Mededelingen (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Fakulteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen)最新文献

{"title":"Developments in adjuvant use for agrochemicals.","authors":"Hans De Ruiter","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Adjuvants can improve the targeting of pesticides and nutrients. During the last thirty years, the use of adjuvants has become a useful tool for optimising the efficacy of pesticides. In the USA volumes of approximately 110 ML oil and 20 ML surfactant are used per year. For several reasons, the yearly volume for oils and surfactants in Europe is much lower, being approximately 10 ML per year for oils and a similar amount for surfactants. The red line in the developments is a fine-tuning between composition of adjuvants and their function plus effect in a certain application. This means that knowledge-based development of adjuvants more than the \"spray and pray\" approach will gain importance. This paper describes in a nutshell the different chemistries and possible functions of adjuvants. Recent developments are presented regarding adjuvants for glyphosate, waxes, alkoxylated triglycerides, calcium nitrate and adjuvant influence on drift.</p>","PeriodicalId":85134,"journal":{"name":"Mededelingen (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Fakulteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen)","volume":"67 2","pages":"19-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22345952","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biological control of grey mould (Botrytis cinerea) with the antagonist Ulocladium atrum.","authors":"Claudia Metz,&nbsp;E C Oerke,&nbsp;H W Dehne","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The competitive saprophytic fungus Ulocladium atrum was selected on the basis of its antagonistic potential for the control of grey mould caused by the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Field trials were carried out to asses the efficacy of U. atrum as a biocontrol agent against B. cinerea in grapevine. The results demonstrated that under moderate disease pressure U. atrum had the potential to control grey mould, whereas under high disease pressure the efficacy was not sufficient to substitute the use of fungicides completely.</p>","PeriodicalId":85134,"journal":{"name":"Mededelingen (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Fakulteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen)","volume":"67 2","pages":"353-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22346236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rinsing and management of pesticides' containers.","authors":"B Huyghebaert,&nbsp;O Mostade,&nbsp;O Pigeon,&nbsp;M Galoux,&nbsp;R Oger","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In order to reduce the effects on the environment, it is necessary to improve the management of pesticides' containers. Usually, users burn or bury empty containers. These methods, even though decreasing must be avoided or even forbidden. Since 1996, empty containers are systematically collected in Belgium and are specifically removed by the firm Phytofar Recover created by the Belgian Federation of pesticides' manufacturers. Since the beginning, the recovery rate (percentage of containers recovered compared with the containers sold) goes on increasing to exceed 85% in 2001. These action and results are a world first (more than 500 tons of empty containers are collected yearly). Once collected, empty containers are subjected to the European Policy about toxic wastes since they contained dangerous products. Their removal must follow a specific removal process by incineration at very high temperature (> 1200 degrees C) with a specific filtration of the smoke. The treatment cost is high and reaches 2 Euros per kg of container. If the container is rinsed and the residue does not exceed 1000, 10,000 or 30,000 mg per kg of container (depending on the dangerousness of product: very toxic, corrosive or toxic), it will be considered as domestic waste and will therefore follow a much more economical energy production process. The study aims at determining the quantities of residue contained in empty containers and the parameters reducing the rinsing efficiency: the formulation (EC, WP, WG), the container's size, packaging's type (plastic container or paper bag), the rinsing technique. Almost 150 tests and analyses of residue have been carried out. A manual rinsing procedure has been set up in order to meet the standards about residue. Rinsing three times with an average volume of water (20 to 30%) allows to reach the lowest residue level. As bags containing powder (WG or WP) container not be rinsed, it is necessary to empty them completely. It is however difficult to reach the 1000 ppm residue limit.</p>","PeriodicalId":85134,"journal":{"name":"Mededelingen (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Fakulteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen)","volume":"67 2","pages":"47-58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22346522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of two different formulations of metalaxyl on their residues in cucumber.","authors":"Khalil Talebi","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Investigations were carried out on the presence of metalaxyl residues in field grown cucumbers. In one experiment, cucumber plants underwent once and twice sprayings by Ridomil-MZ 72 WP at 2.5 g/litre. In another, single and double applications of metalaxyl granule (5G) were carried out at 5 g/m2. Fungicide application performed every 14 days. Samples were taken at different time intervals and metalaxyl level was determined by HPLC. The results showed variable dissipation rates of metalaxyl residues in cucumber. In samples from single and double sprayed plots, the residues were 0.19 and 0.08 mg/kg 14 days after treatment respectively. In single granulated plots, the residues increased during the first 7 days and then decreased to 0.85 mg/kg, 14 days after granule application. However, in double granulated plots, the residues decreased to 0.02 mg/kg after the same period of time. In all treatments except single granulated plots, the residues declined below the MRL (0.5 mg/kg), 7 days after application. These experiments showed that two times spraying and granule applications did not cause the fungicide accumulation in cucumber.</p>","PeriodicalId":85134,"journal":{"name":"Mededelingen (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Fakulteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen)","volume":"67 2","pages":"79-83"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22346525","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Embryonic toxicity of a dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and Cu-sulphate in chicken after individual or combined administration.","authors":"P Budai,&nbsp;S Fejes,&nbsp;L Várnagy,&nbsp;R Szabó,&nbsp;M Keserü","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim of this study was to determine the individual and combined toxic effects of a dimethoate containing insecticide formulation and Cu-sulphate on the development of chicken embryos. The test materials were injected directly into the air-chamber in a volume of 0.1 ml/egg, or eggs were treated by immersion technique on day 12. Applied concentration of Cu-sulphate was 0.01% and the concentration of insecticidE was 0.1%. After the injection treatment of a dimethoate containing insecticide on day 12 of incubation, the average body mass of embryos significantly decreased. The simultaneous injections of Cu-sulphate and a dimethoate containing insecticide a statistically significant reduction in embryonic body mass occurred. Embryonic mortality did not increase after the individual injection of test materials, while the combined injection of Cu-sulphate and a dimethoate containing insecticide killed 30% of embryos treated. After the individual and combined immersion treatment of Cu-sulphate and a dimethoate containing insecticide, the average body mass of embryos did not decrease significantly as compared to the control. After the combined immersion treatment the incidence of embryonic mortality and the number of embryos with developmental anomalies did not differ markedly from the control. In summary, it can be established that the combined injection treatment of Cu-sulphate and a dimethoate containing insecticide caused higher embryotoxicity with respect to the test of the combined immersion treatment of test materials.</p>","PeriodicalId":85134,"journal":{"name":"Mededelingen (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Fakulteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen)","volume":"67 2","pages":"99-103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22346527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Participatory agro-ecological characterisation in Syria.","authors":"Nathalie Cools,&nbsp;Jozef Deckers,&nbsp;Eddy De Pauw","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":85134,"journal":{"name":"Mededelingen (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Fakulteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen)","volume":"67 4","pages":"11-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22181204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evidence for negative cross resistance to insecticides in field collected Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) from Lebanon in laboratory bioassays.","authors":"M Miles,&nbsp;M Lysandrou","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A sample of Spodoptera littoralis pupae were field collected from in Lebanon in November 1999. Approximately 50 healthy pupae were used to initiate a laboratory colony (stain code LEB). As a benchmark for sensitivity to insecticides the susceptible laboratory strain (LET) was used for comparison. The LET stain has been held in laboratory culture for over 10 years and originated from Israel. Three test chemicals were investigated; Spinosad (Tracer, 480 g/L SC), chlorpyrifos (Dursban 480 g/L EC) and cypermethrin (Ambush C 100 g/L EC) representing a range of different modes of actions. To estimate the sensitivity of the LEB strain relative to the LET stain laboratory bioassays, conducted on second instar larvae exposed treated tomato leaves for two days. The method used was based on IRAC (Insecticide Resistance Action Committee) insecticide susceptibly test number 7. Larvae from the LEB strain were tested in both the F1 and F2 laboratory generations. LC50 values were calculated using a Log-Probit model allowing the susceptibly of each strain to each test item to be compared. The LEB (field) strain were approximately twice as sensitive to spinosad compared with the LET (laboratory) strain. The LEB strain was 6-10 times less sensitive to chlorpyrifos which was within the range expected. However the LEB stain was 250-360 times less sensitive to cypermethrin compared with the LET strain, indicating a high level of resistance to pyrethroids in the field population. This kind of relationship gave a strong indication for negative cross resistance between spinosad and cypermethrin. It was concluded that spinosad had potential as a resistance management tool due to its novel mode of action and negative cross resistance with pyrethroids.</p>","PeriodicalId":85134,"journal":{"name":"Mededelingen (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Fakulteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen)","volume":"67 3","pages":"665-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22341332","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction between root lesion nematode Pratylenchus vulnus and two species of Fusarium on growth and development of maple seedlings.","authors":"A Kheiri,&nbsp;A Borhani,&nbsp;M Okhovat,&nbsp;E Pourjam","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Producing healthy seedlings and distributing them to far areas, is one of the most important factor for developing forests. Because of easy planting, rapid growth and good wood quality, Acer velutinum is the most useful species, among the softwood and hardwood trees. Growth and development of the nurseries were effected by different pests and diseases, the nematodes are one of these agents. They are not actively surveyed in the forest nurseries in Iran. On a survey of maple seedling in the forest nurseries Pratylenchus vulnus, Fusarium solani and F. oxysporum were identified. The interaction between these two fungi and nematode were studied in randomized complete block design with four replications and six treatments. For mass production and multiplication of the nematodes, they were sterilized with Streptomycin Sulfate, they were reared on carrot disc culture. The nematodes were then added to each pot. The results showed a highly significant difference (p = 0.01) between different treatments. In the treatment with nematodes alone growth of seedlings was minimum and population density of nematodes in soil and root tissue was maximum. In this treatments 75% of seedlings were died and seedling average height were 2.25 cm. In the treatments with nematode and fungi together the population of nematodes were decreased and the growth of seedlings were increased, in comparison with nematode alone. F. oxysporum showed more antagonistic effect on nematodes than F. solani. In the nematode + F. oxysporum treatment, 25% of seedlings were died and seedling average height was 12.75 cm. In the nematode + F. solani treatment, 50% of seedlings were died and the seedling average height was 5.5 cm. This is the first report of pathogenecity of Pratylenchus vulnus and its interaction whit fungi on maple seedlings in Iran.</p>","PeriodicalId":85134,"journal":{"name":"Mededelingen (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Fakulteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen)","volume":"67 3","pages":"703-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22342417","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oils activity in the control of rose powdery mildew.","authors":"Adam T Wojdyła","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The efficacy and eventual phytotoxicity of oils from rape, sunflower seed (vegetable oil) and paraffin (Atpolan 80 EC) in the control of Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae were evaluated on roses grown in greenhouse or plastic tunnel. Oils were applied curativelly as plant spray 4-times at 7-day-intervals in concentrations from 0.25 to 4%. All used oils, gave as good effect as triforine (standard) or even better. On shrubs protected with oils at concentrations 0.25% and 0.5%, disease symptoms were noted only sporadically. Rose shrubs sprayed with higher concentration of oils were almost completely protected. Efficacy of tested oils increased with their concentrations. Paraffin oil was better in the control of S. pannosa var. rosae than vegetable oils. After 2 oil applications at conc. 2% or higher, first phytotoxicity symptoms on leaves were noted, particularly during warm and sunny days. Observations of treated leaves, 24 h after spraying under microscope, showed that all tested oils caused hyphae and spores degeneration or their visible deformation suggesting partial loss of turgidity. Depends on oil concentrations used, sporadically regular and unchanged shape hyphae and spores were visible.</p>","PeriodicalId":85134,"journal":{"name":"Mededelingen (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Fakulteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen)","volume":"67 2","pages":"369-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22346238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of addition of straw, chitin and manure to new or recycled biofilters on their pesticides retention and degradation properties.","authors":"P Genot,&nbsp;N Van Huynh,&nbsp;Ph Debongnie,&nbsp;L Pussemier","doi":"","DOIUrl":"","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pollution of surface and groundwater by pesticides is an increasing problem that needs to be addressed by the authorities as well as by the farmers themselves. Nowadays, some researchers are considering the numerous small spillages at the farm sites as a relevant entry route to be taken into account for predicting surface and groundwater pollution. In order to tackle this problem, several solutions exist for limiting the disposal of pesticide wastes into the environment. One such system is biopurification of farm wastes by biobed, biofilter or phytobac. In this study, the results of pesticides retention by biofilters under outdoor conditions are presented. The biofilters were filled with a mixture of a soil + peat constituent (25% by volume for each of them) and the rest (50%) with straw or with composted manure ot with chitin (in this later case at the rate of 5 g chitin per liter of substrate). The soil + peat constituent was made either of a material already challenged by pesticides (= recycled biofilters) or of untreated material (new biofilters). Selected pesticides (atrazine, carbofuran, chloridazon, chlortoluron, cyanazine, isoproturon and lenacil) were applied onto biofilters and the eluates were collected and analyzed. Two successive injections of pesticides into the biofilters were conducted. After the first pesticides application, the recycled biofilters made of soil + peat previously treated with pesticides had better retention and degradation rates than the new biofilters. Adding manure also improved these properties of biofilters. Columns made of unchallenged soil + peat and straw (new biofilters) were the least satisfactory: up to 25% of carbofuran were lost. Biofilters made of unchallenged soil + peat and chitin retained the least lenacil. Atrazine was the most retained by biofilters (either new or recycled) with added chitin. Cyanazine was almost absent in the percolates of all biofilters. After the second application of carbofuran and isoproturon, all biofilters improved to the point where (with the exception the new biofilters made of chitin) they retained the totality of the pesticides.</p>","PeriodicalId":85134,"journal":{"name":"Mededelingen (Rijksuniversiteit te Gent. Fakulteit van de Landbouwkundige en Toegepaste Biologische Wetenschappen)","volume":"67 2","pages":"117-28"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2002-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"22346431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}