{"title":"Adversarial machine learning: a review of methods, tools, and critical industry sectors","authors":"Sotiris Pelekis, Thanos Koutroubas, Afroditi Blika, Anastasis Berdelis, Evangelos Karakolis, Christos Ntanos, Evangelos Spiliotis, Dimitris Askounis","doi":"10.1007/s10462-025-11147-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10462-025-11147-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL), has produced high-performance models widely used in various applications, ranging from image recognition and chatbots to autonomous driving and smart grid systems. However, security threats arise from the vulnerabilities of ML models to adversarial attacks and data poisoning, posing risks such as system malfunctions and decision errors. Meanwhile, data privacy concerns arise, especially with personal data being used in model training, which can lead to data breaches. This paper surveys the Adversarial Machine Learning (AML) landscape in modern AI systems, while focusing on the dual aspects of robustness and privacy. Initially, we explore adversarial attacks and defenses using comprehensive taxonomies. Subsequently, we investigate robustness benchmarks alongside open-source AML technologies and software tools that ML system stakeholders can use to develop robust AI systems. Lastly, we delve into the landscape of AML in four industry fields –automotive, digital healthcare, electrical power and energy systems (EPES), and Large Language Model (LLM)-based Natural Language Processing (NLP) systems– analyzing attacks, defenses, and evaluation concepts, thereby offering a holistic view of the modern AI-reliant industry and promoting enhanced ML robustness and privacy preservation in the future.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8449,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11147-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pengcheng Wei, Bei Yan, Sixing Huang, ZhiHong Zhou
{"title":"Overlapping community-based fair influence maximization in social networks under open-source development model algorithm","authors":"Pengcheng Wei, Bei Yan, Sixing Huang, ZhiHong Zhou","doi":"10.1007/s10462-025-11210-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10462-025-11210-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The aim of Influence Maximization (IM) in social networks is to identify an optimal subset of users to maximize the spread of influence across the network. Fair Influence Maximization (FIM) develops the IM problem with the aim of equitable distribution of influence across communities and enhancing the fair propagation of information. Among the solutions for FIM, community-based techniques enhance performance by effectively capturing the structural properties and ensuring a more equitable influence spread. However, these techniques often ignore the overlapping nature of communities and suffer from a trade-off between complexity and fairness. With this motivation, this study handles the FIM based on Overlapping Community detection under optimization algorithms (FIMOC). FIMOC includes an overlapping community detection approach that can consider the importance of influential overlapping nodes in communities. Meanwhile, FIMOC uses a non-overlapping and overlapping node selection module based on communities to identify potential candidate nodes. Subsequently, FIMOC uses the Open-Source Development Model Algorithm (ODMA) as an optimization algorithm to identify the set of influential nodes. Our method considers the dynamic and overlapping nature of social communities, ensuring that the influence spread is not only maximized but also equitably distributed across diverse groups. By leveraging real‐world social networks, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our method compared to state-of-the-art methods through extensive experiments. The results show that our method achieves a more balanced influence spread, providing a fairer solution, while also enhancing the overall reach of information dissemination.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8449,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11210-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A review on clustering algorithms for spatiotemporal seismicity analysis","authors":"Rahul Kumar Vijay, Satyasai Jagannath Nanda, Ashish Sharma","doi":"10.1007/s10462-025-11229-3","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10462-025-11229-3","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Spatiotemporal seismicity analysis has been conducted for a long time, yet significant effort is still needed to mitigate the adverse effects of earthquakes. Seismicity analysis also encompasses fundamental research into seismic patterns, for understanding the frequency, magnitude, temporal and spatial distribution of seismic events. Over the past few decades, it has been carried out through empirical relations, physics-based approaches, stochastic modeling, various machine learning algorithms, and deep learning algorithms for any given seismically active region. Clustering is an essential aspect of seismicity analysis, making it more complex, difficult, and challenging due to significant deviation from the stochastic phenomenon. In this paper, a comprehensive review of all potential data-driven earthquake clustering algorithms, models, and mechanisms are encapsulated for a variety of applications in seismology. The paper also describes the importance of an earthquake catalog with a short review of the fundamental empirical laws frequently used in statistical seismology. This paper also highlights the problem of seismicity declustering and reviews all the available algorithms to deal with it.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8449,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11229-3.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Soroush Mahjoubi, Rojyar Barhemat, Weina Meng, Yi Bao
{"title":"Review of AI-assisted design of low-carbon cost-effective concrete toward carbon neutrality","authors":"Soroush Mahjoubi, Rojyar Barhemat, Weina Meng, Yi Bao","doi":"10.1007/s10462-025-11182-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10462-025-11182-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Decarbonizing concrete production is a critical step toward achieving carbon neutrality by 2050. This paper highlights the advancements in artificial intelligence-assisted design of low-carbon cost-effective concrete, focusing on integrating machine learning-based property prediction with multi-objective optimization. Data collection and processing techniques, such as automatic data extraction, artificial data generation, and anomaly detection, are first discussed to address the importance of dataset quality. Strategies that capture physicochemical information of ingredients, including by-product supplementary cementitious materials and recycled aggregates, are then examined to enhance model generalizability. Various machine learning models—from individual regression approaches to heterogeneous ensemble methods—are compared for their predictive accuracy and robustness. Methods for hyperparameter tuning, model evaluation, and interpretation to ensure reliable and interpretable predictions are reviewed. Design optimization approaches are then highlighted, ranging from grid/random searches to more sophisticated gradient-based and metaheuristic algorithms, aimed at minimizing carbon footprint, embodied energy, and cost. Future research avenues encompass (1) application-specific design frameworks that integrate critical objectives—mechanical performance, durability, fresh-state behavior, and time-dependent properties such as creep and shrinkage—tailored to specific structural and environmental requirements; (2) holistic design optimization that simultaneously refines mixture design and structural parameters; and (3) probabilistic approaches to systematically manage uncertainties in materials, structural performance, and loading conditions systematically.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8449,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11182-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Luping Wang, Sheng Chen, Linnan Jiang, Shu Pan, Runze Cai, Sen Yang, Fei Yang
{"title":"Parameter-efficient fine-tuning in large language models: a survey of methodologies","authors":"Luping Wang, Sheng Chen, Linnan Jiang, Shu Pan, Runze Cai, Sen Yang, Fei Yang","doi":"10.1007/s10462-025-11236-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10462-025-11236-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The large language models, as predicted by scaling law forecasts, have made groundbreaking progress in many fields, particularly in natural language generation tasks, where they have approached or even surpassed human levels. However, the unprecedented scale of their parameters brings significant computational and storage costs. These large language models require substantial computational resources and GPU memory to operate. When adapting large language models to specific downstream tasks, their massive parameter scale poses a significant challenge in fine-tuning on hardware platforms with limited computational power and GPU memory. To address this issue, parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) offers a practical solution by efficiently adjusting the parameters of large pre-trained models to suit various downstream tasks. Specifically, PEFT adjusts the parameters of pre-trained large language models to adapt to specific tasks or domains, minimizing the introduction of additional parameters and the computational resources required. This review mainly introduces the preliminary knowledge of PEFT, the core ideas and principles of various PEFT algorithms, the applications of PEFT, and potential future research directions. By reading this review, we believe that interested parties can quickly grasp the PEFT methodology, thereby accelerating its development and innovation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8449,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11236-4.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900659","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Refined causal graph structure learning via curvature for brain disease classification","authors":"Falih Gozi Febrinanto, Adonia Simango, Chengpei Xu, Jingjing Zhou, Jiangang Ma, Sonika Tyagi, Feng Xia","doi":"10.1007/s10462-025-11231-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10462-025-11231-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been developed to model the relationship between regions of interest (ROIs) in brains and have shown significant improvement in detecting brain diseases. However, most of these frameworks do not consider the intrinsic relationship of causality factor between brain ROIs, which is arguably more essential to observe cause and effect interaction between signals rather than typical correlation values. We propose a novel framework called Causal Graphs for Brains (CGB) for brain disease classification/detection, which models refined brain networks based on the causal discovery method, transfer entropy, and geometric curvature strategy. CGB unveils causal relationships between ROIs that bring vital information to enhance brain disease classification performance. Furthermore, CGB also performs a graph rewiring through a geometric curvature strategy to refine the generated causal graph to become more expressive and reduce potential information bottlenecks when GNNs model it. Our extensive experiments show that CGB outperforms state-of-the-art methods in classification tasks on brain disease datasets, as measured by average F1 scores.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8449,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11231-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Farhina Sardar Khan, Syed Shahid Mazhar, Kashif Mazhar, Dhoha A. AlSaleh, Amir Mazhar
{"title":"Model-agnostic explainable artificial intelligence methods in finance: a systematic review, recent developments, limitations, challenges and future directions","authors":"Farhina Sardar Khan, Syed Shahid Mazhar, Kashif Mazhar, Dhoha A. AlSaleh, Amir Mazhar","doi":"10.1007/s10462-025-11215-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10462-025-11215-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The increasing integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML)—algorithms that enable computers to identify patterns from data—in financial applications has significantly improved predictive capabilities in areas such as credit scoring, fraud detection, portfolio management, and risk assessment. Despite these advancements, the opaque, “black box” nature of many AI and ML models raises critical concerns related to transparency, trust, and regulatory compliance. Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to address these issues by providing interpretable and transparent decision-making processes. This study systematically reviews Model-Agnostic Explainable AI techniques, which can be applied across different types of ML models in finance, to evaluate their effectiveness, scalability, and practical applicability. Through analysis of 150 peer-reviewed studies, the paper identifies key challenges, such as balancing interpretability with predictive accuracy, managing computational complexity, and meeting regulatory requirements. The review highlights emerging trends toward hybrid models that combine powerful ML algorithms with interpretability techniques, real-time explanations suitable for dynamic financial markets, and XAI frameworks explicitly designed to align with regulatory standards. The study concludes by outlining specific future research directions, including the development of computationally efficient explainability methods, regulatory-compliant frameworks, and ethical AI solutions to ensure transparent and accountable financial decision-making.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8449,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11215-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Dhanya Shenoy, Radhakrishna Bhat, Krishna Prakasha K
{"title":"Exploring privacy mechanisms and metrics in federated learning","authors":"Dhanya Shenoy, Radhakrishna Bhat, Krishna Prakasha K","doi":"10.1007/s10462-025-11170-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10462-025-11170-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The federated learning (FL) principle ensures multiple clients jointly develop a machine learning model without exchanging their local data. Various government enacted prohibition policies on data exchange between organizations have led to the need for privacy-preserved federated learning. Many industries have cultivated this idea of model development through federated learning to enhance performance and accuracy. This paper offers a detailed overview of the background of FL, highlighting existing aggregation algorithms, frameworks, implementation aspects, and dataset repositories, establishing itself as an essential reference for researchers in the field. The paper thoroughly reviews existing centralized and decentralized FL approaches proposed in the literature and gives an overview about the methodology, privacy techniques implemented and limitations to guide other researchers to advance their research in the field of federated learning. The paper discusses the critical role of privacy-enhancing technologies like differential privacy (DP), homomorphic encryption (HE), and secure multiparty computation (SMPC) in federated learning highlighting their effectiveness in safeguarding sensitive data while optimizing the balance between privacy, communication efficiency, and computational cost. The paper explores the applications of federated learning in privacy-sensitive areas like natural language processing (NLP), healthcare, and Internet of Things (IoT) with edge computing. We believe our work provides a novel addition by identifying privacy evaluation metrics and spotlighting the measures in terms of data privacy and correctness, communication cost, computational cost and scalability. Furthermore, it identifies emerging challenges and suggests promising research directions in the federated learning domain.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8449,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11170-5.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Soft voting ensemble classifier for liquefaction prediction based on SPT data","authors":"Pravallika Chithuloori, Jin-Man Kim","doi":"10.1007/s10462-025-11230-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10462-025-11230-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Soil liquefaction, caused by increased porewater pressure, is a significant risk in seismically active areas, impacting infrastructure stability and challenging liquefaction forecasting due to intricate nonlinear interactions. This study proposes a soft voting ensemble classifier (SVEC) that integrates CatBoost Classifier (CBC), Random Forest Classifier (RFC), and Gradient Boost Classifiers (GBC) to predict liquefaction using Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data. The dataset of 540 soil and seismic parameters was utilized to develop SVCE. The dataset incorporates depth, SPT-N60 values, Fine Content of soils (FC), Ground Water Table (GWT), Effective Stresses of Overburden (ESO), Total Stresses of Overburden (TSO), Earthquake magnitude (M<sub>w</sub>), and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA), as input factors for liquefaction prediction. The proposed model was evaluated through performance metrics (Accuracy, Recall, Precision, and F1-score), confusion matrix, sensitivity analysis, feature importance, and Shapley additive explanation (SHAP) analysis. SHAP improves the reliability of ensemble techniques in liquefaction analysis by highlighting the most critical input features, such as PGA, SPT-N60, FC, and GWT. tenfold cross-validation and precision-recall curve confirms the SVEC model’s robustness, achieving a high accuracy of 99.38% in accurately predicting liquefaction.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8449,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-025-11230-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900672","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mateus Braga Oliveira, Heder Soares Bernardino, Alex Borges Vieira, Douglas A. Augusto
{"title":"Classification of animal species via deep neural networks and species distribution modeling: a systematic review","authors":"Mateus Braga Oliveira, Heder Soares Bernardino, Alex Borges Vieira, Douglas A. Augusto","doi":"10.1007/s10462-024-11074-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10462-024-11074-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The automated classification of animal species is a challenging task of great ecological importance, which is usually carried out through species distribution modeling (SDM), relying on animal locations and their environment, and/or through image classification from animal photos. On the one hand, there is the well-known SDM, used mainly to estimate the existence of species in certain regions and their ideal conditions. On the other hand, the use of deep neural networks is gaining popularity in ecology, with substantial use in animal identification from photos. A more recent trend is to combine both approaches to improve the final accuracy, from simple to sophisticated combination strategies. This review focuses on works that combine animal image classification models through deep learning with animal SDMs. We obtained 728 articles from the literature, from which we selected and synthesized 13 studies related to the simultaneous use of deep learning and ecological modeling of species in the context of environmental conservation. Thus, we present a summary of applications that integrate deep learning in ecology and SDMs and discuss their limitations and challenges to overcome them.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8449,"journal":{"name":"Artificial Intelligence Review","volume":"58 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":10.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10462-024-11074-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143900762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"计算机科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}