Asia Pacific Allergy最新文献

{"title":"A case of white bean allergy.","authors":"Teruaki Matsui, Nayu Sato, Masashi Nakamura, Yukiko Iwawaki, Katsumasa Kitamura, Yoshihiro Takasato, Shiro Sugiura, Kayoko Matsunaga, Komei Ito","doi":"10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000111","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>White bean allergy is uncommon and rarely reported. Herein, we report a case of white bean allergy in a patient with Down syndrome. A 7-year-old girl with Down syndrome experienced allergic symptoms twice after eating white bean and visited our hospital for a food allergy investigation. An ImmunoCAP assay revealed a white bean-specific IgE (13.4 kU_A/L) in the patient's serum. In addition, her skin prick test result was positive. Moreover, ingestion of 2 g of boiled white beans in an oral food challenge test induced intermittent cough, desaturation, generalized urticaria, abnormal sleep, and mild hypotension. Thus, we diagnosed the patient with white bean allergy. We performed western blotting and mass spectrometric analysis and detected the following allergens: Phytohemagglutinin, group 3 late embryogenesis abundant protein, lipoxygenase, and legumin. In addition, we detected several candidate allergenic proteins for the first time. White bean, runner bean, or azuki bean was considered the primary source of sensitization because although immunoblotting inhibition tests revealed that the abovementioned beans inhibited other legumes, soybean, which she tolerates, showed little inhibition of the other legumes. However, we could not confirm whether the patient could ingest legumes other than soybean or white bean because her family did not wish to continue with further testing. This is the first report of a case of systemic allergic reactions to white bean in a child with Down syndrome. Further studies are needed to identify white bean allergens and understand the relationship between Down syndrome and white bean allergy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8488,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Allergy","volume":"13 4","pages":"201-204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10715741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138795555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preprandial food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis to banana.","authors":"Thatchai Kampitak","doi":"10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000113","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis is a disorder in which a reaction develops only in association with physical exertion that generally takes place postprandially. The reaction that occurs following food intake after exercise is uncommon. Banana is an infrequent cause of anaphylaxis, which has been previously reported in combination with postprandial exercise in only 1 patient. A probable case of preprandial food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis to banana is described herein together with a brief review of recent related literature.</p>","PeriodicalId":8488,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Allergy","volume":"13 4","pages":"199-200"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10715744/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138795661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"APAAACI clinical pathway on direct provocation testing for penicillin allergy delabeling.","authors":"Philip Hei Li, Bernard Yu-Hor Thong, Ruby Pawankar, Chandima Jeewandara, Rommel Crisenio M Lobo, Hye-Ryun Kang, Padukudru Anand Mahesh, Juan Meng, Sonomjamts Munkhbayarlakh, Duy Le Pham, Ticha Rerkpattanapipat, Min-Moon Tang, Masao Yamaguchi, Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff, Iris Rengganis, Jiu-Yao Wang, Luo Zhang, Michaela Lucas","doi":"10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000122","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Allergy to penicillin is commonly reported in many countries and is an overwhelming global public health concern. Penicillin allergy labels can lead to the use of less effective antibiotics and can be associated with antimicrobial resistance. Appropriate assessment of suspected penicillin allergy (often including skin testing, followed by drug provocation testing [DPT] performed by allergists) can prevent the unnecessary restriction of penicillin or delabelling. Many countries in the Asia Pacific (AP) have very limited access to allergy services, and there are significant disparities in the methods of evaluating penicillin allergy. Therefore, a clinical pathway for the management of penicillin allergy is essential.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To develop a risk-stratified clinical pathway for delabeling penicillin allergy, taking into account the distinct epidemiology, patient/sensitization profiles, and disparities of allergy services or facilities within the AP.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A risk-stratified penicillin allergy delabeling clinical pathway was formulated by the Drug Allergy Committee of the Asia Pacific Association of Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology. and members of the Penicillin Allergy Disparities survey in AP each representing one country/region of the AP. The clinical pathway was tested based on a database of anonymized patients who were sequentially referred for and completed penicillin allergy evaluation in Hong Kong.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The clinical pathway was piloted employing a \"hub-and-spoke\" approach to foster multidisciplinary collaboration between allergists and nonallergists. A simulation run of the algorithm on a retrospective Hong Kong cohort of 439 patients was performed. Overall, 367 (84%) of patients were suitable for direct DPT and reduced the need for skin testing or specialist's care for 357 (97%) skin test-negative individuals. Out of the skin test-negative patients, 345 (94%) patients had a negative DPT.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This risk-stratification strategy for direct oral DPT can reduce the need for unnecessary skin testing in patients with low-risk penicillin allergy histories. The hub and spoke model of care may be considered for further piloting and validation in other AP populations that lack adequately trained allergists.</p>","PeriodicalId":8488,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Allergy","volume":"13 4","pages":"142-147"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10715740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138795520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Induction of a type 2 inflammatory chronic rhinosinusitis in C57BL/6 mice.","authors":"Ying Li, Ping He, Bing Yan, Yimin Ren, Bangyu Cui, Ming Wang, Siyuan Ma, Jun Yang, Luo Zhang, Chengshuo Wang","doi":"10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000123","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000123","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been widely studied for its intractability and high recurrence rate. It can be divided into pure and mixed type 2 CRS subtypes. Mouse models that reflect pure type 2 inflammation of CRS are lacking.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to establish a relatively pure type 2 CRS mouse model and compare it with 2 mixed type 2 CRS models.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Three mouse CRS models were constructed: (1) aerosol ovalbumin (OVA) + aspergillus oryzae-derived protease (AP); (2) intranasal OVA + AP; (3) Intraperitoneal then intranasal OVA + AP (n = 10 per group). Nasal, lung symptoms, IgE, inflammatory cells, cytokines, and remodeling factors were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Histological and micro-computed tomography showed inflammation, polyps, and opacification in all 3 experimental groups. The aerosol group had significantly increased local eosinophils and type 2 cytokines, while other types of cytokines showed no noticeable change. The nasal instillation groups also showed elevated other inflammatory factors and tissue polypoid changes were more pronounced. More severe pulmonary inflammation was observed with aerosol delivery.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Aerosol inhalation mouse model is superior for studying nasal relatively pure type 2 inflammation and lower airway comorbidities.</p>","PeriodicalId":8488,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Allergy","volume":"13 4","pages":"164-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10715747/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138795658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Immunological mechanisms of tolerance: Central, peripheral and the role of T and B cells","authors":"Xun Meng, J. Layhadi, Sean T. Keane, Natanya J.K. Cartwright, S. R. Durham, M. Shamji","doi":"10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000128","url":null,"abstract":"T and B cells are key components of the adaptive immune system. Through their immune properties and their interactions with other immune cells and cytokines around them, they build a complex network to achieve immune tolerance and maintain homeostasis of the body. This is achieved through mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance, both of which are associated with advantages and disadvantages. For this reason, the immune system is tightly regulated and their dysregulation can result in the subsequent initiation of various diseases. In this review, we will summarize the roles played by T cells and B cells within immune tolerance with specific examples in the context of different diseases that include allergic disease. In addition, we will also provide an overview on their suitability as biomarkers of allergen-specific immunotherapy.","PeriodicalId":8488,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Allergy","volume":"44 1","pages":"175 - 186"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138626984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of interleukin-13 gene single nucleotide polymorphism rs1800925 with allergic asthma in Asian population: A meta-analysis.","authors":"Kenneth V Gaceja, Zaynah Faith R Ancheta, Abigail Charisse A Buna, Sandra Mae S Clarencio, Maria Angelica R Garrido, John Donnie A Ramos","doi":"10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000119","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The interleukin-13 (IL-13) gene has been associated with allergic asthma pathogenesis due to its role in IgE synthesis. The IL-13 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1800925 has been implicated in exacerbated allergic asthma symptoms in different ethnicities.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To determine the association of IL-13 SNP rs1800925 with allergic asthma symptoms in the Asian population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Major databases were searched for studies on the association of IL-13 rs1800925 with allergic asthma in various Asian populations published between 2010 and February 2022. The odds ratio with 95% CI was obtained from included studies, and the association was evaluated using different genetic models. Heterogeneity was explored by subgroup analyses and <i>I</i>² statistic evaluation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Eleven studies with a total of 2895 cases and 2914 controls were included in this meta-analysis. The majority of the cases exhibited CC genotype (n = 1897), followed by CT genotype (n = 852), and TT genotype (n = 146). IL-13 rs1800925 was significantly associated with increased allergic asthma risk in the Asian population under the recessive model (TT vs CT/CC: OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.14-1.93; <i>P</i> = 0.37; <i>I</i>² = 08%). Subgroup analyses by ethnicity showed an elevated risk of allergic asthma in West Asians (Iranian and Saudi Arabian) followed by East Asians (Chinese and Japanese) using the recessive model. Both age groups (adults and children) exhibited an increased risk of allergic asthma.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This meta-analysis provides evidence that IL-13 SNP rs1800925 is a risk factor for allergic asthma in the Asian Population. It also suggests that rs1800925 is a risk factor present in both adult and children population.</p>","PeriodicalId":8488,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Allergy","volume":"13 4","pages":"148-157"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10715742/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138795654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relevance of oral food challenge in a patient allergic to peanut and tree nuts.","authors":"Rita Limão,&nbsp;Borja Bartolomé,&nbsp;Fátima Cabral Duarte","doi":"10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000109","DOIUrl":"10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000109","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Peanut allergy is one of the most common food allergies in childhood. In vitro cross-sensitization between peanut and tree nuts (TN) is high, but only a subgroup of patients allergic to peanut will have a concomitant allergy to one or several TN. In this article, the authors report a case of a 12-year-old boy who experienced 1 episode of lips and mouth itching, generalized urticarial, and eyelid angioedema 20 minutes after ingestion of peanut at 4 years of age. The immunoallergological study revealed the presence of a concomitant allergy to peanut, pistachio, and cashew confirmed with medically supervised oral food challenges (OFC) in a child who had never eaten these TN. The mechanism of IgE-mediated hypersensitivity was demonstrated by positive skin prick tests (SPT) with commercial extracts, although the specific IgE (sIgE) for these foods was negative. As described in the literature, we concluded that serum peanut and TN sIgE measurements have lower sensitivity than SPT to assess IgE sensitization, and OFC is the gold standard for accurate diagnosis of food allergy. We highlight the relevance of excluding or confirming TN allergy in a peanut-allergic patient who had never ingested certain TN, and of knowing the clinical relevant cross-reactivity patterns between TN, pistachio/cashew, and walnut/pecan, that could reduce the need for OFC in clinical practice, reducing allergy rates and financial and health burdens of food allergy.</p>","PeriodicalId":8488,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Allergy","volume":"13 3","pages":"132-134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10516310/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41101327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Real-world physician practices on the diagnosis and management of allergic rhinitis in the Philippine setting.","authors":"Maria Cristina V Balotro-Torres,&nbsp;Frances M Tan,&nbsp;Cecilia Gretchen Navarro-Locsin,&nbsp;Marysia T Recto,&nbsp;Joel A Romualdez,&nbsp;Josephine B Ramos,&nbsp;Emily G Resurreccion,&nbsp;Rommel Crisenio M Lobo,&nbsp;Eloisa S de Guia,&nbsp;Ma Fredelita Carreon-Asuncion,&nbsp;Jean Bousquet","doi":"10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000112","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Physician awareness and adherence to guidelines varies among countries and between types of physician practice. Identifying the needs of the physician and patient is essential to improve patient outcome. Data on physician diagnosis and management of allergic rhinitis (AR) in the Philippines is currently limited.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>Study objectives are to assess awareness and use of guidelines, practices on diagnosis and management of intermittent and persistent AR, reasons for choice of therapy, and familiarity with immunotherapy.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-section of 590 specialist and 223 subspecialist physicians from 17 regions of the Philippines were surveyed from October 2021 to July 2022. Survey consisted of a 12-point validated online questionnaire on knowledge and use of guidelines for diagnosis and treatment, use of diagnostic tests, preferred pharmacologic treatment, preferred adjuvant therapy, reasons for treatment choice, and familiarity with immunotherapy.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy-seven percent of respondents used Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma guidelines for diagnosis and management of AR. Three-fifths of respondents \"always\" routinely evaluated AR patients' history and performed a physical examination for asthma; 57% of respondents \"always\" routinely evaluated asthma patients' history and performed a physical examination for AR. Allergy testing was \"sometimes\" recommended by 62.2%. Oral second-generation antihistamines were the preferred choice for the treatment of intermittent AR. Intranasal steroids were the preferred treatment for persistent AR. Top reasons for choice of treatment were guideline recommendations, efficacy, onset of action, cost, and availability of treatment.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Filipino specialists and subspecialists are aware and use guidelines in diagnosis and management of AR. Clinical history and physical examination are the cornerstone of diagnosis. Management practices for intermittent and persistent AR are similar for both groups. Recognizing the role of patient treatment preferences and allergen-specific immunotherapy remains to be a gap in the management of AR by Filipino physicians.</p>","PeriodicalId":8488,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Allergy","volume":"13 3","pages":"105-113"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/b3/09/pa9-13-105.PMC10516311.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41098305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A 14-year-old boy with severe erythema multiforme due to amoxicillin.","authors":"Mami Kurihara,&nbsp;Shingo Yamanishi,&nbsp;Saeko Ozaki,&nbsp;Ruby Pawankar","doi":"10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000108","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The most common cause of erythema multiforme (EM) in children is infectious diseases which account for approximately 90% of cases. Drug eruptions are another common cause. Here we are reporting about a male patient aged 14 years with lymphadenitis who developed severe diffuse erythema during the course of treatment with medications including several antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Based on the pathological findings of the skin biopsy, the skin rash was due to EM. Upon investigating the underlying cause of EM, viral antibody was positive for Coxsackie A6, lymphocyte transformation testing (LTT) was positive for one of the NSAIDs, and the patch test (PT) was positive for amoxicillin. Based on the pattern of distribution of the skin rash, the cause of EM was considered to be drug-induced eruption due to amoxicillin. In this case, we did not derive a diagnosis of drug eruption without investigating the possibility of drug induction, because most cases of EM in children are induced by infection and the antibody against Coxsackie A6 was elevated. To diagnose the possibility of amoxicillin-induced EM, it was important to distinguish between the distribution patterns of infectious versus drug-induced EM and to evaluate the possibility of drug induction by both LTT and PT. If the diagnosis of amoxicillin-induced EM, had not been made, the potential recurrence of EM with amoxicillin could have occurred.</p>","PeriodicalId":8488,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Allergy","volume":"13 3","pages":"135-138"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/45/cf/pa9-13-135.PMC10516312.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41099780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating immune responses to pneumococcal vaccines.","authors":"Bernard Yu-Hor Thong,&nbsp;Ruby Pawankar,&nbsp;Hae-Sim Park,&nbsp;Amir Hamzah Abdul Latiff","doi":"10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5415/apallergy.0000000000000114","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (pneumococcus) is a significant cause of bacterial infections ranging from mild infections affecting the respiratory tract such as otitis media and sinusitis to severe diseases including bacteremia, pneumonia, and invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (eg, meningitis, septic arthritis, and endocarditis). Pneumococcal vaccines were first developed in the 1970s as capsular pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccines, which were T-cell independent and hence lacked immunologic memory. Subsequently in the year 2000, pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) conjugated to a protein to increase immunogenicity were developed and made commercially available. The increasing number of pneumococcal serotypes identified and the expanding pipeline of PCV vaccines with improved immunogenicity have significantly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with IPD in high-risk patients. Pneumococcal vaccines also play an important role in the diagnosis and immunophenotyping of children and adults with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) given the increasing diversity/heterogeneity of IEI presenting with primary and/or specific antibody deficiency. Other than the quantitation of serotype levels in routine clinical care, other measurements of immune response including the functional activity of antibodies, antibody avidity, cell-mediated immunity, and immunological memory remain limited to clinical trials during vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":8488,"journal":{"name":"Asia Pacific Allergy","volume":"13 3","pages":"127-131"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10516308/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41103858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}