, Rice University, Baker Hal","PeriodicalId":85332,"journal":{"name":"Post-Soviet geography and economics","volume":"42 1","pages":"491 - 503"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641183","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59653213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urbanization in Estonia in the 1990s: Soviet Legacy and the Logic of Transition","authors":"T. Tammaru","doi":"10.1080/10889388.2001.10641184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641184","url":null,"abstract":"(2001). Urbanization in Estonia in the 1990s: Soviet Legacy and the Logic of Transition. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics: Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 504-518.","PeriodicalId":85332,"journal":{"name":"Post-Soviet geography and economics","volume":"42 1","pages":"504 - 518"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641184","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59653221","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growing Economic Links and Regional Development in the Central Asian Republics and Xinjiang, China","authors":"Philip H. Loughlin, C. W. Pannell","doi":"10.1080/10889388.2001.10641182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641182","url":null,"abstract":"(2001). Growing Economic Links and Regional Development in the Central Asian Republics and Xinjiang, China. Post-Soviet Geography and Economics: Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 469-490.","PeriodicalId":85332,"journal":{"name":"Post-Soviet geography and economics","volume":"42 1","pages":"469 - 490"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641182","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59653174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Legislative and Policy Initiatives in Biodiversity Conservation in Kyrgyzstan","authors":"J. Heinen, E. Shukurov, Chinara Sadykova","doi":"10.1080/10889388.2001.10641185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641185","url":null,"abstract":"A team of American and Kyrgyz scholars explores the recent history of environmental legislation in Kyrgyzstan, focusing on legislation and policy relating to biodiversity conservation. They examine a number of important and far-reaching laws enacted to promote tourism, economic development, and sustainable uses of biological resources, and investigate Kyrgyzstan's accession (or planned accession) to important regional and global treaties on conservation. A major objective is an assessment of the extent to which Kyrgyzstan is implementing or is likely to implement these important laws, and whether extant governmental institutions are capable of implementing necessary environmental laws and programs. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: Q20, Q28, Q29. 1 figure, 2 tables, 92 references.","PeriodicalId":85332,"journal":{"name":"Post-Soviet geography and economics","volume":"42 1","pages":"519 - 543"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641185","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59653244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Economic Crisis in the Russian Far East: Overdevelopment or Colonial Exploitation?","authors":"V. Kontorovich","doi":"10.1080/10889388.2001.10641178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641178","url":null,"abstract":"This paper tests rival explanations of the root causes of economic crisis in the Russian Far East from the 1990s to the present day. One explanation predicts long-term decline in the region's population from the Soviet level (\"overdevelopment\"), whereas the other (\"mismanagement\" or \"colonial exploitation\") implies preservation of that level. Changes in population are seen as reflecting changes in employment structure, which in turn is viewed as shaped by labor demand in the local economy. The region's future economic specialization is deduced by economic geographic assessment of the current situation and international data on the relative size of various economic sectors affecting future labor demand. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: 011,018, 020. 1 figure, 7 tables, 102 references. THE CRISIS AND ITS CAUSES T he focus of this paper is on one of Russia's eleven major economic regions, whereas the bulk of the research on the spatial dimensions of Russia's economy has focused on smaller entities, such as the 89 subjects of the Federation (krays, oblasts, autonomous okrugs, the Jewish Autonomous Oblast, and the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg). These latter units (subjects) are referred to as \"provinces\" in the present study. The Far East is the only economic region that is consistently discussed in the literature as a unit, reflecting the sense that its 10 provinces (Fig. 1) share important characteristics. The Far East is also the only economic region that is coterminous with one of the seven federal districts created by Russian President Vladimir Putin in May 2000 (Rossiyskaya gazeta, May 16, 2000, pp. 1, 5). Economically, the Far East fared the worst of all of Russia's regions during the 1990s, seeing its fortunes transformed from serving as a magnet for in-migration to being the region with the largest out-migration (Table 1). Since the region's climate and other more or less fixed determinants of quality of life did not change, this turnaround implies a decline in real per capita income relative to the other regions. 'Department of Economics, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041-1392; email: vkontoro@haverford.edu. The author would like to thank anonymous referees, Michael Ellman, Richard Ericson, Philip Hanson, Peter Rutland, and Vladimir Shlapentokh for useful suggestions, and Luba Kontorovich for editing the paper. Some studies that purport to address the entire region, however, rely largely upon evidence from its most populous province, Primorskiy Kray (e.g., Thornton, 1995; Rozman, 1997). However, crime, an important element of the quality of life, appears to have increased in the Far East more than in any other region of Russia in the 1990s (Artyukhov, 1999, pp. 36-37). A detailed analysis of the causes of migration from the Far East can be found in Kontorovich (2000).","PeriodicalId":85332,"journal":{"name":"Post-Soviet geography and economics","volume":"42 1","pages":"391 - 415"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641178","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59653536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"All Kuchma's Men; The Reshuffling of Ukrainian Governors and the Presidential Election of 1999","authors":"K. Matsuzato","doi":"10.1080/10889388.2001.10641179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641179","url":null,"abstract":"A Japanese specialist on Ukrainian politics explores the connections between Ukrainian President Leonid Kuchma's appointments/dismissals of regional governors since the mid-1990s and the regional vote for Kuchma in Ukraine's 1999 presidential election. The analysis, focusing on the actions of regional elites to deliver votes through regional electoral machines, yields insights into the motivations behind the appointment and firing of governors and the ephemeral nature of the west-east axis as a phenomenon in Ukrainian electoral geography. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: H10, O10, 018. 4 figures, 5 tables, 22 references.","PeriodicalId":85332,"journal":{"name":"Post-Soviet geography and economics","volume":"42 1","pages":"416 - 439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641179","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59653556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progress in Economic Transition in the Baltic States","authors":"I. Korhonen","doi":"10.1080/10889388.2001.10641180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641180","url":null,"abstract":"A Finnish economist assesses the economic transition experience of the three Baltic countries—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania—the first among the successor states of former Soviet Union (FSU) to liberalize and stabilize their economies. He investigates the extent to which progress in transition reflects favorable initial conditions in the Baltic states vis-a-vis implementation of stable macroeconomic policies and ongoing structural reform. The paper argues that the pronounced break with the past after these countries regained their independence facilitated efforts to steer the reform process in a more radical direction, with the prospect of EU membership providing an added incentive to continue painful structural reforms. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: E6, P2, P3. 4 figures, 2 tables, 53 references.","PeriodicalId":85332,"journal":{"name":"Post-Soviet geography and economics","volume":"42 1","pages":"440 - 463"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641180","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59653564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Review","authors":"G. Ioffe","doi":"10.1080/10889388.2001.10641181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641181","url":null,"abstract":"Reviewed by Gregory Ioffe P avel Polyan is one of the most prolific of currently active Russian scholars. He has published 10 books and over 300 articles. Originally trained as a human geographer, Polyan has written on such diverse subjects as urban agglomerations, history of forced migrations, and Russian literature, primarily poetry; he also has authored a book of his own poetry (Nerler, 1998). Polyan's previous book, Zhertvy dvukh diktatur (Polyan, 1996), was for the most part based on unique archival data and was devoted to Soviet citizens' forced migration to Germany and their, in many cases, forced subsequent repatriation. In contrast to that book, Not of One's Own Volition is about forced migrations of Soviet citizens within the USSR and of foreigners into the USSR in the final phase of World War II. Also in contrast to the previous book, this one is based primarily on published sources. These sources, however, were scattered in myriad original publications for the most part released in the 1990s. Polyan brought them together, systematized them, added archival documents, and created what amounts to the most informative and well documented handbook on forced migrations and the utilization of forced migrants' labor inside the Soviet Union. Because Polyan's narrative rests on time and space as principal organizing parameters, the genre of the book can be defined as historical geography. Forced migration is a signature of a totalitarian regime. In addition to the GULAGs that used prisoners' labor on a wide scale, millions were uprooted in the USSR without the slightest legal basis, real or fabricated—that is, without any legal grounds related to the individuals concerned. Rather, this uprooting was initiated and implemented by the top echelons of power as the manifestation of their attitude toward certain groups defined in terms of ethnicity and/or social strata. Between 1920 and 1952, over 6,015,000 Soviet people were deported for the most part to sparsely settled areas in Siberia, Central Asia, and the European North. Also, in 1944-1952, 5,460,000 Soviets previously deported to Germany by the Nazis were repatriated, and 300,000 foreign citizens, primarily Germans from the Reich and ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe, were sent to work inside the Soviet Union. The latter were returned to their European countries of origin from the late 1940s to mid-1950s. The scale of human suffering inflicted by forced migrations is enormous and is by no means dwarfed by that directly and immediately caused by World War II. One of the book's objectives is to search for the logic, however perverted, behind these deportations, and the author has succeeded in uncovering it. The book begins with a brief analysis of the antecedents of the forced migrations practiced by the Soviets. Of particular interest here is information on mass deportations in Tsarist","PeriodicalId":85332,"journal":{"name":"Post-Soviet geography and economics","volume":"26 1","pages":"464 - 467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2001-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/10889388.2001.10641181","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"59653614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}