Bangladesh journal of microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Chromium bioremediation potential of indigenous Bacillus pumillus isolated from river water of Bangladesh","authors":"Sangita Ahmed, Rakibul Hasan, Sumaiya Khan, R. Ahmed","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v38i1.55533","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v38i1.55533","url":null,"abstract":"Bangladesh has achieved rapid industrialization in recent years. However, many of these industries lack proper effluent treatment plant and discharge untreated effluent laden with different heavy metals into the major rives that surround these industries, affecting the environment as well as human and animal health. Aiming to develop a sustainable effluent treatment plant, a heavy metal tolerant Bacillus pumillus isolated from polluted river water of Bangladesh was studied for its chromium bioremediation potential. Reduction of hexavalent chromium using the Sdiphenylcarbazide (DPC) method showed that whole cells of the Bacillus pumillus reduced 89.5%, 75%, 73% and 45% of 1.0, 2.5, 5 and 10mg/L Cr(VI) to Cr(III), respectively. This bacterium reduced 100% of 20mg/L Cr(VI) to Cr(III) within 8 hours, in a growth associated pattern. A 20kb plasmid was detected in this Bacillus pumillus, and loss of this plasmid did not cause complete impairment of chromium tolerance capacity, though the tolerance efficiency was reduced. The Bacillus pumillus studied in the current study therefore shows its potential to develop a sustainable chromium bioremediation method. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 38, Number 1, June 2021, pp 27-30","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41566561","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Nigella sativa L. Seed Extracts","authors":"Md. Shafiqur Rahman, T. Roy","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v38i1.55530","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v38i1.55530","url":null,"abstract":"The emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a major public health problem. Consequently, the development of new antimicrobials that act on novel bacterial targets and are less susceptible to resistance are of primary importance to researchers in academia and industry alike. The present study was aimed to determine the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of Nigella sativa seed extracts. For this, primary (qualitative) and quantitative antibacterial activities of Nigella sativa seed extracts were determined against ten human pathogenic bacteria including four biofilm producing bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus. The antibacterial activities as well as minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extracts were evaluated using disc diffusion and macro-broth dilution methods, respectively. The seed extracts of N. sativa exhibited the highest extract yields (w/v) 23.3% and 21.35% with ethanol and petroleum ether, respectively. The crude extract (essential oil) of petroleum ether exhibited superior antibacterial activity (36 mm in diameter zone of inhibition) against biofilm forming E. coli on a disc diffusion assay at a concentration of 1000 μg/disc when compared to that of ethanolic crude extract. Moreover, the lowest MIC and MBC values were determined as 500 μg/ml and 1500 μg/ml respectively with the same petroleum ether extract against E. coli. However, N. sativa essential oil obtained from petroleum ether extract of seed inhibited 94% biofilm formation of E. coli at 2×MIC concentration. Moreover, at the same concentration (2×MIC), the ethanol extract inhibited 56% biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. These results consistently revealed that it is possible to isolate novel antimicrobial agents capable of completely eradicating microbial infections including antibiotic resistance. Therefore, bioactive natural products present in plant resources would represent a noteworthy alternative to commercial antibiotics helping treatment of human antibiotic resistant infections. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 38, Number 1, June 2021, pp 7-13","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43693318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Antibiotic Sensitivity and Virulence Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Surgical Site Infection","authors":"M. Akhter, Nuheen Akter, S. Ahsan, F. Chowdhury","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v38i1.55532","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v38i1.55532","url":null,"abstract":"Fourteen multi drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from surgical site infection were analyzed for their antibiotic sensitivity and the presence of nine virulence genes. The isolates showed a high resistance pattern, all being resistant to methicillin, oxacillin, azithromycin, ceftazidime and amoxyclav. Seven of the isolates were sensitive to linezolid; three were sensitive to trimethoprim: sulfamethoxazol and another three were sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Ceftriaxone, gentamicin and amikacin were the drugs of choice as nine (64.3%) isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone, eleven (78.6%) were sensitive to gentamicin and another eleven (78.6%) to amikacin. The present study focused to identify nine important virulence genes including intrinsic methicillin resistance gene mecA, methicillin resistance assisting gene femA, toxic shock syndrome toxin gene tst, exfoliative toxin A and B genes, eta and etb, Panton Valentine leukocidin gene LukS/F-PVL, along with three enterotoxin genes sec, sed and see. According to the presence of mecA gene and antibiotic resistance profile, two isolates were identified as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. However, another isolate, despite harbouring both mecA and femA genes, was sensitive to ceftriaxone which excluded it from being considered as an MRSA. Thus, the ratio of MRSA can be considered to be quite high (2/14) among the strains. Interestingly, most of the isolates (10/14) harboured femA gene, the majority of which were mecA negative with an MSSA type antibiotic profile. Although considered as a marker for community acquired MRSA, LukS/F-PV was found in half of these nosocomial isolates. Five, four and two of the isolates harboured etb, tst and sec gene, respectively. However, all the isolates were negative for eta, sed and see genes. Two isolates showed the co-existance of “femA, LukS/F-PV, etb, and tst” genes. Another two virulence gene patterns observed were “femA, mecA, tst, sec” and “femA, LukS/F-PV, etb”. The presence of several virulence genes can be correlated to the highly pathogenic nature of the isolates. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 38, Number 1, June 2021, pp 21-26","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48405565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Death profiling of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: Experience from a specialized hospital in Bangladesh","authors":"Mohammad Shahed-Morshed, A. Mosabbir, M. S. Hossain","doi":"10.1101/2021.07.04.21259979","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.04.21259979","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The information on characteristics and causes of mortality in deceased patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is scarce in the literature. This study aimed to document the clinical profile with causes of death in deceased patients admitted in a COVID-19 dedicated hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional retrospective study included 108 COVID-19 associated deceased patients admitted in Kurmitola general hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh between 25 March 2020 and 24 June 2020) Data were collected from hospital record. Causes of death were categorized into early and late with cut-off of 48 hours of hospitalization. Results: Among 809 hospitalized cases of COVID-19, 108 patient died (13.35%) over three months of study period. The mean age of the deceased patients was 60.2 (SD 13.94) years; 86.1% were male. About 85% had at least one comorbidity with diabetes mellitus (65.7%) was the most common one. The most common symptoms were breathlessness (88.0%), fever (65.7%) and cough (43.5%). Nearly 75% presented with severe disease. Patients had altered biochemical profiles and treated with different drugs including antibiotics and steroids. Young age and malnutrition were two characteristic features. Only one third got intensive care support. The most common cause of death was acute respiratory syndrome (95.37%). Septic shock & acute myocardial infarction were predominantly early and uremia, hepatic failure & hyperglycemic crisis were the predominant causes of late hospital death. Conclusions: The findings of this study will help clinicians as well as policy makers to take necessary steps to prevent death from COVID-19 in Bangladeshi population.","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46180074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Immunogenicity and Protective Efficacy of the Intranasal and Intraperitoneal Immunization Routes of Escherichia albertii Strain DM104 in Mouse Model","authors":"F. Chowdhury, N. Birkeland, C. R. Ahsan","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51208","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, our group isolated the Escherichia albertii strain DM104 and characterized it as a vaccine strain against Shigella dysenteriae type 4 in the guinea pig eye model. Protective efficacy of different routes of immunization such as intranasal, oral, and intrarectal routes were also determined and compared by challenging immunized guinea pigs against live S. dysenteriae. In the current study, we compared the intranasal and intraperitoneal routes of immunizations with the DM104 vaccine strain in mice to understand the better route of administration of the DM104 vaccine and its immunogenicity as well as protective efficacy in mouse model. The results indicate that the immune response elicited by the DM104 strain is strongly dependent on the immunization route, with the intranasal route being more effective than the intraperitoneal route following intraperitoneal live S. dysenteriae challenge. Intranasal immunization yielded 80% protective efficacy in immunized mice whereas, intraperitoneal immunization could not provide any protection. Protection generated by intranasal immunization was accompanied by high titre of anti-whole cell lysate IgG and IgA in DM104 immunized sera compared to sera collected from mice of control group. All these data demonstrate the intranasal route of the vaccine DM104 strain in mouse model to be a better immunization route to protect the animals against live S. dysenteriae challenge. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 37 Number 2 December 2020, pp 38-41","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49328053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan Extracted from Pleurotus ostreatus and Improvement of its Antibacterial Activity by Gamma Radiation","authors":"T. Kabir, S. Kabir, Abdul Bathen Miah, A. K. Sarker, K. Pramanik","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51211","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to determine the physicochemical characteristics such as intrinsic viscosity (IV), molecular weight (MW), water binding capacity (WBC), and fat binding capacity (FBC) of chitosan extracted Pleurotus ostreatus fruit body. Antibacterial activity of the gamma irradiated chitosan was also determined. The intrinsic viscosity, MW, WBC and FBC of the produced chitosan were 769.69 ml/g, 1.8×105 Da, 408% and 234%, respectively. The fungal chitosan was subjected to different doses (viz., 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kGy) of radiation from 60Co gamma source to observe the effect of gamma radiation on its antibacterial activity. After irradiation, antibacterial activity was evaluated and compared with that of non-irradiated chitosan. Non-irradiated chitosan showed moderate antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Escherichia coli ATCC 35150, and Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076 whereas chitosan samples treated with 5, 10 and 20 kGy gamma irradiation separately have shown enhanced antibacterial activity than that of non-irradiated chitosan against the above-mentioned bacteria. However, higher doses of gamma irradiation (30 kGy and 40 kGy) caused a gradual decline of the antibacterial activity. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 37 Number 2 December 2020, pp 52-55","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":"37 1","pages":"52-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46790215","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clinical Characteristics of Noncritical Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Lessons from Bangladesh","authors":"S. Morshed, A. Mosabbir, P. Chowdhury, S. M. Ashadullah, M. S. Hossain","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51209","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51209","url":null,"abstract":"The scientific literatures on clinical manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients from South Asian countries including Bangladesh are limited. Documentation of clinical spectrum from various geographic locations is vital for future scientific studies and clinical management. This study is aimed to report the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of noncritical patients with COVID-19 in Bangladesh. We conducted a cross-sectional study at three dedicated COVID-19 hospitals of Bangladesh. The severity of the COVID-19 cases was assessed based on the WHO interim guidance. Data were collected only from non-critical COVID-19 patients as critical patients required immediate management. A total of 103 real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed noncritical COVID- 19 patients were included. Most of the patients (71.8%) were male. Mild, moderate and severe illness were assessed in 74.76%, 9.71% and 15.53% of patients respectively. Nearly 52.4% patients had a co-morbidity, with hypertension being the most common (34%), followed by diabetes mellitus (21.4%) and ischemic heart disease (9.7%). Fever (78.6%), weakness (68%) and cough (44.7%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Other common symptoms included loss of appetite (37.9%), difficulty in breathing (37.9%), loss of taste or smell (35.0%), headache (32%) and body ache (32%). The median time from onset of the first symptom to attending hospitals was 7 days (interquartile range: 4 - 10). This study will help both the clinicians and epidemiologists to understand the magnitude and clinical spectrum of COVID-19 patients in South Asian perspective including Bangladesh. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 37 Number 2 December 2020, pp 42-46","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":"37 1","pages":"42-46"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43760722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Selected Antibiotics on Biofilm Formed by Salmonella Enterica Serovars Typhi and Paratyphi","authors":"Israt Jahan Rini, A. Islam, S. Ahsan","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51213","url":null,"abstract":"Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi are the causative agents of typhoid and paratyphoid, respectively, in human. Salmonella is able to form biofilms whereby members are resistant and persistent in both host and nonhost environments. In the present study the effect of the antibiotics, Azithromycin, Imipenem, Ceftriaxone and Cefixime, on planktonic and biofilm phase clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi (n = 30) and Paratyphi A (n= 07) was investigated. MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) and MBC (Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) of planktonic phase bacteria were determined and compared with MRC (Minimum Re-growth Concentration) and MBEC (Minimum Biofilm Eradication Concentration) of biofilm population. The present study indicates that, with the exception of Azithromycin, a considerably higher concentration is needed for all other antibiotics investigated to inhibit growth of test isolates in the biofilm phase. We conclude that the requirement of Azithromycin at sub-MIC concentration to inhibit/kill Salmonella in biofilm is of particular significance in that it can be employed for the eradication of Salmonella spp. biofilms. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 37 Number 2 December 2020, pp 62-65","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":"37 1","pages":"62-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48992447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Food Safety Knowledge, Attitudes and Behavior of Street Food Vendors and Consumers in Dhaka City","authors":"S. Mamun, Sabiha Alam, M. A. Zaher, A. Huq","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51210","url":null,"abstract":"Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and street food suppliers and consumer behaviors of the capital city Dhaka were investigated. A cross-sectional study was conducted using questionnaires based on previous studies. Three main areas addressed in the surveys and statistical analysis are; 1) statistical data including gender, age, education, income, food safety training, and specific elements related to the work experience of suppliers, 2) knowledge of food safety such as the awareness of consumers and suppliers concerning pathogenic microbes that cause food poisoning, food and personal hygiene, proper cleaning procedures and high-risk groups, and 3) list of food handling attitude and behavior of subjects. Results showed food safety knowledge of street vendors in the High-tech Industries Development Zone was the lowest, where education levels are generally relatively low. Food safety attitudes of the youngest consumers were significantly better than those of older age groups. Street vendors were relatively poor in carrying out safe food handling, with only 27.6% using or being fully equipped with hand-washing facilities, although more than 50% of vendors were not wearing clean and tidy clothes and masks. Steps should be taken to improve street food stall operating conditions and facilities, including access of potable water, providing clean protected structures, and efficient waste collection and disposal systems that can promote the plans and strategies to improve street food safety of Dhaka city and Bangladesh as a whole. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 37 Number 2 December 2020, pp 48-51","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44900472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bacterial Isolates and Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern from Urinary Tract Infection in a Private Diagnostic Laboratory in Dhaka, Bangladesh","authors":"Md. Habibur Rahman, M. Ahmed, Dayanidhi Sarkar, Md. Asadur Rahman","doi":"10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v37i2.51212","url":null,"abstract":"Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection encountered by clinicians and despite the widespread availability of antimicrobial agents, UTI has become difficult to treat because of appearance pathogens with increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents. The objectives of this study were to determine the pathogens causing UTI and to determine the antibiotic sensitivity status among these isolates in a diagnostic laboratory in Dhaka city. A laboratory based cross sectional survey was conducted in a diagnostic Centre in Dhaka Bangladesh from July 2016 to December 2016. A total of 553 urine samples were collected from each patients and processed in microbiology laboratory to isolate pathogens and antibiotic susceptibility test using standard procedure. Among 553 urine samples, 158 (28.57%) samples was found to be culture positive of which 39 (24.70%) were isolated from male patients and 119 (75.30%) from female patients. Escherichia coli (43.67%) were found to be the predominant pathogen followed by Staphylococcus spp. (16.45%), Enterococcus spp. (13.39%), Klebsiella spp. (13.29%), Candida spp. (5.70%), Acinetobacter spp. (4.43%), Pseudomonas spp. (3.80%) and Proteus spp. (1.27%). The carbapenem group antibiotics (imipenem and meropenem) was found to be resistant in 0 to 5.1% of the Gram negative isolates. On the Other hand, most of the Gram positive isolates showed sensitivity to linezolid and vancomycin. This study showed that E. coli isolates were the predominant pathogens and showed resistance to commonly prescribed drugs resulting in a very few options for drug to treat UTIs. \u0000Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 37 Number 2 December 2020, pp 56-60","PeriodicalId":84251,"journal":{"name":"Bangladesh journal of microbiology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44041171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}